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Third Edition, crown 8vo, pp. 336, price 3s. 6d, 

FACTS AND DATES; 

OR, 

THE LEADING EVENTS IN SACRED AND PROFANE HISTORY, 
AND THE PRINCIPAL FACTS IN THE VARIOUS 

PHYSICAL sciences: 

THE MEMORY BEING AIDED THROUGHOUT BY A SIMPLE 
AND NATURAL METHOD. 

For ScJiools and Private Reference. 

BY THE 

Rev. ALEX. MACKAY, LL.D., F.E.G.S., 

Author of ' A Manual of Modern Geography, Mathematical, 
Physical, and Political,' &c. &c. 



OPINIONS OF THE PRESS. 

" A most valuable book of reference, which will be of immense service to 
students of history. His -wide knowledge has directed the. author at once to 
the most trustworthy guides in the various departments of the almost illimit- 
able field he has traversed. . . . Every date throughout is embodied in a 
mnemonic sentence, so happily and tersely illustrative of the event, as to leave 
us fairly astonished at the patience and ingenuity of the author." — Papers for 
the Schoolmaster. 

•'This work is a wonderfully elaborate production. . . . ' Facts and Dates,' 
which in some hands would furnish forth a cyclopsedia of tolerable dimensions, 
have their essence extracted, and here appear in the moderate compass of 317 
Ijages. . . . Great care has-been taken to bring the volume in all resj>ects to 
the point which the material and historical sciences have at jtresent reached, 
while deep reverence for the Bible breathes through the \olu.me." — London 
Weekly Review. 

" ' Facts and Dates ' is the name of a very neat and well-compiled collection of 
tables, not exclusively chronological, though all involving numbers. But the 
chief feature is an extremely simple system of mnemonics, by means of which a 
few appropriate v/ords attached to each fact or event are made to carry with 
them a string of figures. " — Guardian. 

" Dr Mackny's book is planned with great ingenuity and skill. It is a text-book 
of physical science and universal chronology, adapted for scholastic purposes, 
on a principle of natural mneriionics, and gives evidence of much labour and 
research. " — Nonconformist. 

" A valuable text-book of ■ physical science and universal chronology. . . . 
The plan is exceedingly ingenious, and at the same time eminently simple and 
natural. " — London Scotsman. 

" There are certainly the elements of a very desirable auxiliary to students and 
general readers in this portion of Dr Mackay's volume, and we hope he will 
expand and elaborate the part alluded to in a future publication." — Athenceum. 

" There is a most interesting chapter on Scripture chronology, written in an 
admirable spirit, and displaying much ingenuity and research. . . . Our 
deliberate opinion is, that it is one of the finest books of the kind we have ever 
met with." — Daily Review. 



OPINIOXS OF THE PRESS-^Couimwed. 



"We can aver that this compendium of Facts and Dates contains a vast 
amount of accurate and well-digested information ; and we may add that in the 
hands of a competent schoohnaster it must prove a most effective instrument of 
teaching on the subjects to which it relates." — EcUniurgh Courant. 

"The second division deals with historical facts ; iji other words, it gives the 
chronology of the leading facts of history, and is subaivided into two parts — ^the 
one summarising sacred history in three chapters, and the other, profane history, 
in nine chapters. This division of the book is also of great value." — Aberdeen 
Journal. 

" The research of historic data, and mastery of scientific facts and j)rinciples, 
with the careful manner in which they are tabulated, cannot fail to add yet fur- 
ther to the author's reputation." — Aberdeen Free Press. 

"We have not the least doubt that the system can be introduced with much 
advantage into some of the younger classes in every school, while more advanced 
students will gladly welcome it as an aid to memory that will be of daily and 
hourly use." — Banffsliire Journal. 

" A veiy valuable book for teachers, and still more so for students preparing 
for public examinations of anj^ kind." — Ayr Advertiser. 

" The care and labour requisite for the production of such a work are out of 
all proportion to its size, and we must congratulate the author on the extreme 
accuracy and comprehensiveness of the scientific part of the work, which is 
scrupulously written up to the knowledge of the times, and includes the latest 
discoveries in each of the sciences." — John o' Groat Journal. 

" The amount of industry, intelligence, and research it represents is something 
enormous, and the way in which a valuable comment on a fact is made to give up 
the date is most ingenious." — Brighton Herald. 

"It is a work suited to almost all ages — not too far advanced or profound 
for the schoolroom, and, on the other hand, many engaged in literary pursuits, 
or preparing for public examination, will find it most useful as a work of refer- 
ence."— Dublin Mail. 

" It will be more than valuable to the student and teacher of history as a. sort 
of ^•ade mecum. In the division of ancient history it is particularly fuU, and- 
especially in all that relates to Egypt— the author having obtained for that de- 
partment of his labours the aid of the most advanced scholars in ' Egyptologj'. 
In this portion of the book there wiR be found a condensed and deeply interest- 
ing account of the discoveries and measurements of the Great Pj'ramid — that 
wonder of wonders come do-mi to us from hoary time." — Montrose Review. 

" The volume is not a bare catalogue of statistics, for every department of the 
book is prefaced by a very able and interesting introduction, bringing out in a 
condensed form the prominent and latest discoveries and ^iews in connection 
with the respective subjects, and also the most reliable sources of information. 
The labour and research of the author must have been enormous, the fruit of 
which will be reaped by the reader with the smallest amount of trouble. The 
volume will be specially valuable as a text-book for advanced classes and stu- 
dents, and as a book of reference in the librarj^" — Press and St James's Chronicle. 

" Considerable ingenuity has been displayed in making the mnemonic senten- 
ces illustrate the character of the various facts ; and, mnemonics apart, the book, 
in an educational sense, is of unquestionable value." — Weekly Dispatch. 

" No pains have been spared to select the facts most worthy of being remem- 
bered, and to determine the dates according to the most approved system of 
modern chronology. Each chapter is preceded by a longer or shorter discussion 
of the subject on hand, remarkable for its elaborate learning and great concise- 
ness. "—tr'Zasfj'oii; Journal. 



William Blackwood & Sons, Edinburgh and London. 



FACTS AND DATES 



OR 



THE LEADING EVENTS IN SACRED AND PROFANE HISTORY 

AND THE PRINCIPAL FACTS IN THE VARIOUS 

PHYSICAL SCIENCES 

THE MEMOEY BEING AIDED THEOUGHOUT BY A 
SIMPLE AND NATURAL METHOD 



FOB SCHOOLS AND PRIVATE REFERENCE 



^'/BT THE 

EEV. iLEx! 5MCKAY, LL.D. F.E.rT.S. 

AUTHOR OF ■ A MAjnTAI, OF MODEEIT GBOORAPHT, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL,' AND POLITICAIi : 

■ ELEMENTS OF MODERir GEOGRAPHY/ ' PHYSIOGRAPHY AND PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY:' 

■INTERMEDIATE GEOGRAPHY;' 'OUTLINES OF MODERN GEOGRAPHY:' 

■ FIRST STEPS IN GEOGRAPHY;' ETC. 



THIKD EDITION, REVISED TO DATE 



WILLIAM BLACKWOOD AND SONS 

EDINBUKGH AND LONDON 

MDCCCLXXIX 



3222. 






P E E F A C E. 



A LIMITED acquaintance witli reading, writing, and 
arithmetic can no longer be regarded as sufficient 
for the great bulk of the community. It has become 
imperative that the youth of our land, whether rich 
or poor, shall acquire some knowledge of history and 
the physical sciences. 

Human life, however, is very short, and the struggle 
for existence on the part of the many seems to be 
daily becoming more arduous. Hence it follows that 
new branches of instruction, however necessary, are 
practically unattainable, unless they are simplified, 
condensed, and in every way rendered as attractive as 
possible. The man, therefore, who in our day pro- 
duces the best school-look on any elementary subject 
confers an immense boon on the community. 

The following pages consist of an earnest and elabo- 
rate attempt — prosecuted without intermission for a 
number of years — to popularise science and history, 
to enable our boys and girls to acquire and remember 
all the more important events in history, whether 



VI PEEFACE. 

sacred or x^rofane, as well as a multitude of interesting 
facts in most of tlie physical sciences. To rendei 
such a gigantic undertaking practicable within the 
limits of an ordinary-sized school-book — to enable the 
student to master the sections in which he may be 
specially interested in a comparatively brief period, 
and to retain through life the knoivledge thus acquired 
— it became necessary to have recourse to some method 
of aiding the r)iemory. The author could not avail 
himself of any of the systems of Mnemonics hitherto 
made public, as they are all, so far as he has seen, 
arhitrary, lifeless, and extremely unnatural — destitute 
alike of leaiity, sir)i'plicity , and truth. They are also 
practically useless; for however extraordinary the 
230wer they appear to impart to the memory, that 
power is invariably of short duration. The more 
the acquired information accumulates, the more un- 
wieldy becomes the burden, till at length, the jDressure 
becoming intolerable, the mind shakes off the whole 
in disgust. 

Whatever merit or defect may attach to the method 
employed in this volume, it is at all events eminently 
simple and natural. The only artificial element char- 
acterising it is, that the letters of the alphabet are em- 
ployed to express numbers. But of this feature it 
will probably be found impossible ever to get rid, and 
in fact it is rather a help than a hindrance. And 
such a use of letters need scarcely startle us, for ever 
since man became possessed of letters, they have been 
employed to denote numbers. 



PREFACE. 



Yet it would be a serious error to imagine that the 
present work is a treatise on Mnemonics. The work 
is solely devoted to Science and History, and Mne- 
monics is merely employed as an auxiliary. It is by 
no means essential' to the plan of the book ; and both 
teacher and student may always feel themselves at 
perfect liberty to pass by the mnemonic sentences, 
should they feel so inclined. In not a few instances 
this may be done at first, owing to the strong preju- 
dice noAV entertained against everything calling itself 
Artificial Memory. In many departments of know- 
ledge, however, artificial aid becomes absolutely neces- 
sary ; and all the objections we have heard expressed 
are really directed, not against the thing itself, but 
against the fantastic forms which it has been made 
to assume. If we can get quit of these, and refuse to 
aid the memory except by natural methods, we need 
not be apprehensive of any injurious consequences. 

Geography and Chronology are justly styled "the 
eyes of History," and the author has long felt that 
his labours in the former field would be one-sided and 
defective did he not give an equal degree of attention 
to the latter. On his various geographical works the 
teaching profession have pronounced an emphatic ver- 
dict, and he is not without hope that a similar result 
will follow the publication of ' Facts and Dates.' In 
the chronology of the earlier ages he is a^'are that he 
has laid himself open to the charge of forsaking the old 
paths ; but he has done this deliberately, after thorough 
and earnest investigation, and he respectfully craves 



Ylll PKEFACE. 

that his book shall have a fair and unprejudiced 
trial. 

The author finds, as the result of many trials, that 
young people of about the age of ten are quite com- 
petent to understand and employ the method, here 
illustrated, and by its means to treasure up in their 
minds a vast number of important facts. He has also 
asked the unbiassed opinion of many eminent educa- 
tionists, who, without exception, have expressed their 
cordial approval of the method here employed, and 
its perfect adaptability to school purposes ; while for 
students at the university, candidates for the civil 
service, and schoolmasters of every grade, they believe 
the book will prove invaluable. 



NOTE TO THIRD EDITION. 

The Author returns his sincere thanks to the reviewers and 
heads of schools throughout the kingdom for the high encomiums 
they have bestowed upon his labours. Some extracts from their 
" Opinions " "v\ill be found on a preceding page. 

In this edition a copious and elaborate Index is added, wliich 
cannot fail to greatly enhance the .practical value of the work ; 
the chronology has been carefully revised and brought up to 
date, — the mnemonic sentences being omitted in the new matter, 
and also the type reduced, thus allowing room for the inser- 
tion of a much greater number of facts in a limited space, and 
at the same time affording an opportunity to the student of 
constructing such sentences for himself, if he so deshes. 

Prospect House, Ventxor, I.W., 
January 7, 1879. 



KEY TO THE MNEMONICS. 



In the system of mnemonics here adopted, the consonants of tlie 
English alphabet are employed to express numbers, the five- 
vowels (a, e, i, 0, n) being disregarded, and the half-vowels {w, y) 
being used to denote the cipher (0), as also the letter x. 

This leaves eighteen consonants to express the nine ordinary 
numerals, or tv)0 consonants, to each. The first two consonants 
of the alphabet [h, c) will then denote 1 ; the second pair {d,f) 
will denote 2 ; g, h, 3, &c.,as shown in the following diagram : — 



b,c=l 


j,k,s^4. 


p,q,z=7 


^-?,/=2 


I = 5 


r = 8 


g,h = 3 


m, n = 6 


t, V = 9 




w, x,y^ 





In the above diagram it will be observed that three letters are 
employed to denote 4 and 7 respectively, while to express 5 and 
8 there is only one. This departure from the rule was found to 
be practically necessary, as / and r begin a far greater nimiber 
of words than/, k, q, z, and as it is to the initial consonant of a 
word that we attach a numerical A^alue. 

1. When we wish to remember any fact in science, or any 
event in history, we have merely to form a short sentence bear- 
ing on the fact or event, and in such a way that the first con- 
sonants of the several words shall express the figures or numerals 
in the number we desire to remember. 

2. Special care must be taken that the sentence thus c(jn- 



X KEY TO THE MNEMONICS. 

striicted shall exi^ress one or more of the essential features of 
the fact or event ahoiit to be committed to memory. It will be 
always found that the happier and more appropriate the sen- 
tence is, the more easy it -will be to remember it. 

3. It will greatly facilitate the construction of brief, pointed, 
and appropriate sentences if we attach 7io numerical value to the 
Article, Pronoun, Preposition, Interjection, and Conjunction, 
and confine ourselves to Nouns, Verbs, Adjectives, and Adverbs. 
For the same reason it will be found necessary to disregard the 
verb to he, on account of its frequent occurrence. 

4. A word put within parentheses does not count, such word 
being introduced merely to render the sentence more striking or 
intelligible. 

5. Silent letters do not count — as, for example, h in honour, 
and s in island. 

6. When, as occasionally happens, any word must be coiuited 
contrary to the foregoing rules, such word is printed in a differ- 
ent type. 

7. When absolute accuracy is not required, or is, in fact, un- 
attainable, the mnemonic sentence may be allowed a certain 
degree of licence. This is especially the case when the number 
is obviously a round one ; but this licence should seldom be 
allowed beyond the first figure of the number. 

8. To avoid all possible misunderstanding as to the precise 
words which are meant to have a numerical value in any sen- 
tence, the student wiU observe that all such are printed in 
itcdics. 

Examples. — The distance of the earth from the sun, as stated 
at p. 9, is 92 (millions of miles, understood), and the mnemonic 
sentence, intended to yield up this number, is " the world's true 
distance:''^ here the three first consonants are w, t, cZ, which, 
according to the diagram at p. ix, denote 0, 9, 2 — or simply 92, 
as the cipher on the left has no value. Ex. 2, Date of the 
Deluge, according to the Septuagint, B.C. 3216 (see p. 71) ; the 
mnemonic sentence is, "a general deluge' covers the moun- 
tains:''^ here the four first consonants are g, d, c, m, which, as 
the diagram shows, denote ,3, 2, 1, 6, or 3216. In each example 
the article is disregarded, according to Eule 3, above. 



TABLE OF CONTENTS. 



DIVISIO]^ L— SCIElN^TinC FACTS. 



CHAP. I.— FACTS IN ASTRONOMY. 

PAGE 

1. Mean Distances of the Planets from tlie Snn^ . . 9 

2. Time of the Planets' Ptevolution, 9 

3. Distances of the Comets from the Sim, .... 10 

4. Time of Eevoliition of the Comets, . . . . 11 

5. Number of the Fixed Stars, 11 

6. Distances of the Fixed Stars from our Sun, ... 12 

7. Proper motion of the Stars, 13 



CHAP. II.— FACTS IN CHEMISTRY. 

8. Table of Elementary Substances, 17 

9. Table of Chemical Equivalents, 19 

10. Specific Gravity of Elementary Substances, ... 20 

11. Freezing-point of Liquids, . . . . . . 21 

12. Boiling-point of Liquids, . . . . . . 22 

13. Fusing-point of Metals, 23 



CHAP. III. —FACTS IN NATURAL PHILOSOPHY. 

14. Action of Gravity on Falling Bodies, .... 26 

15. Various Velocities in Nature compared, ... 26 



Xll 



CONTENTS. 



CHAP. IV.— FACTS IN BOTANY. 

Sect. 16. The Flora of the Glohe, .... 
,, 17. The Flora of some European Countries, . 
„ 18. Geological or Fossil Botany, . 



CHAP, v.— FACTS IN ZOOLOGY. 



19. The Fauna of the Globe, 

20. Distribution of the Mammalia, 

21. The Fauna of some European Countries, 
'22. Palaeontology, or Fossil Zoology, . 



32 



CHAP. VI.— FACTS IN ETHNOGRAPHY. 



23. Eaces of Mankind, . 

24. Eeligions of Mankind, 

25. Races of Men in Europe, 

26. Religions in Europe, 



CHAP. VII.— FACTS IN GEOGRAPHY. 

27. Areas of the different Continents, . 

28. Population of the Continents, 

29. Areas of European Countries, 

30. Population of European Countries, 

31. Heights of European Mountains, . 

32. Areas of European River-Basins, . 

33. Areas of Asiatic Countries, 

34. Population of Asiatic Countries, 

35. Heights of Asiatic Mountain-Chains, 

36. Areas of Asiatic River-Basins, 

37. Areas of African Countries, . 

38. Population of African Countries, . 

39. Areas of North American Countries, 

40. Population of North American Countries, 

41. Height of North American Mountains, 

42. Areas of North American River-Basins, 

43. Areas of South American States, . 

44. Population of South American States, 

45. Height of South American Mountains, 

46. Areas of South American River-Basins, 

47. Areas of Countries in Oceania, 

48. Population of the Countries of Oceania, 

49. Height of principal Mountains in Oceania 

50. Progress of Geographical Discovery, 



37 
38 
38 
40 
41 
42 
43 
43 
44 
45 
46 
46 
47 
48 
48 
49 
49 
50 
50 
51 
52 
52 
53 
54 



CONTENTS. Xm 



divisio:n" II.— histokical facts. 



PART FIRST.— SACRED HISTORY. 

CHAP. I.— OLD TESTAMENT HISTORY. —B. C. 5478-B. 0. 4. 

Sect. 1. Antediluvian Period, 69 

2. Patriarchal Period, .71 

3. Period of the Exodus, . . . . . . . 73'' 

4. Period of the Judges— from Joshua to Saul, . . . 74 

5. Period of the Hebrew Monarchy, 76. 

6. Kingdom of Israel, or of the Ten Tribes, ... 77 

7. Kingdom of Judah, 81 

8. From the Jewish Captivity to Malachi, .... 85 

9. The Jews under the Greeks, ...... 87 

10. The Jews under the Eomans, ., . . . . 88 



CHAP. II.— NEW TESTAMENT HISTORY.— B. C. 4-A.D. 100. . 

11. From the Birth of Christ to the Ascension, ... 97 

12. From the Ascension to the Introduction of the Gospel 

into Europe, 99 

13. From the Introduction of the Gospel into Europe to the. 

Death of John, . . . . . . . .102 



CHAP. III.— ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY.— A. D. 100-476. 

14. Early Christian "Writers, 107' 

15. The Twenty CEcumenical Councils, . . . .109 

16. The Ten General Persecutions, 110 

17. Principal Events in Ecclesiastical History from the 

Death of John to Constantiiie, Ill 

18. Principal Events from Constantine to the Fall of the 

Western Empire, 116' 



XIV - CONTENTS. 



PART SECOND.— PROFANE HISTORY. 



PERIOD FIRST.— ANCIENT HISTORY. 

CHAP. I.— HISTORY OF EGYPT.— B.C. 2550-B.C. 30. 

Sect. 1. Egypt from tlie Earliest Time to tlie Shepherd Kings, . 136 

,, 2. From the Shepherd Kings to the Exodus of the Israelites, 140 

„ 3. From the Exodus to the Death of Alexander the Great, . • 145 
„ 4. From the Death of Alexander to the Conquest of Egypt 

by the Eomans, . . . . . ' . . • 149 



CHAP. II.— HISTORY OF CHALD^A, ASSYRIA, AND 
BABYLONIA.— B.C. 2500-B.C. 538. 

5. The Chaldsean or Old Babylonian Monai-chy, . . 155 

6. The Assyrian Monarchy, ...... 157 

7. Later Babylonian Empire, 161 



CHAP. III.— HISTORY OF THE MEDO-PERSIAN EMPIRE. 
—B.C. 880-B.C. 330. 

8. The Median Kingdom to the Fall of Babylon, . . 163 

9. From the Destruction of Babylon to Alexander the Great, 164 



CHAP. IV.— HISTORY OF GREECE. —B.C. 2000-B.C. 146. 



10. The Heroic or Mythical Period, 

11. Earliest Historic Period, 

12. Period of Athenian Supremacy, 
18. Period of Spartan Supremacy, 

14. Period of Theban Supremacy, 

15. Period of Macedonian Supremacy, 

16. From the Death of Alexander the Great to the Conquest 

of Greece by the Romans, 180 



168 
171 
173 
177 
178 
178 



CONTENTS. 



CHAP, v.— HISTORY OF ROME. —B.C. 2000-A.D. 476. 

Sect. 17. Italy from the Earliest Times to the Founding of Kome^ 185 

„ 18. From the Founding of Rome to the end of the Kingdom, 187 

,, 19. The Eepublic — ^to the end of the First Punic War, . 

,, 20, From the First Punic War to the end of the Third, 

,, 21. From the Third Punic War to the Empire, 

„ 22. The Empire— from Augustus to Aurelius, 

„ 23. The Empire — from Commodus to Augustulus, 



189 
193 
196 
200 
207 



PERIOD SECOND.—MEDnEVAL HISTORY. 

CHAP. VI.— FROM THE FALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE TO THE 
DISCOVERY OF AMERICA BY COLUMBUS.— AD. 476-1492. 

24. From Romulus Augustulus to Charlemagne, . . . 220 

25. From Charlemagne to the Norman Conquest, . . 224 

26. From the Conquest to the Accession of the Plantagenets, 228 

27. From the Plantagenets to the end of the Crusades, . 230 

28. From the Crusades to the Death of Richard II., . . 235 

29. From Richard II. to the Accession of Edward IV., 240 

30. From Edward IV. to the Discovery of America, . . 243 



PERIOD THIRD.— MODERN HISTORY. 

CHAP. VII.— FROM THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA TO 
THE PEACE OF WESTPHALIA.— A. D. 1492-1648. 

31. From the Discovery of America to the Reformation, 

32. From the Reformation to the Death of Luther, 

33. From Luther to the Accession of Queen Elizabeth, 

34. From Queen Elizabeth to^the Accession of James I., 

35. From James I. to the Accession of Charles I., 

36. From C?iurles I. to the Peace of Westphalia, 



246 
250 
254 
255 
259 
261 



CONTEXTS. 



CHAP. VIII.— FROM THE PEACE OF WESTPHALIA TO 
THE FRENCH REVOLUTION.— A. D. 1648-1789. 

Sect. 37. From the Peace of Westphalia to the English Revolution, 264 

„ 38. From the English Revolution to the Peace of Utrecht, . 269 
,, 39. From the Peace of Utrecht to the Treaty of Aix-la- 

Chapelle, 272 

,, 40. From the Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle to the American War 

of Independence, 276 

„ 41. From the American War to the French Pvevolution, . 280 



CHAP. IX.— FROM THE FRENCH REVOLUTION TO THE 
PRESENT TIME.— A. D. 1789-1879. 

42. From the Meeting of the States-General to the Death of 

Louis XVI., * . 284 

43. From Louis XVI. to the Election of the First Consul, . 285 

44. From the First Consul to the Battle of Austerlitz, . 288 

45. From the Battle of Austerlitz to the Burning of Moscow, 290 

46. From the Burning of Moscow to the Battle of Waterloo, 293 

47. From the Battle of Waterloo to the Accession of George 

IV., 295 

48. From the Accession of George IV. to William IV., . 297 

49. From William IV. to the Accession of Queen Victoria, 301 

50. From the Accession of Queen Victoria to the Repeal of 

the Corn-Laws, 304 

51. From the Repeal of the Corn-Laws to the Accession of 

Louis Napoleon as Emperor of the French, . . 307 

52. From the Accession of Louis Napoleon to the American 

Secession, 310 

f;3. From the American Secession to the Present Time, . 313 



IIs^DEX, , . . 321 



FACTS AND DATES 



DIVISION I— SCIENTIFIC FACTS. 



CHAP. I. — FACTS IN ASTRONOMY. 



Within the last seven years all our previous conceptions re- 
garding tlie distance of tlie sun from the earth and the other 
members of the solar system have been seriously modified. It 
appears that we can no longer accept of 95,293,000 miles as the 
true mean distance of our planet from the solar luminary, but 
something between 91,430,000 and 92,380,000 miles. The best 
way of determining the sun's distance is by means of the tran- 
sits of Venus across the sun's disc. These occur very seldom, 
and at curiously regulated intervals. The first predicted tran- 
sit took place in 1631, but astronomers failed to observe it ; the 
next happened in 1639, and was witnessed by many scientific 
observers ; the third in 1761 ; the fourth in 1769 ; the fifth will 
occur in 1874, but will be unfavourable for observation;* and the 
sixth in 1882, which will be rather favourable. These intervals, 
it will be observed, form a series, the terms of which, in years, 
are 8, 122, 8, 105, 8, 122, 8, &c. The last available transit took 
place in 1769, exactly one hundred years ago, while the next 
fully available one wiU not occur till 1882. It was from the 

* See Note, p. 8. 
A 



2 FACTS AND DATES. 

transit of 1769 that astronomers determined the sun's mean dis- 
tance from the earth to be 95,293,000 miles ; and by one of 
Kepler's "Laws" the distances of all the other planets were 
thence easily calculated. Very recently, however, it has been 
shown that serious errors entered into the computations based 
on that transit — errors, indeed, that have vitiated all the results, 
and which cannot be corrected by this method till the year 1882. 
But on a matter so deeply interesting in itseK, and so vitally im- 
portant to humanity, it coiold not be sup^Dosed that the world 
would willingly remain in suspense for thirteen long years. In 
the words of the able Astronomer-Royal for Scotland, in his 
recently-published ' Antiquity of Intellectual Man ' (Edinburgh, 
1868), " Of all material elements for suj)porting life on the earth, 
none are so dominant as those depending on the light and heat 
of the sun, and of all problems in natural science none is so im- 
portant as the true distance of the sun. Upon that depends 
our knowledge of its weight and size, the weight, sizes, and ins- 
tances of the planets, and even the masses, distances, and illu- 
minating power of the fixed stars themselves. The sun's dis- 
tance is therefore the great problem, and modern science has 
spared neither time nor expense in endeavouring to settle it. 
But the distance is so great, and our base-line for measuring it 
(the earth's breadth) so comparatively small, that modern science 
has found her telescopes, micrometers, divided circles, and math- 
ematical methods all taxed beyond their powers in accurately 
determining what the distance is." 

How strange that, in the latter half of the nineteenth century 
— an age so arrogant and boastful of scientific progress — any 
doubt should remain on a question of such paramount physical 
importance ! To remove this stigma, therefore, from modern 
science, and to obtain, meanwhile, as near an approximation as 
possible of the sun's distance, astronomers have exerted them- 
selves to the uttermost, pending their grand preparations for 
1874 and 1882. Two principal classes of minor methods lav 
before them — one by the parallax of Mars in opposition, 
under the most favourable circumstances, in 1862, and the other 
by the perturbations of the planets or of the moon. Astronomers 
strenuously availed themselves of both. The several mean re- 



FACTS IN ASTRONOMY. 3 

suits, eacli from different observations, showed distances varying 
mostly between 2^ and 4 millions of miles less than bad been 
theretofore received from the transit of Venus in 1769. So great 
and so uncertain a reduction of distance induced M. Powalky, 
in Germany, to perform the important service of making, from 
the original observations of that transit, an elaborate recompu- 
tation, in 1864, founded partly on the recently-determined and 
more correct longitudes of the places of the original observa- 
tions. M. Powalky' s new result, 92,254,000 miles, was approved 
in 1867 by Professor Simon Newcombe of the United States, 
and was confirmed in a general sense by M. Faye's researches 
on the same transit, and by results advocated by M. Delaunay 
from other sources. Since the above recomputation was pub- 
lished by M. Powalky and Professor Newcombe, Mr E. J. Stone, 
of the Eoyal Observatory, Greenwich, has followed, similarly 
favouring the scientific world with an independent recomputa- 
tion from that transit, and more than confirming M. Powalky' s 
diminution of the distance — Mr Stone's result being the yet 
shorter distance of 91,736,000 miles. Very evenly midway be- 
tween these two results lies the probable truth, as will be fur- 
ther noticed (p. 8) ; and the scientific world looks forward 
with ever-deepening interest to the approaching renewal of that 
rare astronomical opportunity, as well as to possible improve- 
ments in M. Leon Foucault's independent experimental method, 
of more conclusively solving the great problem. 

In connection with this subject we are glad at being able to 
lay before the student the following interesting facts, chiefly 
gleaned from a very elaborate but as yet unpublished paper by 
a man of rare genius, who is destined, no doubt, to leave his 
mark on the thinking of the age — we refer to William Petrie, 
Esq., a Civil Engineer, London, whose MS. has been obligingly 
lent us by Professor C. Piazzi Smyth, himself an indefatig- 
able explorer in the same field, and whose chief work, en- 
titled ' Life and Work at the Great Pyramid,' constitutes 
an era in modern Egyptology. The paper referred to gives 
an epitome of the numerous though unsuccessful efforts of 
human reason to recover, by its own unaided efforts, that fun- 
damental datum which the Creator revealed to man in the 



4 FACTS AND DATES. 

earliest age of human history- — the distance of the earth from 
the centre of the solar system. Herodotus, "the father of his- 
tory," who flourished B.C. 500, and consequently near the com- 
mencement of the intellectual life of Greece, narrates the first 
recorded attempts or impressions in this direction. These were 
made not long before his own day, and were believed in both by 
himself and his contemporaries, though they placed the sun 
within the limits of the winds on the surface of the earth, and 
at a distance therefrom of some eight to ten miles ! Anaxa- 
goras, the Ionian, who flourished fifty years later, estimated the 
sun's absolute size as equal to that of the Peloponnesus. Hence, 
with the sun's known angular diameter, his distance should be 
about 18,000 miles. Aristarchus, the astronomer of Samos, who 
died B.C. 280, made an immense advance in the right direction. 
Employing a true though rather rough method of observation 
— ^viz., the moon's dichotomy — he at once increased the received 
sun's distance to 5,300,000 miles. With this result the world 
seems to have been satisfied for four centuries, for we find 
Claudius Ptolemy, the celebrated astronomer of Alexandria, re- 
observing and substantially adopting it in a.d. 140. It is un- 
necessary to follow the blind gropings after truth that charac- 
terised the thirteen subsequent centuries, when the human in- 
tellect enjoyed its profound and lengthened repose, giving few 
other proofs of its vitality than the subtle but frivolous sophis- 
tries of the schoolmen. After a sleep of more than a mil- 
lennium, the European mind, like a giant refreshed with wine, 
was suddenly roused to unprecedented energy. Several 
grand events marked the period of its awakening — the 
invention ■ of printing in 1440 ; the revived study of the 
ancient classical languages ; and the discovery of a new world 
in 1492. In the beginning of the sixteenth century, Martin 
Luther began the Eeformation in Germany ; while, early in the 
seventeenth, science could boast of such intellectual heroes as 
Galileo, Kepler, and Tycho Brahe. In 1620 Kepler estimated 
the sun's distance from the earth at 26,400,000 miles, and at the 
same time announced the great " law " regulating the distances 
of all the other planets. This result startled men, on accoimt 
of the increased size which it gave to the planetary spaces. 



FACTS IN ASTRONOMY. 5 

Mankind felt a diflB.culty in expanding their ideas to receive tlie 
truth of the vastness of nature that was beginning to open be- 
fore them. But science was now pursued on correct mathe- 
matical principles ; and in 1750 the French astronomer, De la 
Caille, taking Mars in opposition as his subject of observation, 
and the terrestrial distance between Paris and the Cape of Good 
Hope as his base-line, more than trebled the distance announced 
by Kepler, and gave the world the first tolerable approximation 
to the truth by stating as his result 81,650,000 miles. The 
first astronomer that calculated the sun's distance from a transit 
of Venus, and from observations taken from nearly opposite 
sides of the earth, was the celebrated Delambre. Publishing 
his observations in 1789, he confidently announced the vastly 
greater quantity of 96,100,000 miles as the sun's true distance ; 
and for a whole generation his finding was adopted by the scien- 
tific world. About the year 1820, Encke, Bessel, and other 
German astronomers, using refined mathematical processes, cor- 
rected Delambre's estimate, and brought it down to 95,293,000 
miles ; and nearly every astronomer now living accepted this 
finding, till within the last few years. We must observe, how- 
ever, that in 1832 Professor Henderson, the first Astronomer- 
Eoyal for Scotland, and some time her Majesty's Astronomer at 
the Cape of Good Hope, from his own observations when there, 
announced the greatly-reduced quantity of 90,537,000 miles ; 
but could gain no hearing in a world completely given up to the 
belief that the transit-of- Venus observations, as computed by 
the great German and French mathematicians of the present 
century, must be correct. In this uncertainty the question of 
the sun's distance remained till 1862, when Mars was again in 
opposition. In that year, accordingly, it was abundantly ob- 
served in both the northern and southern hemispheres — Green- 
wich linking itself with the Cape of Good Hope, and St Peters- 
burg with Australia. Strange to say, when these measurements 
were computed by the originator of this method (Winnecke, in 
Kussia), they gave, from 26 independent sets of observations, a 
mean result of 91,184,000 miles, thus remarkably confirming the 
Scottish astronomer's result, as against the received distance ; and 
thus more than a quarter of a century of progress was needed to 



6 FACTS AND DATES. 

aid astronomers in general "before they suspected themselves of 
being in any such error, or would credit Henderson's long prior 
amendment as being nearer to the difficult truth. The fact, how- 
ever, was in a great measure confirmed at Greenwich Observa- 
tory : 58 sets of observations there computed by E. J. Stone 
gave a mean result of 91,400,000 miles ; afterwards about 100 
by Newcombe, in the United States, gave 92,306,000 ; and 
some by Hall, United States, 92,442,000 miles. In 1862, M. 
Foucault, a most ingenious French investigator, made a series 
of interesting experiments on the velocity of light, and from 
these, through the agency of the eclipses of Jupiter's satel- 
lites, and their difference of time as seen from opposite sides 
of the earth's orbit, he was enabled to announce the sun's 
true distance as 92,254,000 miles. We have abeady men- 
tioned M. Powalky's elaborate recomputation of the calcula- 
tions connected with the last transit of Venus, and we refer 
to it here only because we have come up to it in the order of 
time, and also because we are satisfied of the comparative accu- 
racy of his result. That result, republished in 1867 by Profes- 
sor Newcombe, amounted, it will be remembered, to 92,254,000 
miles, being identical in round numbers with the result obtained 
by Foucault from data of a wholly different kind, and not very 
different from that obtained by S. Newcombe from the obser- 
vations of Mars. Newcombe combined these three recent re- 
sults, and some from minor methods — in fact, all results that he 
regarded as available ; whence he deduced a grand mean of 
92,380,000 miles as the probable truth. But, from other obser- 
vations and computations, mostly by similar methods, the mean, 
as adopted at the Greenwich and Paris Observatories since 1864, 
has been 91,430,000 miles. The advocates of these two grand 
means group themselves into two sets, suggestive of some bias 
of party feeling on both sides — a suspicion not without support 
from the literature of this great discussion. A careful attempt, 
made by W. Petrie, in 1869, to assign impartially the relative 
weight due to each of the many mean results composing these 
two grand means of the rival parties, gives a final grand mean 
of 92,061,000 miles; but he attaches to this result the pro- 
bable though insignificant error (not by any arbitrary guess- 



FACTS IN ASTRONOMY. ' 

work, but computed by the recognised laws of probability) of 
plus or minus 90,000 miles, or only about to^os part of the 
whole quantity. That is to say, the truth is proved to lie pro- 
bably between 91,970,000 and 92,150,000— unlikely to be much 
beyond these limits either way, and most likely to be nearly 
midway between them ; and we cannot expect, by purely scien- 
tific methods, to attain to a greatly higher degree of accuracy. 

But these facts, however interesting, by no means exhaust the 
subject. The mechanical school of Egyptologists to whom we 
have referred — the late John Taylor of London, Professor C. 
Piazzi Smyth of Edinburgh, Mr Petrie, Civil Engineer, London, 
Mr St John Vincent Day, C.E., Glasgow, with a daily-increasing 
number of other truth-loving investigators — have within the last 
five years originated an entirely new branch of the science. From 
C. Piazzi Smyth's lengthened personal inspection of the most 
ancient monuments of Egypt, his innumerable and most elabo- 
rate measurements of that one amongst them which is confessedly 
the most ancient, and from enlightened reflection on the results 
so obtained, they adduce the most satisfactory evidence that, in 
the earliest postdiluvian age, those of our race who had not de- 
graded themselves with the loathsome idolatries of the nations, 
and who reverently cherished the primeval revelation vouchsafed 
by the Creator to our species, were, hy some means or oilier, most 
certainly in possession of that grand secret which, for the last 
two thousand years, science has in vain been endeavouring to 
discover for herself, and relying on her own unaided resources. 

The most ancient architectural monnment now existing on 
the earth's surface — the Great Pyramid at Jeezeh — demonstrated 
by astronomy to have been erected B.C. 2170 (or close on 
4040 years ago), has now been investigated and explored as no 
other monument, ancient or modem, ever was ; and the inde- 
fatigable explorers have been rewarded with an abundant har- 
vest of the most brilliant discoveries. One of these, discovered 
by Mr Petrie, is the clear indication that the architect of this 
pyramid knew the mean distance of the sun from the earth with 
an exactitude to which modern science never approached till 
within the last seven years. This distance he symbolises as 
c= height X 101 The best lineal and angular measurements — 



8 FACTS AND DATES, 

namely, those of M. Jomard, of Col. Howard Vyse, and recently 
of Professor C. Piazzi Smyth — ^have been combined by W. Petrie, 
who shows therefrom that the original height of the great pyra- 
mid, from the pavement at its base, was 486.25 British feet : 
this multiplied, as above said, by the ninth power of ten — 
i.e., 1,000,000,000, gives a result of 486,250,000,000 feet, or 
92,093,000 British miles, for the mean distance of the sun. We 
have seen that the latest collective result of science reckons the 
probable truth to be between 91,970,000 and 92,150,000 ; while 
the Great Pyramid gives 92,093,000 miles, being completely within 
these minimum uncertainties of science. Moreover, in a paper 
to the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 1869, he has well shown that 
this uncommonly complete numerical coincidence is not merely 
fortidtoi:s, because, striking as is the coincidence itself, it 
constitutes but a small part of the evidence discovered, that 
this was intended in the original design of the structure. 
According, then, to the best historical and monumental evi- 
dence, this is the exact mean distance of the sun from our 
planet. Only a few years ago, there was not an astronomer in 
Europe who would not have instantly rejected this result, as 
more than three millions of miles away from the truth ; but 
now — such has been the progress of astronomy within the last 
decade of years — there is not, perhaps, one among the whole 
number who would risk his reputation by denying its possible 
correctness. The brief sketch of the progress of astronomy here 
given — even were there no other reasons for asserting its absol- 
ute exactness — clearly points to such a conclusion ; for from the 
days of De la Caille downwards, all the results of modern science, 
like the vibrations of a pendulum coming to rest, approach 
closer and closer to one fixed point ; and, strange to say, that 
fixed point is precisely the number indicated by the Great 
Pyramid, and therefore, we believe, revealed to man ages and 
generations before science had any existence. * 

* For some of the results of tlie numerous olDservations of the Transit 
of Venus, Qth December 1874, see the Author's little volume, entitled 
' Physiography and Physical Geography,' Ninth thousand, pp. iv. and 
140. Edinburgh : W, Blackwood & Sons, 1878, 



FACTS IN ASTRONOMY. 9 

SECT. I.— Mean Distances of the Planets from the Sun. 

{In millions of miles. ) 

15. Vulcan's distance. (Eng. Mechanic, Sept. 1878.) 
a burning lamp. 

.36. Mercury : actual distance, 35,649,000. 

glowing Mercury. 

67. Venus : actual distance, 66,614,000. 

the nearest planet. 
92. Distance of the earth, as indicated by the Great Pyra- 
mid of Jeezeh : actual distance, 92,093,000. . 
the world's true distance.* 
140. Mars: actual distance, 140,322,000. 
the oelehrated Kepler wrought at it.f 

259. The minor planets, 100 in number {average). 
they fill a large void. 

479. Jupiter : true distance, 479,141,000. 
satellites appear in his train. 

878. Saturn : true distance, 878,461,000. 

the rings of this planet are remarkable. 

1766. Uranus: true distance, 1,766,565,000. 

a curious planet with a multitude of moons. 

2766. :N'eptune : true distance, 2,766,133,000. 
the finest proof of modern mathematics. 

240. Moon's distance from the earth in thousands of miles. 
distance of our satellite from the world. 

SECT. 2.— Time of tlie Planets' Revolution. 

{In days.) 
24. Time of Vulcan's revolution. 

his jeaxsfiy sioiftly. 

87. Time of Mercury's revolution, 
the revolution of Apollo. 

* Or, seeing that the ancients gave to the pyramids of Egypt the first 
place among " the seven wonders of the world/' we can express the sim's 
distance still more exactly thus : true distance of the world, by the true 
height of the world's worthiest tvonder. 

f Kepler spent twenty years of imremittiag study in determining the 
true orbit of this planet, and in deducing from it histbree famous "laws." 



10 FACTS AND DATE3. 

224. Time of Venus' revolution. 

thejirst descried star (of eve). 

365. Time of tlie eartli's revolution, 
the world's g-reat annual elUjJse. 

686. Time of Mar's revolution, 
tlie moonless orb of Mars. 

1684. Time of the planetoids' revolution. 

they career between Mar's orbit and Jupiter's. 

4333. Time of Jupiter's revolution. 

Jupiter, the greatest globe in our heavens. 

10,759. Time of Saturn's revolution. 

the central exterior planet, with his luminous train. 

30,686. Time of Uranus or Herscliers revolution. 

Herscliel wanted to name it after the reigning monarch. 

60,126. Time of ISTeptune's revolution. 

the naked eye cannot discern Neptune. 

29 J. The moon's period of revolution round the earth, 
a wave of waters folloios her everywhere. 

SECT. 3. — Distances of the Comets from the Sua. 

{In miles — stipply 000.) 

538. Perihelion or nearest distance of the comet of 
1843 (the smallest known perihelion), 
it almost grazed the sun. 

[Supply 000,000.) 

384. Perihelion distance of the comet of 1729 (greatest 
known perihelion), 
it grazed the orbit of Jupiter. 

387. Aphelion distance of Encke's comet (smallest 
kno-\vn aphehon). 
goes beyond the region of the planetoids. 

40,121. Aphelion distance of the great comet of 1811. 
shcne for a year, a bright and flaming comet. 

406,130. Aphelion distance of the comet of 1844 (greatest 
aphelion kno^ai). 
our system's extremest member cotmts ages in his year. 



FACTS IN ASTRONOMY. 11 



SECT. 4.— Time of Revolution of the Comets. 
Dayg. 

1,210. Encke's comet {sliortest jperiod hiown = 3 J years), 
this comet finds an obstacle in his way. 

2,042. Erorsen's comet (= 5.58 years). 

a Bane, expert in astronomy, discovered it. 

2,413. Biela's comet (= 6.61 years). 

the disrupted sections of Biela gleam. 

2,718. Faye's comet, the least eccentric (= 7.44 years). 
Faye performs the (least) eccentric orbit. 

28,105. Halley's celebrated comet (= 76.78 years). 
days required to complete the year of Halley. 

2,500. Donati's comet of 1785. 

Donates luminous comet, in years. 

3,000. The great comet of 1811. 

gloriously wends his way through the welkin. 

15,864. Newton's celebrated comet of 1680. 

this comet long remained a marvel to astronomers. 

75,000. The first comet of 1780. 

a inriod lasting a thousand human lives. 

102,050. The second comet of 1844. 

consider the extraordinary duration oi yonder luminary's 
year. 

123,683. The comet of 1744 (the longest period Tcnown). 

a comet demanding a hundred millenniums to reach his 
goal. 



SECT. 5.— Number of the Fixed Stars. 

21. Number of stars of the first magnitude, 
their distance is calculable. 

65. Number of stars of the second magnitude, 
worlds of inferior lumdnosity. 

190. Number of stars of the third magnitude. 
a curious tripling observable. 



12 FACTS AND DATES. 

426. ISTumber of stars of tlie fourth magnitude. 
stars of the fourth magnitude. 

IjlOO. I^Tuinber of stars of the fifth magnitude, 
we are able to count yonder worlds. 

3,200. ISTumber of stars of the sixth magnitude. . 

how distant are yonder loorlds ! 

3,206. Stars visible to the naked eye at Berlin, 
the greatest dis])lay of worlds in Prussia. 

4,146. Stars visible to the naked eye at Paris. 
stars that can be seeoi at Paris. 

4,638. Stars visible to the naked eye at Alexandria. 
see the nightly galaxy at Alexandria. 

5,000. Total number of stars visible at the equator, 
the largest ivorlds in the tohole welkin. 

13,000. Number of stars of seventh magnitude (visible 
only through the telescope), 
the celebrated Galileo first saw these worlds. 

40,000. iSTumber of stars of the eighth magnitude. 
starry worlds belonging to class eight. 

142,000. JN'umber of stars of the ninth magnitude. 
countlesB stars dimly shine in class ninth. 

500,000 (million). Total number of stars visible tlirough 
the best telescopes). 
Lord, wondrous are thy icorks, in wisdom thou 
madest them all ! 



SECT. 6.— Distance of tlie Fixed Stars. 

{In billions of miles.) 

21. Distance o^ Alpha Centauri, the nearest star known. 
distance of a Centauri. 

56. Distance of 61 Cygni (the first measured star), 
the illustrious (Bessel) measured it. 

75. Distance of Vega (Alpha Lyrae). 
welcome a, parallax for the lyre I 

85. Distance of Sirius, our brightest star, 
what a resplendent luminary I 



FACTS IN CHEMISTRY. 13 

147. Distance of Iota in Ursa Major (the Plough). 
(Peters) obtained this star's parallax. 

154. Distance of Arcturus (a Bootes). 

Bootes' largest star. 
292. Distance of Polaris (the Pole star) in Ursa Minor. 

directly vertical in Greenland. 

426. Distance of Cajoella. 

the extremest star whose distance is measured. 

33,908. Supposed distance of stars of 16th magnitude. 
ages ago they transmitted these waning rays. 

SECT. 7.— Proper Motion of the Stars. 

{In miles per second. ) 

5. Our sun's motion through space, 
he wends his way round Alcyone. 

13. Eate of motion of the nearest star (a Centauri). 

the wandering lull hunter. 

14. Sirius' rate of motion. 

our brigJitest star. 

30. Capella's rate of motion. 

the wandering goat of the ^oaggoner, 

41. Eate of motion of 61 Cygni. 

the wandering star of Cygnus. 

54. Eate of motion of Arcturus (a Bootes), 
the largest star (in Bootes.) 



CHAP. II. — PACTS m CHEMISTRY. 

None of the physical sciences has made greater progress in the 
last twenty years than Chemistry. To such an extent has this 
been the case, that the standard works of the past generation 
have now become almost obsolete. New views have arisen as 
to the constitution and chemical properties of matter ; a re- 



14 PACTS AND DATES. 

formed cliemical notation has thence of necessity ensued ; the 
nomenclature of the science has been simplified and greatly im- 
proved ; the combining proportions of the elementary sub- 
stances has been ascertained with, far greater precision ; and 
numerous fundamental laws have been discovered. As we 
are not here writing a treatise on chemistry, we are precluded 
from entering at large on any of these subjects ; but the follow- 
ing particulars, gleaned from a multitude, may not be deemed 
wholly out of place. 

1. The number of simple or elementary substances out of 
which the whole earth, as well as the other members of the 
solar system, has been built up, has been raised from 54 to 65. 
These are divided into two primary groups — ^viz., Metals, of 
which there are 52 (the principal of them being gold, silver, 
platinum, copper, iron, lead, zinc, tin, mercury); and Non-Metals 
or Metalloids, of which there are 13 — viz., oxygen, hydrogen, 
nitrogen, chlorine, carbon, sulphur, phosphorus, iodine, fluorine, 
bromine, boron, silicon, and selenium. 

2. On each of these 65 substances the Creator has stamped, 
in deep and indelible characters, a particular and invariable 
number, which forms, as it were, the law of its being, and de- 
termines in what proportions it shall unite vdth every other 
substance, whether simple or compound. Thus 1 is stamped on 
hydrogen, 12 on carbon, 16 on oxygen, 56 on iron, &c. In the 
event, therefore, of iron uniting with oxygen, the two substances, 
as to weight, Viill be always found in the ratio of 56 to 16. 
Under the operation of this mysterious principle, the identity 
of species in the mineral world is rigidly preserved, and, uot- 
withstanding the prodigious number of mineral substances, all 
confusion is avoided. 

3. All chemical compounds are definite in their nature, the 
ratio of the elements being constant. Many substances, how- 
ever, are capable of uniting with others in several proportions ; 
but, when this is the case, it is invariably found that these pro- 

■ portions bear a very simple ratio to each other. Further, if a body 
A unites T^nth several other bodies BCD, then the quantities 
of B C D which respectively unite with A represent also the 
proportions in which they shall unite among each other. From 



FACTS IN CHEMISTRY. 15 

this it follows that the combining quantity of a compound is 
the sum of the combining quantities of its components. 

4. Such being the important part which these invisible num- 
bers play, it is obvious that it is of the utmost consequence to 
chemistry that they be determined with the greatest accuracy. 
And here the revolution that has taken place in modern chem- 
istry is more easily perceived than anywhere else, for it will 
be found that during the last twenty years no fewer than 32 of 
the elementary substances — or precisely one-half of the whole 
number — have had their atomic weights exactly doubled, while 
not a few more have been materially modified. The student 
will find in the table at the end of this Introduction the latest 
determinations of the combining powers of all the elementary 
substances, together with their most recently established specific 
gravities. 

5. In regard to changes in the nomenclature of the science, 
we can here only remark that the smallest quantity of any sub- 
stance which has the power of uniting with one or more particles 
of the same or any other substance is called an atom. It is 
now believed that such an atom cannot exist in its separate 
or isolated state, but must either be linked together with an- 
other atom of the same kind, or united with an atom of a dif- 
ferent kind of matter. Single atoms, it is maintained, are no- 
where found in nature, however low we penetrate into the 
organic or inorganic world, but invariably atoms in a dual 
form. Such dual atom is named a molecule, and is the smallest 
quantity of matter that can exist in a separate form. 

6. But by far the greatest discovery adorning the annals of 
modern chemistry remains to be specified. The 65 elementary 
substances divide themselves, in respect to their combining 
power, into six great natural groups — viz.. Monads, Dyads, 
Triads, Tetrads, Pentads, and Hexads. The Monads are 
eleven in number — viz., six Metals (silver, sodium, potassium, 
ceesium, lithium, rubidium), and five Metalloids (hydrogen, 
chlorine, fluorine, iodine, bromine). Their distinguishing cha- 
racteristic is, that one atom of any one of them can unite with, 
or replace, one atom of any other, and no more. For example, 
one atom of hydrogen can combine with one atom of chlorine. 



16 PACTS AND DATES. 

and form hydrocliloric acid ; or the atom of hydrogen in the 
acid may be replaced by one atom of any other monad, as 
sodium, which, setting free the atom of hydrogen, unites with 
the atom of chlorine, and forms chloride of sodium (common 
salt). The Dyads are fourteen in number, only one of which 
is non-metallic (viz., oxygen, the type of the group); while 
thirteen are metals, the best known of which are — mercury, 
zinc, copper, calcium, magnesium, and strontium. In regard to 
combining power, each of this class is equivalent to two of the 
former. For example, an atom of oxygen will readily combine 
with two atoms of hydrogen, and form water ; but it refuses 
to unite with one atom of hydrogen. Oxygen is, therefore, 
termed a Dyad, having twice the combining power of hydrogen. 
In like manner, a Triad is an elementary substance which, 
when it enters into combination, requires three Monads to neu- 
tralise it, or one Monad and a Dyad. For example, one atom 
of the chloride of bismuth contains three atoms of chlorine, 
that element being a Monad, and one atom of the metal, which 
is a Triad. Should the three atoms of chlorine be set free, and 
the one atom of bismuth be allowed to unite with any other 
monad, it would require three atoms of such monad to saturate 
it. The Triads are only four in number — viz., three Metals 
(gold, rhodium, thallium), and one Metalloid (boron). The 
Tetrads are substances which have the property of rmiting 
with or replacing four combining weights of the Monad class, 
two Dyads, or one Triad and one Monad. There are sixteen 
Tetrads — viz., two Metalloids (carbon, silicon), and sixteen 
Metals, only four of which are common (tin, lead, platinum, 
and aluminium). There are eight Pentads, two of which are 
non-metallic (nitrogen, phos^jhorus), and six Metals, the best 
known of which are arsenic, antimony, and bismuth. Finally, 
there are ten Hexads, the best known of which are sulphur, 
iron, nickle, cobalt. 

7. Closely allied to the preceding is the kindred and equally 
remarkable laws regulating the combining volumes of the ele- 
ments when reduced to or already existing in the gaseous state. 
(1.) If we take that number of grains of any two gases which is 
denoted by their respective atomic weights, we do not find them 



FACTS IN CHEMISTRY. 17 

occupying an amount of space corresponding to their weight, 
but precisely equal spaces, provided the temperature and pres- 
sure are the same : thus, 1 grain of hydrogen gas will occupy 
the same amount of space as 35^ grains of chlorine gas. (2.) Still 
more remarkable is the next law : if both the combining gases 
belong to the class of Monads, then the two equal spaces which 
the gases occupied when separate are precisely equal to the 
space they occupy after union ; but should one of the gases 
belong to the class of Monads and the other to that of Dyada — 
as hydrogen and oxygen, the two constituents of water — union 
cannot take place until two volumes of the former be brought 
into contact with one of the latter ; and the remarkable thing is, 
that three spaces or volumes are not occupied by the united gas, 
as we might have expected, but two volumes only. The same 
law holds good in regard to the other two classes above referred 
to. In order to form gaseous ammonia, for example, one vol- 
ume of nitrogen, usually a Triad, requires three volumes of 
the Monad hydrogen, and the result is, not four volumes of 
ammonia, but two. For a fuller illustration of the several 
topics here briefly discussed, we must refer the student to 
Koscoe's ' Lessons in Elementary Chemistry,' Hofmann's ' Intro- 
duction to Modern Chemistry,' '■ Inorganic Chemistry,' by the 
late Dr G. Wilson, Professor of Technology in the University 
of Edinburgh, and especially to Dr Miller's * Elements of 
Chemistry, Theoretical and Practical,' revised by Herbert 
xMacLeod, F.C.S. : London, 1877. 



SECT. 8. — Number of Elementary Substances. 

65. ISTumber of elementary substances, 
existing number of elements. 

52. !N"umber of simple metallic substances, 
their lustre distinguishes them. 

13. Number of metalloids, or non-metallic substances, 
oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, &c. 



3 8 



FACTS AND DATES. 



The following Tahle exhibits the atomic weight and specific 
gravity, so far as ascertained, of all the Elementary Substances 
—the standard for the sp. g. of solids and liquids being water, 
and atmospheric air for gases. 





m 






^i 


-g 
> 


NAMES OF ELEMENTS. ., ^ 


1 


NAMES OF ELEMENTS. ^, M 


to 

o 




< 


JC 

m 




1- 


w 


Aluminiiiin, . 


27.5 


2.56 


Manganese, . 


55. 


8.01 


Antimony, 


122. 


6.71 


Mercury, liq.. 


200. 


13.59 


Arsenic, 


75. 


5.96 


Molybdenum, 


96. 


8.62 


Barium, 


137. 


4. 


Nicke], . 


59. 


8.82 


Beryllium or Gluci- 






Niobium, 


94. 


6.3 


num, . 


9.3 


2.1 


Nitrogen, gas, 


14. 


0.972 


Bismutli, 


210. 


9.8 


Osmium, 


199. 


21.4 


Boron, . 


11. 


2.68 


Oxygen, gas, . 


16. 


1.107 


Bromine, liq., 


80. 


3.18 


Palladium, 


106.5 


n.8 


Cadmium, 


112. 


8.69 


Phosphorus, . 


31.1 


1.83 


Caesium, 


133. 




Platinum, 


197.5 


21.53 


Calcium, 


40. 


1.57 


Potassium, . 


39. 


0.86 


Carbon, . 


12. 


3.5 


Rhodium, 


104.3 


12.1 


Cerium, 


92. 


6.7 


Rubidium, 


85.4 


1.52 


Chlorine, gas. 


35.5 


2.47 


Ruthenium, . 


104.4 


1L4 


Chromium, . 


52.5 


6.8 


Selenium, 


79.5 


4.8 


Cobalt, . 


59. 


8.95 


Silicon . 


28. 


2.49 


Copper, 


63.5 


8.95 


Silver, . 


108. 


10.58 


Didymium, . 


96. 


6.5 


Sodium, 


23. 


0.97 


Erbium, 


112.6 




Strontium, . 


87.6 


2.54 


Fluorine, 


. 19. 


1.32 


Sulphur, 


. 32. 


2. 


Gallium, 


. 


5.95 


Tantalum, 


182. 


10.8 


Gold, . 


196.6 


19.3 


Tellui'ium, 


129. 


6.25 


Hydi'ogen, gas. 


1. 


0.069 


ThalUum, 


204. 


11.91 


Indium, 


. 113.4 


7.36 


Thorium, 


238. 


7.7 


Iodine, . 


127. 


4.95 


Tin, . . 


118. 


7.29 


Iridium, 


. 198. 


21.15 


Titanium, 


50. 


5.3 


Iron, 


. 56. 


7,84 


Tungsten, 


. 184. 


17.6 


Lanthanum, , 


. 90.2 


6.1 


Uranium, 


120. 


18.4 


Lavoesium, . 






Vanadium, . 


. 51.3 


5.5 


Lead, . 


207.' 


11.36 


Yttrium, 


. 6L6 




Lithium, 


7. 


0.59 


Zinc, . 


65. 


7.14 


Magnesium, . 


. 24. 


1.74 


Zirconium, . 


. 89.6 


4.1 



FACTS IN CHEMISTRY. 19 

SECT. 9.— Table of Chemical Equivalents. 
[Hydrogen =1.) 

122. Antimony. 

brittle, with fine fracture. 

75. Arsenic. 

extremely prejudicial to life. 

210. Bismuth. 

dense, brittle, and white. 

11. Boron. 

exists in common borax. 

80. Bromine. 

(mineral) waters rarely icant it. 

40. Calcium. 

exceedingly usefid wlien oxidised. 

12. Carbon. 

charcoal and diamonds. 

35-5. Chlorine. 

a yellowish green element, 

G4. Copper. 

malachite from Australia. 

19. Fluorine. 

exists in the &o)i6s and teeth. 

197. Gold and platinum. 

common in Victoria and Perw. 

1. Hydrogen. 

exceedingly buoyant. 

127. Iodine. 

in colour and odour peculiar. 

198. Iridium. 

common in the valleys of the Urals. 

56. Iron. 

largely manufactured. 

207. Lead. 

formed into t(;a^er ^i2;€S. 

24. Magnesium.. 

(burns) with dazzling splendour. 



20 FACTS AND DATES. 

200. Mercury. 

freezes in winter at Yakutsk. 

59. Mckel and cobalt. 

wonderfully like each otlier, 

14. Mtrogen. 

a component of strychnine. 

16. Oxygen. 

the Ireath of animals. 

31. Phospliorns. 

exists in quano and 5owe5. 



39. Potassium. 

exists in granite and ^?'a2>. 

28. Silicon. 

its oxide forms the rocks. 

108. Silver. 

Copiapo yields the richest. 

23. Sodium. 

water is denser and heavier, 

32. Sulphur. 

Gomorrah destroyed by it. 

118. Tin. 

common Cornish ore. 

65. Zinc. 

the mam aZZo?/ (in brass). 



SECT. 10. — Specific Gravity of Elementary Substances, 
Water being unity. 

21. Platinum, osmium, and iridium, specific gravity of. 
the densest bodies. 

19. Specific gravity of gold. 

wrought into costly trinkets. 

14. Mercury. 

warns us of coming storms. 

11. Silver and lead. 

of a whitish beautiful colour. 

10. Bismuth. 

Bohemia yields it. 



FACTS IN CHEMISTRY. 21 

9. Copper, nickel, and cobalt. 
wires of extreme tenacity. 

8. Iron and manganese. 

oxidise by exposure to air. 

7. Tin and antimony. 

wrought into pewter. 

7. Zinc. 

extensively wrought into pipes, 

6. Arsenic. 

extinguishes animal (life). 

3. Bromine, chlorine, boron, carbon, and silicon, 
in weight they exceed glucinum. 

2. Magnesium, snlphnr, and pbospborus. 
weight of water doubled. 

1 — . Sodium, potassium, and lithium, 
in weight they yield to ice. 

5 '7. Specific gravity of the earth as a whole. 

the weightiest of all the planets (except Mercury). 

SECT. 11. — Freezing-point of Liquids. 

{Fahrenheit's thermometer.) 

— 220°. Greatest artificial cold hitherto produced. 

the famous frigorijic experiment. 

— 56°. Greatest natural cold hitherto observed. 

at Yakutsk, on the Lena, is the maximum. 

• — 39°. Mercury freezes. 

(alcohol) gauges this temperature. 

— 25°. Yitriol or sulphuric acid. 

an exceedingly dense liquid. 

— 7°. Freezing-point of brandy. 

the wonders of the (frigid) zone. 

0°. The zero of Fahrenheit's thermometer, 
warmer than the winter at YakiUsk. 

14°. Turpentine freezes, 
it becomes solid, 

30°. Milk freezes. 

how white it is ! 



22 FACTS AND DATES. 

32°. Water freezes. 
hoar frost. 

36°. OKve-oil freezes. 

the girls murmur. 

89°' 2. Water at maximuni density, 
water's heaviest temperature. 

46°- 46. Average mean temperature of Scotland for tlie ten 
years 1856-65, ascertained from 55 separate 
localities by the Scot. Meteorol. Society. 
Scotlancfs mean (temperature). 

62°. Zero temperature of British linear measures. 
an inconvenient degree. 

68°. Mean temperature of the earth's habitable surface; 
the yearly mean of the earth. 

90°. TaUow melts. 

the waste of tallow is excessive. 

154°. Wax melts. 

a wax candle ilhiminates sparingly. 

226°. Sulphur melts. 

friction fires a match. 

SECT. 12.— Boiling-point of Liqidds. 

72°. Boiling-point of water in vacuo. 
water ivoixii pressure freed. 

95°. Boiling-point of ether. 

an extremely volatile liquid. 

140°. Liquids in vacuo boil 140° lower than under atmo- 
spheric pressure, 
they loil soon in an exhausted (receiver). 

175°. Boiling-point of alcohol. 

the boiling point of alcohol. 

212°. Ordinary boiling-point of water (barometer at 30 in.) 
a fluid to cook our food. 

320°. iTaphtha, turpentine, and sulphurous ether boil. 
great danger of explosion. 

599°. Fish-oil and tallow. 

oil and tallow are tardy. 



FACTS IN NATURAL PHILOSOPHY. 23 

640°. Boiling-point of sulphuric acid. 

the monohydrate of sulphuric acid. 

662°. Boiling-point of mercury. 

the mercury now fumes. 

983°. Heat of incandescence. 

the temperature of red heat. 

SECT. 13. — ^The Fusing-poiut of Metals. 

— 39°. Eusing-point of mercury. 

(spirit) of wine gauges this temperature. 

136°. Potassium. 

brittle, greyish^ and malleable. 

207°. Sodium. 

of a dull wliite appearance. 

451°. Tin. 

a silvery lustre characterises it. 

620°. Lead. 

malleable, dense, and white. 

775°. Zinc. 

for water pipes it is preferable to lead. 

1873°. Silver fuses. 

in commerce regarded as preferable to gold. 

1996° Copper. 

copper turns thin as mercury. 

2016°. Gold. 

fine yellow coins are made of it. 

2786°. Cast iron. 

the founder pours his running metal. 

21,000°. Malleable iron. 

t\ie furious blast of Wedgewood's wind furnace. 



CHAP. III. — FACTS IN NATUEAL PHILOSOPHY. 

Only a very limited number of the facts in this most import- 
ant branch of science can be recorded in the following sections. 
For the most part we must content ourselves with a comparison 



24 FACTS AND DATES, 

of tKe various velocities seen existing in nature. We give the 
velocity of sound travelling tlirougli tlie air as 1130 feet per 
second, but usually it is regarded as somewhat less. In 1822, 
the French Board of Longitude instituted experiments to deter- 
mine the velocity of sound through atmospheric air. For this 
purpose two heights were selected near Paris, about llj miles 
apart, and a piece of ordnance planted on each. These were 
fired during the night, at regular intervals of 10 minutes, and 
the time that elapsed between the discharge at one station and 
the report at the other was exactly measured by chronometers, 
when it was found that the distance (20,355 yards) was traversed 
in 54.6 seconds, being at the rate of 1118 feet per second. Dur- 
ing these experiments the temperature of the air was 16° Cent, 
or 60° Fahr. ; but at 10° Cent, the velocity diminished to 1106 
feet, and at zero to 1093 feet. By subsequent experiments it 
appears that the velocity is materially affected by the hind of gas 
through which the sound passes. Thus, at a uniform tempera- 
ture of 32° Fahr. sound travels through carbonic acid gas at the 
rate of 856 feet per second ; through oxygen gas at the rate of 
1040 feet ; atmospheric air, 1093 feet ; and hydrogen gas, 4163 
feet. These facts establish the general law, that the velocity is 
in all cases inversely as the square root of the density of the gas. 
The velocity is also said to be affected by the loudness of the 
sound, though this is not borne out by experiments continued 
for many years at the Edinburgh Eoyal Observatory, where the 
time-gun — which is fired electrically at the Castle, in all wea- 
thers, with reports sometimes loud and startling, and sometimes 
scarcely audible — shows a velocity always exceeding 1100 feet 
per second. When sound is made to traverse liquids or solids, 
the speed is much greater. Colladon and Sturm, in 1827, 
determined that sound passes through water (at 8°.l Cent.) 
at the rate of 4708 feet per second, or four times greater than 
through the atmosphere ; still more recently, experiments 
give for beams of wood about sixteen times greater ; for solid 
granite, 1664 feet ; for cast iron, 11,865 ; and for the metals 
generally, between four and sixteen times a greater speed 
than in air. The velocity of light was first determined by as- 
tronomical observation. In 1675, Eomer, a Danish philosopher, 



FACTS IN NATURAL PHILOSOPHY. 25 

by observing the eclipse of one of the satellites of Jupiter, cal- 
culated the velocity of light at 192,000 miles per second, in- 
asmuch as it traversed the diameter of the earth's orbit, or 
190,000,000 of miles, in 16 minutes 36 seconds. We have shown, 
however, in our preliminary observations on Astronomy, that 
the distance of the sun from the earth can no longer be regarded 
as 95,000,000 miles, but 92, 000,000. This makes the velocity of 
light to be 186,000 miles per second. In 1849, M. Fizeau, a 
Frenchman, made an ingenious experiment to determine the 
velocity of light, and arrived at the conclusion that it travels at 
the rate of 196,000 miles per second, a rate not very different 
from that given by the Danish astronomer. Still later, how- 
ever, another French philosopher — viz., M. Foucault, in 1862, 
made his celebrated experiments on the velocity of light by 
means of a rotating mirror, and announced 185,170 miles per 
second as the true rate (see p. 6). Still more divergent were 
the results obtained for the velocity of electricity, until Sir W. 
Thomson showed that there was a most important correction 
dependent on the length of the wire — the electric speed decreas- 
ing in an accelerated ratio with the distance it has to traverse. 
Thus, were it possible to observe the rate of passage through 
a wire only 1 foot long, it might exceed 1,000,000 miles per 
second. In the wire-coil of an experimental apparatus, Professor 
Wheatstone, upwards of thirty years ago, had found a velocity 
equal to 288,000 miles per second — or considerably above the 
highest estimate for the velocity of light. But when astrono- 
mers, soon after, began to use the long lines of the elfectric tele- 
graph from city to city in order to measure the true longitudes 
of the latter, the practical velocities along the entire lengths 
were found vastly smaller. Thus, in the new Atlantic Telegraph 
Cable, 1866 miles long — the facilities for the motion of the 
electric fluid being unusually great — the time occupied in the 
passage is ^^^ of a second ; while in a still more recent experi- 
ment on land- wires, by Mr G. Davidson, an American astrono- 
mer, the average velocity has been found to be 10,000 miles per 
second. 



26 FACTS AND DATES. 

SECT. 14. — Action of Gravity on Falling Bodies. 

{Feet per second. ) 
16. Distance traversed by a body falling from a state of 
rest, in free space, the first second. 

accelerated motion. 

32. Velocity at end oi first second, 
our glohe^ s force (of gravity). 

48. Distance traversed tbe second second, 
watcli the stone returning. 

80. Distance traversed the third second, 
the wind rarely exceeds this. 

112. Distance traversed the fou7'th second, 
with your watch observe a bird falling. 

256. Total distance traversed in four seconds, 
what a distance in a little moment ! 

SECT. 15, — Various Velocities in Nature Compared. 

{Feet per second. ) 

9. Minimnm velocity of Newton's comet, 
weary with travelling. 

32. Velocity of a falling body at end of first second. 
gravitation^ s force. 

1130. Velocity of sound in atmospheric air. 
the calm celerity of gaseous waves. 

1664. Velocity of sound transmitted through solid granite. 

the commonest masses a medium of sound. 

1700. Average velocity of shot from modern artillery. 
cannon projectiles excel in speed. 

4706. Velocity of sound in water. 

sound pervading a tvatery medium. 

17,400. Velocity of sound transmitted through wood. 
beams propagate sound with wondrous expedition. 
Miles. 

3. Neptune's orbitual motion, 
yonder he wearily goes. 

18. The earth's orbitual motion, 
the world's course is rapid, 



FACTS IN BOTANY. 27 

Miles. 

30. Mercury's orbitual motion. 

exultingly hastens on his icay. 
5. Proper motion of the sun and planets, 
they wend their way around Alcyone. 
280. Maximum velocity of Newton's comet. 
t\iQ fearful rapidity of a comet. 

{Supply 000.) 
10. Velocity of electricity in long land-wires, accord- 
ing to G. Davidson, 
by continental wires. 
14. Velocity of electricity transmitted through, sub- 
merged wires, 
when the cable is submerged. 

185. Velocity of light, as determined by Foucault in 1862. 
a bright ray of light. 



CHAP, IV. — FACTS IN BOTANY. 

Little need be said regarding the interesting subject of the 
three following sections. Meagre as the facts are, the author 
found it a somewhat difl&cult task to collect them. Those in 
section 16 were mainly obtained from that admirable the- 
saurus of natural phenomena, Johnston's ' Physical Atlas.' Sec- 
tion. 17 is largely indebted to the author's ' Manual of Modern 
Geography,' and to the elaborate Manuals of Botany by Pro- 
fessors Balfour and Henfrey. For the remaining countries 
of Europe no recent or reliable data could be found, and even 
for France and Germany the results can be given, as yet, in 
only round numbers. Section 18 is the result of much ex- 
amination, but accurate statistics of the existing number of 
fossil plants are really not attainable. 

SECT. 16.— The nora of the Globe. 

{Supply 000.) 

1. Species of plants known to Pliny in a.d. 79. 
exceeded by Aberdeenshire. 



28 FACTS AND DATES. 

6. Species described by Linnseus in 1753. 

lie widely extended tlie number. 

20. Species estimated by Wildenow in 1807. 

described by Wildenow. 
56. Species contained in the Jardindes Plantes in 1820. 

exotics in large numbers. 
86. Species in tbe collection of M. Delessert, Paris, in 1847. 

a wondrous rich museum. 
93. Species estimated by Lindley in 1846, forming 9000 
genera, 
exceeding ten to a genus. 
120. I^umber of species known in 1869. 

the beautiful flora of the world. 
103. Known species of flowering plants. 
botanists widely agree on it. 
17. Known species of cryptogamia. 
the world's cryptogamic jilants. 
200. Humboldt's estimate of tbe probable number of ex- 
isting plants, 
the flora of the whole world. 

SECT. 17.— The Flora of some European Countries. 

4400. Species of plants in tbe British Isles. 

known species in our oivn country. 
1600. Flowering plants in tbe British Isles. 

Balfour'' s Manual of Botany exhibits them. 
2800. Cryptogamic plants in tbe British Isles. 

their /oiir orders are Vjcll defined. 

60. ISTumber of ferns in the British Isles, 
many of them are beautiful. 

300. J^umber of mosses in the British Isles, 
they greatly exceed \h& ferns. 

3230. Species common to England and Scotland, 
the graceful flora of Great Britain. 

7000. Estimated number of plants in France, 
its plants excel in beauty and variety. 

3660. Number of flowering species in France. 
the great majority are flowering plants. 



FACTS IN BOTANY. 29 

7000. Estimated number of plants in Germany. 
Prussia comprises the greater part, 

2700. Number of flowering plants in Germany, 
its flowering plants comparatively few. 

SECT. 18.— Geological or Fossil Botany. 

527. Total number of fossil plants known in 1836. 
these were all the fossil plants. 

1792. Number known to Goeppert in 1845. 
•■ : considerable progress in ten years. 

1932. Number known to Henfrey in 1857. 

the brightest time in geological research. 

645. Fossil plants in British. Isles in 1854 (Morris's Catal.) 
the number of species in our own land. 

122, Number of plants in the Silueian and Devonian 
Systems (1867). 
club-mosses, ferns, andfucoids. 

1700. Fossil plants in tbe Carboniferous System of all 
countries (1867). 
cryptogamic plants of the coal measures. 

1100. Fossil plants in tbe Coal Measures of the British 
Isles (1867). 
chiefly coniferce, catamites, and club-mosses. 

183. Number of plants in tbe Permian System (1867). 
collected in Russia and Germany. 

72. Number of plants in the Triassic System (1857). 
equisetacece dindi ferns. 

150. Number of plants in the Lias (1857). 
cycadece largely in excess. 

180 Number of plants in the Oolitic System (1857)-. 

coniferous plants smd palms. 

128. Fossil Oolitic flora of British Isles (1864). 
cycads, ferns, and pines. 

70. Number of plants in the Wealden (1857). 
the extinct plants of the weald. 

182. Number of plants in the Cretaceous System (1857). 
its beds are rich in dicotyledons. 



30 FACTS AND DATES. 

977. NuinlDer in the Tertiary System (Eocene, Miocene, 
and Pleiocene) in 1859. 

tertiary petrified plants. 

3639. Total species of fossil plants known to science, 
the greater number of humble types. 



CHAP. V. — FACTS IX ZOOLOGY. 

The facts enumerated in sections 19, 20, and 21 have been 
obtained from a great variety of sources' though, as under the 
last chapter, the chief place must be assigned to the ' Physical 
Atlas.' The single page on Palaeontology or Fossil Zoology,' con- 
stituting section 22, is the result of considerable correspondence 
with eminent geologists, and of many months' hard reading. 
The young student of this fascinating science will accordingly 
find here, ready to his hand, information which in moderate 
compass he will probably find nowhere else. The statistics con- 
tained in the first half of this section may be wholly relied on, 
as they have been extracted from the latest edition of Murchi- 
son's ' Siluria,' the greatest work of the prince of living geolo- 
gists. For all that related to the great Palseozoic series of rocks, 
the first place must always be assigned to this elaborate volume ; 
but it formed no part of the author's plan to discuss the Second- 
ary and Tertiary series. For these, no other work occupying a 
similar position is known to ns, and we therefore experienced 
much greater difficulty in obtaining the statistics constituting 
the second half of our section. Having searched in vain for 
facts sufficiently recent in many other quarters, the author took 
the liberty of applying to his accomplished friend. Professor 
Eamsay, now at the head of the geological survey of England 
and Wales. A speedy answer was received, in the following 
laconic terms : " London, 15th February 1869. — My dear Sir, 
I received your letter this morning, and would willingly comply 
MT.th your request. But the information you requii-e would take 
a man a year to tabulate, even if he knew all the books contain- 
ing the scattered information it would be necessary to collect ; 
and then it would be very incorrect, because of the number of 



FACTS IN ZOOLOGY. 31 

fossils that go by different names in different lists. In the 
mean time I send some papers that may possibly be of a little 
nse ; but even these are very imperfect, and already partly out 
of date. — Believe me, yours very sincerely, And. Kamsay." 
The papers referred to are two lectures read before the Eoyal 
Geological Society in 1863 and 1864, and characterised by con- 
summate ability. They discuss the deeply interesting question 
relative to the number of species common to the successive for- 
mations of the great Mesozoic or Secondary series of rocks, from 
the Permian system to the Tertiary, The facts derived from 
these masterly essays will be readily distinguished from those 
preceding them, as they refer only to the geology of the British 
Islesf and have, in each instance, the year 1864 appended to 
them. The total number of species, as given in the last line 
of our table, is obtained by adding together the fossil species of 
the various geological^ystems, some of them being the collected 
results from all countries, and the remainder those from the 
British Isles. Of course this gives no true idea of the real num- 
ber of recorded fossil organisms, which must be greatly in excess 
of the 14,918 given in our table. This will readily appear when 
we consider that, in 1867, the fossil Silurian fauna of the British 
Isles alone amounted to 1186 species ; whereas, according to Dr 
Bigsb/s ' Thesaurus Siluricus,' a work of immense industry 
and research, the Silurian rocks of all countries exhibited, in the 
same year, an array of no fewer than 7553 species, or more than 
six times that number. Again, in 1864, the Triassic system, as 
developed in the British Isles, had yielded only 61 species ; 
whUe on the Continent one single formation (the Muschelkalk) 
has yielded 222 species, and the St Cassian beds 744 more. We 
can form, then, a more correct estimate of the probable number 
of ascertained fossil species, by adding together the results de- 
rived from the Palseozoic rocks of all countries (9535 sp.) to 
about five times the number of Secondary species found in the 
British Isles alone (2447 sp.), which would give an approxima- 
tion to the true number of Secondary species hitherto found in 
aU. countries : that is to say, we should add 12,235 Secondary 
species to 9535 Palaeozoic species. This gives a result of 21,770 
species for these two grand series of rocks. Nothing very de- 



32 FACTS AND DATES. 

(iuile can be said relative to the nuinber of species derived from 
the last or Tertiary series of rocks. Upwards of 100 genera of 
mammals alone have been recorded, amounting probably to 
about 936 species. If we now take the mammalia as forming 
one-tenth of its entire fauna, we shall have 9360 species as 
belonging to the Tertiary series ; and this number added to 
our former result gives a grand total of 31,130 species from the 
entire geological field. 

SECT. 19. — Fauna of tlie Globe. 

{Supply 000.) 

250. Supposed number of existing species of animals, ac- 
cording to Agassiz. 
the fauna of the land and ivater. 

20. Species of vertebrated animals, 
they exist in four classes. 

2. Species of known mammals. 

warm-blooded and four-footed. 

8. Species of known birds. 

they wend their way through the air. 

2. Species of known reptiles, 
they exist infoxir (orders). 

8. Species of known fishes. 

in the world of waters they roam. 

20. Number of species of known molluscs. 

denizens of the water. 

5. I^umber of articulated animals (not including insects), 
wily lobsters. 

0. ISTumber of radiated animals, 
eyes are lacking to them. 

200. Estimated number of insects. 

dragon-flies, wasps, and worJcer-hees. 

SECT. — 20. Distribution of tbe Mammalia. 

223. N"umber of European mammals. 
flesli-eaters and a few gnawers. 



FACTS IN ZOOLOGY. 33 

632. Number of Asiatic mammals, 
its mammals are highly famed. 

446. Number of African mammals. 

the known species are multiplying. 

260. Number of mammals in North America, 
our finest mammals are wanting. 

518. Number of mammals in Central and South America. 
large carnivora are rare. 

156. Nimber of mammals in Oceania. 

characterised by legions of marsupials. 

SECT. 21. — Fauna of some European Countries. 

11,000. Number of existing species in the Eritish Isles. 
beasts and birds existing in our own country. 

611. Number of vertebrated species in British Isles. 
number with a back-bone. 

60. Number of mammals in British Isles, including bats. 
numerous (species) are extinguished. 

274. Number of birds in British Isles. 
a/e^«; axe peculiar to our islands. 

14. Number of reptiles in British Isles. 
batrachians and saurians. 

263. Number of fishes in British seas. 
fishes of the United Kingdom. 

392. Number of molluscs in British waters, 
a great variety of (shell) fish. 

10,000. Articulated animals (including insects) in the Brit- 
ish Isles. 
bees, worms, butterflies, beetles, and C7'abs. 

67. Mammals of Spain and Portugal. 

mammals in the peninsula. 

78. Number of mammals in Germany, 
between the Pregel and the Rhine. 

68. Number of mammals in Italy. 

mammals in Italy. 

65. Number of mammals in Turkey and Greece. 
mainly in Albania. 

C 



34 FACTS AND DATES. 

SECT. 22. — Fossil Zoology : Number of Species of Fossil Animals 
in the different Geological Systems. 

7553. Fossil species in the Silueian System of all 
countries (1867). 
the paleontologists' lengthened labours generalised. 

1186. Silurian species in British. Isles (1867). 

consist chiefly of articulata and mollusca. 
2735. Silurian species in Bohemia and Bavaria (1867). 
Jishes appear in the highest layers. 
532. Fossil species in the Devonian System of all 
countries (1867). 
land-plants and ganoid fishes. 
1100. Fossil species in the Cakboniferous System of aU 
countries (1867). 
the coal-measures abound in bony fishes. 
350. Fossil species in the Permian System of aU coun- 
tries (1867). 
gigantic sav/rian reptiles. 

976. FossU species in the Triassic System of all coun- 
tries (1864). 
TelerpetoU'Elginense and pouched mammals. 
468. Fossil species in the Lias of the British Isles (1864). 
known hy its ammonites and reptiles. 
1464. Fossil species in the Oolite of the B. Isles (1864). 
its commonest species of mammals is the kangaroo. 
237. Fossil species in the Wealden of the B. Isles (1864). 
flying-reptiles, iguanodons, ^md placental (mammals). 
1362. Fossil species in the Cretaceous System of the 
British Isles (1864). 
birds and a genus of monJceys are found in it. 
936 Species (or 104 genera) of mammals in the Ter- 
tiary Series (1868). 
the true age of mammals. 
14,918. Total fossil species in the whole geological series. 
collected species from the Tertiary to the Cambrian rocJcs. 



FACTS IN ETHNOGRAPHY. 35 



CHAP. VI.- FACTS IN ETHNOGRAPHY. 

The facts enumerated in the fonr Sections of this chapter re- 
quire no introduction, as they are derived almost exclusively 
from the author's former works — viz., the ' Manual of Modern 
Geography, Mathematical, Physical, and Political,' and 'Ele- 
ments of Modern Geography,' 42d thousand ; W. Blackwood & 
Sons, Edinburgh and London ; 1878. 



SECT. 23.— Races of Mankind. 

(Suppli/ 000,000.) 

1400. Population of the glohe. 

crovm Him king of the whole world. 

600. Caucasian race. 

the masters of the whole world. 

590. Mongolian race. 

vox olive tint characterises them. 

120. Negro or Ethiopian race. 

the ban of i^&vc forefather wastes thera (Gen. is.. 25). 

68. Malays, Papuans, and Maories. 

the mixed races. 

16. American Indians. 

the aborigines of America. 

SECT. 24.— Religions of Mankind. 

{Supply 000,000.) 

790. Probable number of heathens (Brahmins, Buddhists, 
&c.) 
the -powers of evil supreme. 

250. Number of Brahmins. 

2^ foul and loathsome worship. 

380. Number of Buddhists. 

the horrid rites of Buddha. 



36 FACTS AND DATES. 

150. ]^umber of Mohammedans. 

they blaspheme our Lord's namic. 

7. Number of Jews. 

wandering exiles from Zion. 

400. Christians of every name. 

Jesus is wor slapped by tliem all. 

175. !N"iimber of Eoman Catholics, 
they how to Peter as Lord. 

112. Number of Protestants. 

Christianity's choicest form. 

90. Greek Church. 

Russia its avenger. 



SECT. 25. — Races of Men in Europe. 

{Supply 000,000.) 

78. Celtic blood, pure and mixed. 

the -westernmost people in Europe. 

100. Teutonic blood, pure and mixed. 
civilisers of the whole world. 

70. Sclavonic blood, pure and mixed. 

Poles and Wends. 

28. Mongolians and Tartars 
Finns and Turks. 

2. Jews. 

the exiles of the dispersion. 

1. Gipsies, &c. 

wandering Bohemiaiis. 

288. Total population of Europe. 
the Jive European races. 



SECT. 26. — Religions in Europe. 

[Supply 000,000.) 

135. Roman Catholics. 

the Catholics greatly predominate. 

67. Greek Church. 

as numerous as the Protestants. 



FACTS IN GEOGRAPHY. 37 



65. Protestants. 

most of them Lutherans. 

8. Mohammedans and Heathens. 
exist in Roumelia. 

2. Jews. 

the exiles of the dispersion. 

1. Gipsies, &c. 

wandering Bohemians. 



CHAP. VII. — FACTS IN GEOGRAPHY. 

This chapter — by far the longest in the scientific division of 
" Facts and Dates-" — embraces no fewer than 24 Sections and up- 
wards of 300 important facts connected with the physical geo- 
graphy of all the continents and countries of the world. These 
cannot fail to prove highly serviceable to the young student of 
this important and many-sided science : and, by the new method 
for aiding the memory here introduced, he can easily remember 
the whole. In every instance he will find the closest harmony 
between these sections and the corresponding pages of the 
'■ Elements.' The last Section alone — that on the Progress of Ge- 
ographical Discovery — has been drawn up from other sources, 
and chiefly from the elaborate history of ' Maritime Discovery,' 
by Eev. C. G. Nicolay, and contained in the ' Manual of Geo- 
graphical Science, Mathematical, Physical, Historical, and De- 
scriptive ' (J. W. Parker, London). 



SECT. 27. — Areas of the different Continents. 

{Sup23ly 000.) 
Sq. miles. 

61,500. Land-surface of the globe. 

all the continents and islands of the wide wcyrld. 

3857. Area of Europe. 

its greatest river is level throughout. 



38 FACTS AND DATES. 

Sq. miles. 

16,626. Asia. 

bigger than America, North added to South. 

12,000. Africa. 

the continent of Africa will yet be explored. 

8600. N'orth America. 

the B.ocky Mountains its western wall. 

7028. South America. 

the " 2"^^^'^ of loaters" drains the wor^A. 

4500. Oceania, including Australia. 

Sumatra lies at its loesteni extremity. 



SECT. 28. — Population of the Continents. 

(>Sw2?i?Z2/ 000,000.) 

1400. Population of the globe. 

crown Him king of the wAoZe world 1 

288. Europe. 

the^ve Eurojpean races. 

750. Asia. 

population of the largest continent. 

200. Africa. 

Africa will ^/e^ be Christianised. 

58. JS'orth America. 

a liberty-loving race. 

25. South America. 

a wondrous diversity of language. 

30. Oceania. 

exceeded by G^rea^ Britain. 

SECT. 29.— Areas of European Countries. 

(^Sw^i^Zy 000.) 
Sq. miles. 

122. The British Isles. 

British farming isfammbs. 

58. England. 

the land of roses. 

31. Scotland. 

her wilds are heath clad. 



FACTS IN GEOGRAPHY. 39 



Sq. miles. 

33. Ireland. 

a green gem. 

86G0. The Britisli Empire. 

the richest empire in the whole world. 

38. Portugal. 

its agriculture is of the rudest. 

196. Spain. 

consists of a table-land and mountains. 

205. France. 

France is exceedingly level. 

11. Belgium. 

celebrated for its cultivation. 

14. The ITetherlands. 

beneath the sea-level. 

14. Denmark (minus Schleswig-Holstein). 

the capital is on an island. 

214. The German Empire. 

formed of a cluster of States. 

136. Prussia (subsequent to the war of 1866). 

Bismarh greatly increased it. 

264. Austria (including Bosnia and Herzegovina). 

the Dual Empire's size. 

15. Switzerland. 

wearily climb the Alps. 

114. Italy. 

celebrated for its beautiful shies. 

20. Greece. 

its winters axQfine and warm. 

100. European Turkey {minus the Principalities). 

the Balkhans its extreme boundary. 

2087. Russia. 

a dreary expanse of aridplav^is. 

171. Sweden. 

beautiful picturesque cataracts. 

123. ]Srorwa3^ 

celebrated falls and £flaciers. 



40 FACTS AND DATES. 

SECT. 30.— Population of European Countries. 

{Supply 000,000.) 

32. Population of the Britisli Isles in 1871. 
expects a glorious future. 

23. England. 

in density the greatest. 

3. Scotland. 

warlike highland&rs. 

5. Ireland. 

wit and l&mty. 

284. The British Empire. 

the diversity of race is astounding. 

4. Portugal. 

they excel the Spaniards. 

17. Spain. 

chivalrous and proud. 

36. France. 

the gayest nation. 

5. Belgium. 

wise and excellent laus. 

4. ISTetherlands. 

expert workers in silk. 

2. Denmark {minus Schleswig-Holstein), 
war wrested the Duchies from it. 

43. The German Empire in 1875. 
in science the highest. 

24. Prussia. 

they defeated the Austrians. 

39. Austria. 

wrested Herzegovina from Turkey, 

2. Switzerland, 

the west is wholly French. 

28. Italy. 

diverse races. 

1. Greece. 

exceedingly crafty. 



FACTS IN GEOGRAPHY. 41 

8. European Turkey {minus the PrincipalitieB). 

the war has ruined it. 

72. Eussia. 

its peo;ple are few. 

4. Sweden. 

they excel in science. 

2. iN'orway. 

exceedingly fair -haired . 



SECT. 31. — Heights of European Mountains. 

Feet. 

4406. Ben Nevis, the loftiest mountain in the B. Isles. 
a snoioy summit in the wilds of Inverness. 

11,168. Maladetta, the loftiest summit of the Pyrenees, 
the cloud capped brow of Maladetta rises. 



11,663. Sierra l!Tevada, the loftiest chain in the Hesperian 
Peninsula. 
hold Cerro Mulliagerus noble height. 

9068. Highest summit in the Sardo-Corsican system, 
the view is extensive from Monte Rotondo. 

15,781. Mt. Blanc, highest summit of the Alpine system. 
(Mont) Blanc lifts up his royal crest. 

10,874. Mt. Etna, highest summit of the Apennines. 

its burning explosions ravage the plains of Syracuse. 

9528. Mt. Butschetje, highest summit of the Carpathians, 
a vast elevation dividing realms. 

9718. Tchar-Dagh, loftiest summit of the Balkan Eange. 
Tchar-Dagh, prince of the Balkan 



18,493. Mt. Elburz, loftiest summit of the Caucasus. 
Caucasus reigns supreme, a towering height. 

5397. Mt. Konjakofski, loftiest summit of the Urals. 
low heights with veins of platina. 

8670. Mt. Skagesloestinden, h. s. of Scandinavian system. 
remarkable for numerous plateaux and glaciers. 



42 FACTS AND DATES. 

SECT. 32. — Principal River-Basins of Europe in square miles. 

{Supply 000.) 
Sq. Miles. 

49. Petchora basin.^ 

it wanders slowly through the tundras. 

106. Dwina. 

its course is towards the Wliite Sea. 

67. :N"eYa. 

waters Novgorod and Petershwrg. 

57. Vistula. 

its waters lave Poland. 

40. Oder. 

waters Silesia and Brandenburg. 

41. Elbe. 

waters Saxony and Bohemia. 

65. Ebine. 

navigable to Sioitzerland. 

22. Seine. 

waters the west of fair France. 

34. Loire. 

winds westward to the Gidfof Oascogne, 

24. Garonne. 

the Dordogne joints it. 

29. Douro. 

Jloivs to the Atlantic. 

21. Tagus. 

flows from Castile. 

24. Ebro. 

/ows eastward. 

28. Rhone. 

its/aZi is rapid. 

29. Po. 

j?ows past Turin. 

234. Danube. 

j?ows through Germany and Austria. 

* The areas of the river-basins throughout are taken from Johnston's 
* Physical Atlas.' 



FACTS IN GEOGRAPHY. 43 

Sq. miles. 

170. Dnieper and Bug. 

they water the hest ^provinces on the Euxine. 

169. Don. 

a canal unites it with the Volga. 

398. Volga. 

waters the greatest territory in Europe. 

84. Ural. 

between Russia and Siberia. 



SECT. 33.— Areas of Asiatic Countries. 

[Su:p:piy 000.) 

Sq. miles. 

669. Asiatic Turkey. 

mankind's native territory. 
1200. Arabia. 

the coasts are fertile where water exists. 
562. Persia. 

lofty and nearly desert. 

259. Afghanistan. 

Afghanistan lines our territory. 

110. Beloochistan. 

the country is a barren waste. 
1476. Hindustan. 

our beloved sovereign is Empress of India. 
880. Further India. 

the ri'uer Irrawaddy waters it. 
4118. Chinese Empire. 

its si2;e considerably curtailed by Russia. 
660. Turkestan (Eastern and Western), 
its independence menaced by China. 
5585. Siberia. 

a Zoi« Zet?eZ from the C/VaZs to the Lena. 
158. Japan. 

curiously like our archipelago. 

SECT. 34.— Population of Asiatic Countries. 

(.Supply 000,000.) 
16. Asiatic Turkey. 

the centre of Mohammedanism. 



44 PACTS AND DATES. 

8. Arabia. 

wandering Arabs. 

5. Persia. '' 

walled in ty the Elburz. 

6. Afghanistan and BeloochistaiL 

warlike Mohammedans. 

241. Hindostan. 

devoted to the service of Brahma. 

28. Further India. 

the idolatrous religion (of Buddha). 

415. Chinese Empire. 

the stereotyped civilisation of the Mongols. 

6. Tarkestan (Eastern and Western), 
exclusively Mohammedan. 

6. Siberia. 

Wogulians, exiles, and Mongolians. 

35. Japan. 

an JJgro-Tartarian language. 



SECT. 35.— HeigMs of Asiatic Mountain Chains. 

{Supply 000.) 
Feet. 

1 9. Highest summit of the Bolor Tag'n. 

west of Chinese Turhestan. 

20. Hindoo Koosh. 

the Afghans' wall. 

16. Paropamisan range. 

BoTchara is north of it. 

18. Elburz range. 

between the Caspian and Iran. 

17. Mount Ararat, in Armenia. 

near a branch of the Euphrates. 

13. Mount Arjish, in Taurus range. 

between the Blach and the Great (Sea). 

12. Lebanon range. 

between BeirM and Damascus. 



FACTS IN GEOGKAPHY. 45 

Feet. 

29. Mount Everest, in the Himalaya range, 
the white dome of .Everest. 

28. Dapsang peak, in the Karakorum range, 
yonder Dapsang rises. 

22. Kuen-Lun range. 

west of a dreary desert. 



20. Thian-Shan range. 

between the Daria and YarTcand 



SECT. 36. — Principal River-Basins of Asia. 

{Supply 000.) 
Sq. miles. 

197. Basin of Euphrates and Tigris. 

the extensive hasin of the Tigris and Euphrates. 

312. Indus. 

the Himalaya and Cashmere feed it. 

432. Ganges. 

the Jumna its greatest affluent. 

329. Brahamapootra. 

its greatest affluents are from Tibet. 
331. Irrawaddy and Sahven. 

water the greater half of Burmah. 
216. Menam and Cambodia. 

flow through Burmah and Anam. 
100. Choo-Kiang or Canton river. 

the Ghoo-kiang waters Canton. 
784. Yang-tse-kiang. 

the principal river of (eastern) Asia. 

640. Hoang-ho. 

next in size to the Yang-tse. 
583. Amour. 

the largest river after the Hoang-ho. 

594. Lena. 

the Lena traverses (eastern) Siberia. 

784. Yenisei. 

the principal river of (central) Siberia. 
1350. Ohy. 

its basin is the greatest in the Old World. 



46 FACTS AND DATES. 

SECT. 37.— Areas of tlie Countries of Africa. 

[Supply 000.) 
Sq. miles. 

960. The Egyptian Empire. 

the valley of the Nile to its source. 

158. Abyssinia. 

confined to the elevated region. 

404. Tripoli and Tunis. 

subject to the yoke of the Sultan. 

258. Algeria. 

France endeavours to rule it. 

269. Marocco. 

cZa^es from Mount Atlas. 

2500. The Sahara. 

this desert M the largest in the ^uAoZe iKOrld. 

250. Senegambia. 

the diseases of the loidands are deadly. 

1243. Soudan or Mgritia. 

curtailed in dimensions by the Khedive of Egypt. 

610. Upper and Lower G-uinea. • 

the i^t^rer and Cow^ro wa!'er it. 

348. Cape Colony, iNatal, and Transvaal. 

onr (/rea^ South-African realm. 

1830. Eastern Africa. 

called the Region of (rrea^ Lakes. 

3000. Eegions unexplored in the interior. 
great explorations yet to he made. 

200. Madagascar. 

fertile and weZZ watered. 

SECT. 38.— Popidation of the Countries of Africa. 

{Supply 000,000.) 

11. The Egyptian Empire. 
Cairo is the capital. 

3. Abyssinia. 

at war with Egypt 



FACTS IN GEOGRAPHY. 47 

3. Tripoli and Tunis. 

west of Egypt. 

3. Algeria. 

excessive heat. 

6. Marocco. 

wild Mohammedans. 

11. Senegambia. 

Bathurst is the capital. 

40. Soudan or Nigritia. 

the Joliha waters it. 

19. Upper and Lower Guinea. 

the Congo traverses it. 

1. Cape Colony, JSTatal, and Transvaal. 

owned by Britain. 

21. Eastern Africa. 

y^axli^Q Q^Tidi fierce larharians. 

31. Eegions unexplored in the interior. 

extend westward to the gorilla country. 

4. Madagascar. 

- exports silk. 

. SECT. 39. — Areas of the Countries of North, America. 

{Supply 000.) 
Sq. miles. 

585. Alaska, formerly Eussian America, 
a lofty region of volcanoes. 

380. Greenland, or Danish America. 

glaciers and rocJcs cover it. 

3598. British North America. 

gigantic lakes and vast rivers. 

404. Dominion of Canada (Canada, !N"ew Brunswick, 
]^ova Scotia, Newfoundland, and Pr. Ed. 
Island). 

joined in the year sixty-seven. 

2948. Manitoba and N.W. Territory. 

a dreary territory and small province. 

213. British Columbia. 

finest country for gold. 



48 FACTS AND DATES. 

Sq. miles. 

3026, United States {minus Alaska) 

a great expanse drained by the Mississippi. 

773. Mexico. 

t\i.Qpeak of Popocatepetl is tlie highest. 

188. Central America. 

the central region is raised. 

97. West Indies. 

extend beyond the Torrid Zone. 

SECT. 40.— Population of tlie Countries of North America. 

{Supply 000.) 

3880. British ISTorth America. 

Great-Britain's realm in the remote West. 

3838. Dominion of Canada (Eastern and Central Prov- 
inces). 

a great rush from the home country. 

42. British Columbia. 

watered by the Simpson and the Frazer. 

38,925. United States. 

a great republic rapidly increasing in power. 

9278. Mexico. 

a territory devastated \)j perpetual revolutions, 

2605. Central America. 

five independent countries at vjar. 

4202. West Indies. 

Spanish, French, and British dependencies. 



SECT. 41. — Height of North American Mountains. 

{Supply 000.) 

Feet. 
6. White Mountain, highest summit of Alleghanies. 
White Mountain. 

15. Mount St Elias, highest summit of !N'orth- Western 
America, now Alaska, 
the white crown of A laska. 



FACTS IN GEOGRAPHY. 49 

Feet 

16. Mount St Helens, highest summit of the United 
States. 
in the Cascade Mountains. 

16. Mount Brown, culminating point of British America. 

a brown mountain. 

1 7. Popocatepetl, highest summit of Mexico. 

the burning Popocatepetl. 

1 4. Mount Agua, highest summit of Central America. 

Central- America^ s summit. 

7. El Cobre, in Cuba, h. s. of the West Indies, 
a West Indian peak. 



SECT. 42. -Principal River-Basins of North America. 

{Supply 000.) 
Sq. miles. 

297. Basin of the St Lawrence. 

falls into the Atlantic at Quebec. 

982. Mississippi. 

a vast region drained by it. 

180. Eio Grande del Norte. 

basin of the Bio Grande. 

169. Colorado. 

comes from New-Mexico and Utah. 

194. Columbia. 

its chief tributaries are gold-bearing. 

445. Mackenzie- 
its source is the Slave Lake. 

360. Nelson and Saskatchewan. 
grows maize and wheat. 

SECT. 43. — Areas of Soutli American Statea 

{Supply 000.) 
Sq. miles. 

514. United States of Colombia. 

the west is lofty and clothed with /oresi*. 

425. Venezuela. 

the surface aflat llano. 
D 



50 FACTS AND DATES. 

Sq. miles. 

218. Ecuador. 

dreadful Cotopaxi in eruption. 

198. Guiana. 

consists of three territories. 

3138. Brazil. 

the gigantic basin of the greatest river. 

508. Peru. 

with Li7na in the west, on the Rimac. 

374. Bolivia. 

the Western World's highest peah is Sorata. 

516. Chil^ and Patagonia. 

the lofty Aconcagua illuminates it. 

897. Argentine Confederation. 

a region traversed by the Parand. 

146. Paraguay and Uruguay. 

the capitals are Asuncion and Monte- Video. 



SECT. 44.— Population of South American States. 

■:. {Supply 000,000.) 

6. United States of Colombia, Venezuela, and Ecuador. 

watered by the Magdalena. 

12. Brazil. 

Cahral discovered it. 

6. Peru, Bolivia, and Chil^. 

extremely wealthy in minerals. 

3. Argentine Confederation, Paraguay, and Uruguay. 

they export hides. 

{Supply 000.) 

280. Guiana. 

fertile European colonies. 



SECT. 45. — Height of South American Mountains. 

Feet, 

19,137. Antisana, in Ecuador. 

amoug the cone • sharped volcanoes of Ecuador is the 
gigantic Antisana. 



PACTS IN GEOGRAPHY. 51 

Feet. 

18,875. Cotopaxi. 

Cotopaxi, renoivned among the roaring volcanoes of 
Ecuador. 

21,424. Chimborazo. 

the far-famed Chimhorazo shotvs his dome-like shape. 

21,140. Sorata and Illimani, in Bolivia. 

among the formidaUe cones of Bolivia are Sorata and 
Illimani. 

22,296. Aconcagua-, in Chile, the h. s. of the Andes.* 
the dense fumes of a. frightful volcano in the Andes. 

22,016. Tupungato, east of Santiago de Chile. 

frequent destructive explosions in the Chilian Andes. 

8030. Yanteles, highest summit of the Patagonian Andes, 
the roaring Yanteles is glacier crowned. 

6913. Sarmiento, in Tierra-del-Fuego. 

the mountains of Tierra-del-Fuego are crowned with 
glaciers. 

15,800. Limit of perennial snow at the equator. 

the congelation limit reaches high at the equator. 



SECT. 46.— Areas of South American River-Basins. 

[Supply 000.) 
Sq. miles. 

72. Magdalena Basin. 

platinum i& found in. it. 

252. Orinoco. 

flows through the llanos and delta. 

1512. Amazon. 

the lasin of this leviathan contains the selvas. 

284. Tocantins. 

flows through the region of the selvas. 

188. San Francisco. 

its basin is rich in ores. 

887. Parana. 

the rainless region of the pampas. 
* Some authorities give Sorata as the highest summit. 



52 FACTS AND DATES. 

SECT. 47. — ^Areas of Countries in Oceania. 

{Supply 000.) 
Sq. miles. 

3428. Australasia. 

gigantic islands and dreary regions. 

3000. Australia. 

a great vnlderness colonised by the Britisk. 

323. :N'ew South Wales. 

a great field for gold. 

87. Victoria. 

richer than Ophir. 

383. South Australia. 

great in *Vo?z- and copper. 

978. Western Australia. 

a vast penal reformatory. 

678. Queensland. 

the mineral products are ric^ 

26. Tasmania. 

fertile and mountainous. 

106. :N'ew Zealand. 

Britain owns the Antipodes. 



240. Papua or ISTew Guinea. 

Butch settlements in the ?(?e5i. 

843. Malaysia. 

Wc^ in spz'ces and grwms. 

11. Polynesia. 

yields cocoa-nuts and bananas. 

SECT. 48. — Popidation of the Countries of Oceania. 

{Supply 000.) 

2500. Australasia. 

the degenerate Alfouries are waning 

1848. Australia. 

the Christian religion is soZeZy recognised, 

606. JSTew South Wales. 

its mineral wealth is enormous. 



FACTS IN GEOGEAPHY. 53 

823. Victoria. 

remarkaUs for its deposits of gold. 

210. South Australia. 

the exports of Adelaide are copper and wool, 

27. Western Australia, 
a c?r( 



182. Queensland. 

the colony is rapidly developing. 

100. Tasmania. 

its cMe/ export is wooZ. 

447. New Zealand. 

Scotch settlers predominate. 

1100. Papua or !N'ew Guinea. 

camphor, cocoa-nuts, and yams are exported. 

27,750. Malaysia. 

the Dutch are the principal possessors of tlie larger islands. 

220. Micronesia. 

fast fading away. 

300. Polynesia. 

the Gospel carried to them hy TFi'Wta?/is. 



SECT. 49.— Height of Principal Mountains in Oceania. 

Feet. 

6458. Bellenden Ker mountains in Queensland. 

the loftiest summit in the Ker range. 

5700. Mount Lindsay in Few South "Wales. 

Lindsay Peak, between Brisbane and Clarence. 

6000. Mount Seaview, Liverpool range (lat. 31J°). 
a mountain west of Port Macquarie. 

3300. Mount York in the Blue Mountains (lat. 34°). 

greatest height of the Blue Mountains. 

7300. Mount Kosciusko, Australian Alps, N.S. Wales. 
the peak of greatest height in A ustralia. 

3012. Mount Bryan, Flinders range, South Australia, 
the highest in the westerly chain of Flinders. 



54 FACTS AND DATES. 

Feet. 

6500. Mounts Bogong and Hotliam in North Victoria. 

the mean level is considerably lower. 



5069. Cradle Mountain, Tasmania. 

almost exceeds the mountains of Victoria. 

13,200. Mt. Cook, the culminating point of New Zealand. 
Cook is the highest 'bj far in Neiv Zealand. 

SECT. 50. — Progress of GeograpMcal Discovery. 

A.D. 

1271. Marco Polo, a Venetian, begins his travels, 
a hold adventurer proceeds to " Cathay.'^ 

1286. Oderic of Portenau visits India and China. 
courageous Oderic arrives in India. 

1295. Marco Polo returns to Venice, and writes his travels. 
China described by a traveller in the land. 

1302. Gioja of Amalfi introduces the mariner's compass, 
the compass gives a wider field. 

1324. John Batuta, a Moor of Tangiers, travels through Asia. 
BatutcL goes to Afghanistan and Sumatra. 

1330. The Canary Islands discovered by a French vessel. 

the Canary group is granted to Claramonte. 
1335. Balducci Perzoletti travels from Azov to China. 

a caravan goes to the great wall. 
1403. Henry of Castile sends Gonzales to Samarcand, to 
the Court of Timur the Tartar. 

come to Samarcand, wandering Gonzales. 
1418. The Canaries are colonised by the Portuguese. 

the Canary Isles colonised by Europeans. 
1420. Madeira discovered by the Portuguese. 

a beautiful island, adorned with " wood.'' 
1431. The Azores discovered by Vanderberg of Bruges. 

the Azores are seefi with " hawks " abounding. 

1449. Cape Verd Islands discovered by the Portuguese. 

a curious scene, the seas are " verdant I " 
1486. Bartholomew Diaz, a Portuguese, doubles the Cape 
of Good Hope without seeing it, and arrives 
at Delagoa Bay. 
the " Cape of Storms " its original name. 



FACTS IN GEOGRAPHY. 55 

1487. Cavilham, a Portuguese, travels to India by Suez 
and Aden. 
Cavilham seeks tlie renown of Portugal. 

1492. America discovered by Columbus, a Genoese, in the 
service of Ferdinand of Spain. 
Columbus sails athwart the deep. 

1494. Columbus, on his second voyage, discovers Jamaica 
and Porto Eico. 
Columbus sees vast islands. 

„ John Cabot, sent out by Henry YII. of England, 
discovers l!^ewfoundland. 
Cabot seizes a vast island. 

1497. The Cabots discover Labrador, N'ova Scotia, and 

Virginia, being the first parts of the Ame- 
rican continent seen by Europeans, 
tlie Cabots survey a vast peninsula. 

„ Vasco de Gama discovers the Cape of Good Hope, 
the Cape is seen by Vasco, a Portuguese. 

1498. The Orinoco discovered by Columbus on his third 

voyage. 
Columbus sees a vast river. 

1499. Canada discovered by the Cabots. 

Cabot sails to a vast territory/. 

1500. Pinzon, a Spaniard, discovers the river Amazon. 

beholds the leviathan of the world's waters ! 

1501. Alvarez de Cabral, a Portuguese, discovers Brazil. 

Cabral lands on wide Brazil. 

1502. Columbus, on his fourth voyage, discovers Cen. Amer. 

Columbus learns the way to Darien. 

1503. Goa Factory, in India, founded by the Portuguese. 

began to lay the walls of Goa. 

1507. Almeida, a Portuguese, discovers Madagascar and 
Ceylon, and subdues Western India, 
the bold Almeida wins them to Portugal. 

1511. Velasquez, a Spaniard, sails from Hispaniola, and 
conquers Cuba, 
the Caribs lament the conquest of Cuba. 



56 FACTS AND DATES. 

1512. Ponce de Leon, a Spaniard, discovers Florida and 

tlie Gulf Stream. 
observes a land with heautif id flowers. 

1513. Balbao crosses the Isthmus of Darien, and discovers 

the Pacific. 
Balbao lights on an oceaoi great. 

1514. Juan Diaz de Solis enters the La Plata in South 

America. 
Buenos lies on the hanTc of the estuary. 

1517. Yucatan discovered hy Hernandez Cordoba. 
Cordoba lands on the central peninsula. 

1519. Fernandez Cortez, a Spaniard, proceeds from Cuba 

to conquer Mexico. 
Cortez lands on a civilised territory. 

1520. Magellan discovers the Strait bearing his name. 

he cautiously led them b}'- a dangerous way. 

1521. Magellan discovers the Philippine Islands. 

the courageous leader dies in battle. 



„ Magellan's ships visit Borneo, the Celebes, and 
Moluccas, and return to Spain after circum- 
navigating the globe, 
they curiously lose a day in their course. 

1526. Pizarro invades the empire of Peru, now under 
Huana Capac, the 12th emperor. 
Capac, the last of the dynasty of the Incas. 

1534. Lima, in Peru, founded by Pizarro. 

the building of Lima by a gold-hunting Spaniard. 

1535. Jacques Cartier, a Frenchman, explores Canada. 

the Canadian lakes at the head of the (St) Lawrence. 

1537. Macao granted as a settlement to the Portuguese. 
China allows a haven to the Portuguese. 

1541. The Spaniards form their first settlement in Chile. 

they begin to lay Santiago de Chile. 

1542. The Portuguese discover Japan accidentally. 

the civilised land of Japan is discovered. 



FACTS IN GEOGRAPHY. 57 

1584. Sir W. Ealeigh takes possession of Virginia for Eng- 
land. 

a colony leaves for our earliest settlement. 

1600. The English. East India Company established, 
a compa7iy of merchants yearning for wealth. 

1604. Barbadoes, England's first colony, established. 
chiefly employed in exporting sugar. 

1606. Virginia begins to be colonised by the English. 
colonists from England wander to America. 

„ The Australian continent discovered by the Dutch, 
a beautiful new world at the Antipodes. 

1608. Quebec founded by French colonists, 
the chief emporium of a wealthy region. 

1610. Hudson Bay discovered by Captain Hudson, in 
search of a north-west passage to the Pacific. 

the captain enters a cheerless expanse. 

1619. Batavia built and settled by the Dutch. 

Batavia, the emporium of commerce and trade. 

1642. Tasman, a Dutchman, discovers Van Diemen's Land, 
a hold navigator sent by the Butch. 

1672. The Mississippi discovered by Marquette, a French- 
man. 

the basin of the Mississippi oi peerless dimensions. 

1728. Behring Strait discovered, and Asia proven to be 
disjoined from the New World. 
a chasm appears dividing the Russias. 

1 744. Admiral Anson completes his voyage round the world. 

Britain promotes her successful sailor. 

1767. WaUis and Carterel's discoveries in the South Seas. 

Carterel proceeds on his mission to the Pacific. 

1768. Capt. Cook explores New Holland and New Zealand. 

CooTc proceeds on a mission of research. 

1787. New South Wales established as an English colony, 
our convicts proceed to a remote penitentiary. 

1795. Mungo Park's first voyage to Africa. 

the celebrated Park travels in Ludamar. 



58 FACTS AND DATES. 



DIVISION IL— HISTOEICAL FACTS. 



PART FIRST— SACKED HISTORY. 

CHAP. I. — OLD TESTAMENT HISTORY. 
(B.C. 5478-4.) 

In regard to the clironology of the Antediluvian period, and 
especially the point of time at which human history commences, 
the Book of Genesis is our only guide. Invaluable as this most 
precious record is, there are many points of the deepest interest 
on which it throws but a feeble light. The absolute age of our 
planet, and the precise point of time in that age when man first 
appeared on its surface, are left wholly undetermined ; but the 
mighty changes through which it had passed before man was 
introduced, and the order of time (in relation to other species) 
in which that introduction took place, are indicated with suffi- 
cient clearness. Regarding the antiquity of the globe, and the 
moment of time when it was first peopled by living creatures, 
the inspired volume is silent ; nor is there the least likelihood 
that human science shaU ever satisfactorily determine what the 
Creator has been pleased to conceal. It will be readily per- 
ceived, however, that what is clearly indicated is of vastly greater 
importance to our race than what has been purposely left in the 
dark. In the very first sentence of the Book of Genesis we are 
informed that matter is not eternal ; that our world had a begin- 
ning ; and that it required divine energy to bring it into being. 
Further on, but still on the same page, we are informed that 
the planet had been in existence for an undefined period be- 
fore any living thing was created on its surface ; that tliia 



OLD TESTAMENT HISTORY. 59 

creation was gradual and progressive, tlie humbler forms of 
life taking tlie precedence of the more highly organised ; and 
that the last creature that appeared on the scene was man, 
formed in God's o^oi image, and so bearing His likeness that he 
could with propriety be called " a son of God ;" for he not only 
resembled his Creator in his moral and intellectual nature, but 
his body also — so fearfully and wonderfully made — bore the form 
and lineaments of that body which, in the fulness of time, the 
divine Son was to assume— that body in which He was to give 
perfect obedience to God's violated law, and perfect satisfaction 
for the sins of His people. 

These infinitely important items of revealed truth, in com- 
mon with many others, are in perfect harmony with the teach- 
ings of science ; and though the latter cannot draw aside the 
veil which obstructs our view in some directions, she has opened 
up a very fascinating vista in others. For example, she has 
wellnigh demonstrated — what the inspired record had long ago 
clearly asserted (compare Heb. xi. 3, in the original) — that be- 
tween each of the " days " of creation, — that is, between each suc- 
cessive exercise of supernatural power, — an " seon " or mighty 
cycle of years intervened, during which the results of the new 
order of things initiated by the divine Word at its commence- 
ment were left to operate, by the continuous and undisturbed 
routine of natural law, until the earth had thereby become 
adapted for a new act of supernatural power — as, for example, 
the iutroduction of a higher type of organic life. She has shown 
that the order of sequence in these six periods is identical with 
the order so graphically detailed in the Book of Genesis. She has 
shown that our planet had existed for untold ages before it be- 
came inhabited by living creatures ; that the forms of life that 
first peopled it were zoophytes and fucoids — the very lowest types 
of animal and vegetable existence ; that many ages then elapsed 
before molluscs and crustaceans peopled its waters ; that whole 
millenniums of the world's history had passed before fishes — the 
lowest type of vertebrated animals, and the contemporaries of the 
first land-plants — ^were ushered into being ; that reptiles — ^the 
next higher type of vertebral life — ^made their first appearance 
when the continents and islands of the globe waved with the 



60 FACTS AND DATES. 

most abundant and gigantic flora tliat ever adorned its sui-face ; 
that all these vast changes took place during the great Palaeo- 
zoic age of its history ; and that then some mighty, but 
hitherto unexplained, catastrophe occurred, which suddenly ex- 
tinguished all the forms of organic life that had hitherto peopled 
its oceans and continents. Science further demonstrates that 
during the Triassic era — the first stage of the world's Secondary 
age — an entirely new series of plants and animals, including 
birds and marsupial mammals, appeared on the scene ; that 
placental or true mammals come first into view near the end 
of the Wealden period — the period of the iguanodon and ptero- 
dactyl ; that true or exogenous trees, together with quadru- 
manous mammals, had no existence before the Cretaceous era ; 
that ^immediately after the completion of that era another tre- 
mendous cataclysm took place, which once more extinguished 
every species of organic life ; that the third grand age of the 
planet's palseontological history — viz., the Tertiary age — was 
ushered in with myriads of new and higher forms of existence — 
forms more closely resembling the fauna and flora of the pre- 
sent day than any that had preceded them ; that notwithstand- 
ing the great cosmical revolutions that occurred during the 
lapse of the Tertiary era, not a few of the species that were then 
created continue to survive till the present day, forming a living . 
bridge between our own times and the immeasurable ages of the 
past. One item more must finish this enumeration (and it is 
the clearest and best established of all the teachings of geology) 
— viz., that no trace of the existence of man is found anywhere 
till we advance far into the present or Post-Tertiary age of the 
world's history, and till this beautiful earth had received the 
last touches of its Creator's hand, every animal and plant now 
inhabitiug it having been already called into existence. 

Such, then, are some of the beautiful harmonies that every- 
where abound between Science and Eevelation. The globe and 
the Bible are evidently two volumes by the same Author ; and 
though in some things it is still difl&cult to reconcile their 
teachings, they nowhere teach contrary lessons. The author of 
these remarks is a theologian by profession, and at the same 



OLD TESTAMENT HISTORY. 61 

time an ardent student of nature ; and lie takes this opportunity 
of afl&rming, in the most solemn manner of which he is capable, 
that at this moment he is not aware of a single statement in 
Scripture that is contradicted by any ascertained fact in either 
science or history. Let us take a single instance in point. The 
Old Testament declares that God " created man in His own im- 
age " (Gen. i. 27), and the New Testament calls Adam " a son 
of God " (Luke iii. 38), and adds that all men are God's " off- 
spring" (Acts xvii. 29). Now, though, the findings of geology 
are not equally distinct, they all point, as we have seen, in exactly 
the same direction. Geology nowhere sanctions the doctrine of 
the transmutation of species, or that the higher types of organic 
life have, in the course of ages, been " developed " out of the 
lower. No trace of such development can be found in the in- 
numerable pages of her stony records. Her entire testimony is 
opposed to the impious theories of the modern infidel, who 
tries to show that man has been developed from the ape or the 
baboon, or that he is the lineal descendant of the gorilla — the 
most hideous and disgusting of all brutes. It is only when men 
are opposed in heart to God, and when, in consequence, their 
moral eye hopelessly squints, that they can so read the record 
of either Genesis or Geology. 

The entire space of time intervening between the creation of 
man and the birth of Christ is usually divided by chronologists 
into six periods or ages. The^rs^, extending from Adam to the 
general Deluge, is called the Antediluvian age ; the second, 
from the Deluge to the call of Abraham, the Postdiluvian age ; 
the third, from the call of Abraham to the Exodus, the Patri- 
archal age ; the fourth, from the Exodus to the foundation of 
Solomon's Temple, the Critarchal {Jvdge-ruling) age ; the fifth, 
from the founding of the Temple to the Jewish Captivity, the 
Monarchal age ; and the dxth, from the Captivity to the birth 
of Christ, the Hierarchal age. Each of these great periods has 
its own chronological difficulties, but those connected with the 
first three greatly exceed in magnitude those attaching to the 
others. The date when man first appeared on the earth, and 
the precise time when, owing to its multiplied iniquities, almost 
the entire race was swept away, are out of sight the hardest to 



62 FACTS AND DATES. 

determine in the entire field of chronology. With the exception 
of the Book of Genesis, we possess no authentic records of these 
events ; and it so happens that even this invaluable document, 
full as it is of notes of time, conveys much less satisfactory 
information regarding the two grand events referred to than 
we could wish. That book comes down to us in three distinct 
forms — the original Hebrew, the Samaritan, and the Greek or 
Septuagint translation ; and these three, while closely agreeing 
in almost all other particulars, are amazingly divergent in every- 
thing connected with dates. According to the chronology of the 
Septuagint, Adam was created 5478 years before the Incarnation, 
and the Deluge occurred 2262 years thereafter. According to 
our present Hebrew text, the former event took place B.C. 4004, 
and the latter, 1656 years afterwards. In other words, one edi- 
tion of the Scriptures assigns to the human race an antiquity of 
more than 1400 years greater than the other, while it makes the 
period from Adam to the Flood 600 years longer. These dis- 
crepancies are enormous, and make it perfectly obvious that 
either the one or the other copy, or both, have been seriously tam- 
pered with. Modern scholars are now generally of opinion that 
the serious charge of falsifying the sacred record lies at the door 
of those intrusted with the custody of the Hebrew Scriptures ; 
and that, in order to refute their Christian opponents as to the 
predicted time of the appearance of the Messiah, they committed 
the fearful crime of changing the inspired records. It was an 
ancient tradition among the Jews that the world was destined 
to last for a period of seven millenniums, — the first six corre- 
sponding to the six days of creation, and the seventh to the Sab- 
bath or day of rest — and that previous to the last millennium 
the Messiah should appear in great power and glory. Traces of 
this tradition may be found in the vaticinations of the Sibylline 
oracles, and in the writings of the Greek theogonists and cos- 
mogonists ; and there can be little doubt that it found its way 
to the native country of the Magi, and prepared them, at the 
proper time, for the appearance of the star in the east. We have 
no doubt that the tradition had its firm foundation in the 
Hebrew and Greek Scriptures, which, at the time of our Lord's 
advent, were in exact harmony. The date of His birth perfectly 



OLD TESTAMENT HISTORY. 63 

agreed with the tradition, and thus a powerful argument was 
supplied to the Christians that " the Desire of all nations " had 
actually come, and that it was He whom the Jewish rulers and 
priests had maliciously crucified. Seeing they were capable of 
perpetrating that unparalleled crime, they would hardly shrink 
from any other. Having already murdered the Son of God, they 
now resolved on mutilating His inspired word, in order to make 
the world believe that Jesus of Nazareth was not the promised 
Saviour, but an impostor who had appeared fourteen hundred 
years too soon. " It is acknowledged by Biblical critics," says 
Professor Wallace, in his admirable and exhaustive treatise, 
' The True Age of the World ' (Smith, Elder, & Co., London, 
1844), "that all the copies of the present Hebrew text were taken 
from manuscripts of dates later than the ninth century, and that 
the striking uniformity which all the printed editions exhibit is 
to be attributed to the fact that they were all copied from the 
same eodex. Dr Hales also gives citations from Eusebius, from 
the Jewish Targums, and from other works, in which decided 
reference is made to the larger numbers as they anciently exist- 
ed in the Hebrew. Mr Cuninghame, also, in his ' Dissertation 
on the Apocalypse,' proves, on the authority of ancient Jewish 
tradition, that Adam was 230 j^ears old when he begat Seth 
(and not 130, as in our Hebrew text). Consequently, by the 
argument ex uno disce omnes, we conclude that the whole of the 
antepaidogonian ages are correctly given in the Septuagint, and 
that the true extent of the Antediluvian age is 2262 years." The 
changes introduced are, for the most part, curiously systematic, 
as will be at once perceived by comparing the Hebrew with the 
Septuagint in regard to the ages of the Antediluvians at the 
birth of each eldest son : — 

Eebrew, . . . 130 105 90 70 65 162 65 187 182 
SEPTUAaiNT, . . 230 205 190 170 165 162 165 187 188 

It will be seen that in six cases the difference is exactly 100 
years, and the result is that, according to the Hebrew, the Ante- 
diluvian age is shortened by six centuries.* 

* We have aheady (p. 3) referred with high admiration to the labours of 
Mr W. Petrie, C.E., London ; but we cannot resist this opportunity of lay- 



64 FACTS AND DATES. 

In the second or Postdiluvian age, the result is precisely simi- 
lar, as will be perceived at a glance by arranging the ten de- 
scents, from the Flood to Abraham (Gen. xi. 10-27), in parallel 
columns. The figures show the age of each patriarch at the 
birth of his firstborn son— Jirst, in the Hebrew, and second, in 
the Septuagint : — 

Hebrew, . . 35 30 34 30 32 30 29 70 75 
Septuagint, . 135 130 130 134 130 132 130 79 70 75 

Here, again, there appear clear indications of design ; for in 
six cases out of the ten, the age of each patriarch at the date of 
his eldest son's birth is, in the Hebrew, precisely 100 years less 
than in the Septuagint. What is still more extraordinary, the 
Hebrew entirely omits the name of Cainan II., thereby shorten- 
ing the chronology to the extent of 130 years, though the genu- 
ineness of the Septuagint is fully attested by St Luke in his 
genealogy of our Lord (Luke iii. 36). Lastly, the following table 

ing before our readers liis sentiments on the comparative merits of the 
Hebrew and the Septuagint chronology. In a letter dated 25th June 1869, 
he says : " As to chronology, I am glad to see that your ideas exactly 
confirm and justify my own conclusions— namely, that the Septuagint is 
much more reliable than the Hebrew. This is well shown in ' The True 
Age of the World,' by Professor Wallace, and is also strongly proved by 
laying off the ages of maturity or procreation and of death in each gener- 
ation, from Adam to Christ, in the form of a curve or diagram. The eye 
then detects incongruities and unnatural or anomalous variations in the 
Hebrew, and harmonies in the Septuagint, which the mind would not 
catch on merely reading columns of figures, even when aided by a column 
of differences. The Septuagint shows siceeps or ctirves in its diagram, 
which can hardly have heen made by a set of falsified numbers, even by 
a mathematically-minded forger, unless he had the aid of such a diagram, 
which, at the time that translation was made, is not likely. Our great hope 
must now be to find a copy of the Hebrew Scriptures among the remain- 
ing JeAvish communities in the interior of Persia or China, whose present 
Scriptures have been copied successively from copies taken with them at 
the time of the Captivity, or at least obtained from Jerusalem after the 
partial restoration, but before the Christian era, when the Hebrew Scrip- 
tures of Judsea, as we now have them, were sophisticated as to dates. 
Such a true copy of the original Scriptures will probably justify the Sep- 
tuagint in most cases ; though even the Septuagint, here and there, has 
probably unintentional miscopyin^s." 



OLD TESTAMENT HISTORY. 65 

shows the discrepancies of the two texts with regard to the whoU 
lives of the ten Postdiluvian patriarchs : — 

Hebrew, . 438 433 464 239 239 230 148 205 175 
Septuagint, 538 460 433 404 339 339 330 208 205 175 

An important consideration in favour of the Septuagint chron- 
ology is that, according to it, the decrease in the duration ol 
human life after the Flood is far more natural and progressive 
than in the Hebrew, which exhibits great leaps between the 
different terms of the progression. Leibnitz's celebrated rule, 
natura non agit per saltum, is nowhere more applicable than 
here. There is a suitable proportion, moreover, in the Greek 
numbers, between the whole lives of the patriarchs (both before 
and after the Flood), and their ages at the birth of their eldest 
sons, which is wholly wanting in the Hebrew. In the period 
before the Flood, the average of the six antei^aidogonian ages is 
to the average of their entire lives in the ratio of 1 to 5 in the 
Greek, but only as 1 to 9 in the Hebrew. If these ratios be 
applied to the present average duration of human life, we find 
that, were the proportions indicated by the Hebrew text to hold 
good, fathers would beget children at the age of eight years ! 
but, according to the Greek, not sooner than at the age oi four- 
teen. This argument grows in strength when we come to the 
Postdiluvian age ; for there the Hebrew analogy would allow 
men now to become fathers at the age of seven, but the Sep- 
tuagint not before the age of twenty-three. 

Once more, the Hebrew text gives B.C. 2288 as the date of the 
universal Deluge, but the Septuagint B.C. 3216, or nearly a 
thousand years earlier. Now we cannot possibly accept the 
former as the true date, for we have the most indubitable monu- 
mental evidence to the contrary. Professor C. P. Smyth has 
shown, in his recently published ' Antiquity of Intellectual Man,' 
that the Great Pyramid of Jeezeh, the most ancient and stupen- 
dous of all existing monuments, was erected about the year B.C. 
2170. Now such a gigantic structure, on which, according to 
Herodotus, 100,000 men were engaged for 30 years, could not 
possibly have been erected so early as 118 years after the Deluge, 

E 



66 FACTS AND DATES. 

or (according to tlie same system of clironology) only 41 years 
after tlie dispersion of nations."* 

Dr Eichard Lepsius of Berlin, the most learned and accom- 
plislied of all living Egyptologists, has proved, by a rigid com- 
parison of the existing monuments, that the duration of the 
Egyptian monarchy prior to the exodus of the Israelites (an 
event which he places B.C. 1314) was 1115 years. According to 
this computation, Memphis was founded B.C. 2429, a date en- 
tirely agreeuig with the date of the Flood as given by the Sep- 
tuagint, but wholly inconsistent with it as given by the Hebrew, 
by Usher, and by our received text. In this conclusion our owm 
indefatigable William Osburn — whose varied learning and fa- 
miliar acquaintance with the ancient monuments are not inferior 
to those of the illustrious German, and whose love of truth and 
reverence for the inspired record are immeasurably superior — 
substantially agrees (see his able and highly satisfactory treatise, 

* This Pyramid, moreover, in its unique and marvellous system of sym- 
bology, gives some very remarkable indications of the true date of the 
Deluge. These, as interpreted by the Scottish Astronomer- Royal, clearly 
point to a year close upon B.C. 2800 as the actual time of that grand catas- 
trophe. The evidence, therefore, which this colossal monument supplies, 
while it confirms the general testimony of both the Hebrew text and the 
Septuagint, differs from each by only x^th part of the whole time, either 
way — yet, precisely speaking, indicates a year that lies almost midway be- 
tween the dates which they assign to that great era in the world's history. 
A doubt is consequently suggested, whether the chronology of the Sep- 
tuagint has not, to soine extent, been tampered with, as well as that 
of the Hebrew, though in an opposite direction ? We need scarcely in- 
form our readers that many able chronologists, including Usher, Petavius, 
and Clinton, adduce many weighty arguments against the early chronology 
of the Greek Scriptures, without being in the least swayed by any evi- 
dence obtained from the Pyramid. At the same time, the Pyramid date 
of the Deluge approaches that of the Septuagint about a hundred years 
more closely than it does the date of the Hebrew text. Further investi- 
gations will, in all likelihood, confirm the testimony of this '' sign and 
Avonder in the land of Egypt " (Jer. xxxii. 20), and render it more and 
more manifest that that unparalleled structure was intended from the 
beginning to be the grand standard for trying and correcting not only 
the confused metrologies of the nations, but also their equally vitiated 
chronologic^. — {See below, under Egypt.) 



OLD TESTAMENT HISTORY. 67 

entitled, ' The Moniimeiital History of Egypt,' 2 vols. : London, 
Trlibner &, Co., 1854). He also agrees with. Lepsius in believing 
that the lirst migration into Egypt took place not more than 1 20 
years prior to the building of Memphis and the founding of the 
Egyptian monarchy. No great interval can have separated this 
migration from the date of the confusion of tongues, and the 
consequent dispersion of the nations — events which, therefore, 
we may safely reckon as having occurred about B.C. 2550. 
Osbum further shows (i. 377) that the call of Abraham, or 
rather his visit to Egypt, which must have occurred very soon 
thereafter, took place in the reign of Pharaoh Achthoes, the 24th 
or 25th king of that country, about 566 years after the first 
peopling of the land, and 446 years after the building of Mem- 
phis. This would make the call of Abraham — that grand date 
at which all human history really commences — to have occurred 
about B.C. 1984. According to Usher, Abraham left Haran, on 
his way to Canaan, B.C. 1921 ; Joseph was carried into Egypt in 
1728 ; Jacob, with his family, settled in Goshen in 1706 ; and the 
exodus took place in 1491. These dates do not differ very 
widely from those deduced from the monuments, which indicate 
that Abraham arrived in Egypt in the reign of Pharaoh Achthoes, 
of the 11th dynasty, about B.C. 1984 ; that Joseph was sold as 
a slave in the reign of Pharaoh Aphophis, a prince of the 16th 
dynasty, in 1791 ; that the immigration of the Israelites into the 
land took place in the reign of the same king, about 1769 ; and 
that they finally left the land in the reign of Sethos II. of the 
19th dynasty, B.C. 1554. It thus appears that our received text 
is in perfect accordance with the monuments in assigning 430 
years as the entire period between the giving of the promise to 
Abraham and the exit of his seed from the land of bondage. 
The two records are also in harmony in indicating that the 430 
years are divided into two equal parts by the arrival of Jacob 
and his family in the Delta, each part having a duration of 215 
years. This result, especially when taken in connection with 
the above dates as they stand in the Septuagint, is of the greatest 
importance in fixing the chronology of the Old Testament, and 
in silencing the cavils of influential modern objectors. One 
serious difficulty, however, still remains— a diflficulty, indeed, 



68 FACTS AND DATES. 

wMch to many is all but insuperable. In Gen. xv. 13, Go J sa}a 
to Abraham, " Know of a surety tbat thy seed shall be a stranger 
in a land that is not theirs, and shall serve them ; and they shall 
afflict them 400 years But in the fourth gene- 
ration they shall come hither again ; for the iniquity of the 
Amorites is not yet full." The actual time was 430 years (Ex. 
xii. 40, Gal. iii. 17), but the apparent discrepancy here is easily 
explained. The real difficulty is found in the words, " fourth 
generation," Most expositors assume that this means the fourth 
generation from Jacob; and they adduce texts to show that, in 
certain well-known pedigrees, three names only appear during 
the 215 years of the actual sojourn. There can be no doubt, 
however, that the passage quoted speaks of the fourth generation 
from Abraham, and not from Jacob. But even admitting that 
these generations are to be counted from Jacob, we ask how it is 
possible that, in three descents, seventy persons could have ex- 
panded into 600,000 fighting men, besides women, children, and 
old men, amounting in the aggregate to at least 4,000,000 souls ! 
The thing is utterly absurd, and, in short, could not be. Besides, 
it was not the men of the fourth descent from Jacob that left 
Egypt in the days of Moses, but those of the twentieth descent, as 
is evident from 1 Chron. vii. 20-27. In this interesting passage 
we have the full details of the genealogy of Joshua, the son of 
Nun, who belongs to the nineteenth descent from Ephraim, the 
younger son of Joseph. The house of Joseph doubtless enjoyed 
many facilities for preserving their pedigree — facilities that were 
denied to the other tribes — and hence we have all the links of 
the chain presented to our view ; but about the same number of 
descents must have belonged to each of the other tribes, though, 
as is usual in such cases, only prominent persons are mentioned 
in their pedigrees when they happen to be cited. This extremely 
important passage, then, enables us at once to see how, in the 
course of 215 years, so small a number could have increased to 
such a mighty host.* But then, what becomes of the words, "in 
the fourth generation they shall come hither again " ? "We shall 
have no difficulty in explaining this ; for " generation " does not 
always signify descent — as, for example. Num. xxxii. 13, "And 
the Lord's anger was kindled against Israel, and He made them 
* Many learned Germans make tlie sojourn in Egypt to be 430 years. 



OLD TESTAMENT HISTORY. 69 

wander in the wilderness forty years, until all the generation 
that had done evil in the sight of the Lord was consumed." 
Here " generation" means simply " all the souls then living." 
On account of Jehovah's displeasure, the whole of the mighty 
host that left Egypt (above the age of twenty) were to perish in 
40 years instead of 100 years, which would be the time required 
for all the adults then living to die a natural death. Let us take 
a simple illustration. In May 1869, the Registrar- General of 
England estimated the population of the United Kingdom at 
31,015,234. Some of these were infants of one hour's age, others 
were fully 100 years old ; but in one hundred years hence, or a 
little more, not one person of these thirty-one millions will be 
alive ; but fifty or sixty millions of other persons will have come 
in their room. These, or some of them, will live another 100 
years, and four such universal displacements will require 400 
years, or four generations. The average life of man was much 
greater in the days of the patriarchs than now. Abraham lived 
175 years, Isaac 180, Jacob 148, Joseph 110, Aaron 122, and 
Moses 120, and their mean age is 142 years. This is probably 
greatly above the general average of the men of their respective 
generations, for depravity shortens human life ; yet we cannot 
suppose that it was less than 120 years. Four such generations 
would require 480 years. But the people actually entered 
Canaan 470 years after Abraham left it : and thus the word of 
the Lord was literally fulfilled ! Eor this splendid result we 
are again mainly indebted to the admirable W. Osburn (' Monu- 
mental History of Egypt,' ii. 629), whose pious and learned lab- 
ours cannot fail, ere long, to assume their proper place. 

SECT. 1.— Antediluvian Period (B.C. 5478-2348). 

B.C. 

5478. Creation of man, according to Hales, Josephus, and 
the Septuagint version (Wallace), 
the likeness of Jesus his person reflects. 
4004. Creation of man, according to Archbishop Usher* and 
the Hebrew text. 
Jehovah awards him the world's sceptre (Gen. i. 28). 

* The chronology of Usher is followed throughout, unless it be other- 
wise indicated. 



70 FACTS AND DATES. 

3874. Birth of Seth, Adam's third son (Usher). 

half of tlie race were the 2Josterity of Seth (Gen. iv. 25). 

3769. Birth of Enos, Seth's eldest son. 

in the human ^i&digree Enos is the third (Gen. v. 6). 

3679. Birth of Cainan. 

the age of men V7as prodigious then (Gen, v. 9). 

3609. Birth of Mahalaleel. 

the age of Mahalaleel yields to others (Gen. v. 12). 

3544. Birth of Jared. 

the great longevity of Jared is astounding (Gen, v. 20). 

33S2. Birth of Enoch. 

his heavenly home he reached without dying (Gen. v. 24). 

3317. Birth of Methuselah. 

the greatest age on Bible page (Gen. v. 27). 

3130. Birth of Lamech. 

a great calamity ha.ngs over the ivorld (Gen. v, 29). 

3074. Death of Adam. 

heaven awards him t\ie penalty of sin (Gen. v. 5). 

3017. Translation of Enoch. 

the heavens welcome the leginner of prophecy (Jude 14). 

2962. Death of Seth. 

the j^r5^ triumph of natural death (Gen. v, 8). 

2948. Birth of ISToah, the tenth from Adam, 
Adam's tenth son rescued (Gen. v. 28). 

2864. Death of Enos, Seth's eldest son. 

death results from nature's sinfulness (Gen. v. 11). 

2469. l!^oah commanded to construct the ark. 

fabricates a ship for the mountain tops (Gen. vi. 14). 

2448. Birth of Japheth, N'oah's eldest son. 

\hQ family of a saint is saved from ruin (Gen. vi. 10). 

2349. Death of Methuselah, one year before the Flood. 
^fearful gathering storm terrifies him (Gen. v. 27). 

2348. The universal Deluge, according to Usher, 
a deluge high, the surges rise ! (Gen. vii. 20). 

2288. The Deluge, according to the Hebrew text. 
a. flood destroys the rebel race (Gen. vii. 23). 



OLD TESTAMENT HISTORY. 71 

SECT 2.— Patriarchal Period (B.C. 3216-1574). 

B.C. 

32 IG. The Deluge, according to the Septuagint (Wallace). 

a general deluge covers the mountains (Gen. vii. 20). 
2800. The Deluge, as indicated by the Great Pyramid of 
Jeezeh (C. P. Smyth). _ 

^ihQ floods arise, the world expires (Gen. vii. 21). 
2550. Dispersion of nations, and colonisation of Egypt 
from Shinar by the Mizraites (Osburn). 

Su family lands in the lonely west. 
2473. Hebron erected, seven years before Zoan in Egypt. 

Wq first settlement inPalestine wasjffe&roii (Num. xiii. 22). 
2429. Menes, a native of Tanis, or Zoan, and first king of 
Egypt, builds Memphis (Osburn). 

the first king once dwelt at Tanis. 
2346. Birth of Arphaxad, Shem's third son (Usher). 

destined to grace our Saviour's ancestry (Gen. x. 22). 
2281. Birth of Heber, grandson of Arphaxad. 

father of the famous race of Abraham (Gen. xi. 14). 
2247. Tower of Babel built, and confusion of tongues. 

a, famous edifice situated on the Euphrates (Gen, xi. 9). 
„ Birth of Peleg, Heber's eldest son, fifth in descent 
from Noah, and dispersion of nations. 

the divine fiat scatters the people (Acts xvii. 26). 
2218. Mmrod, grandson of Ham, founds Nineveh, Calah, 
Resin, and Eehoboth. 

four famous cities erected by him (Gen. x. 11, margin). 
2188. Mizraim, or Menes, first king of Egypt, founds This. 

the first beginning of royalty in the realm (Usher). 
2170. The Great Pyramid at Jeezeh erected (C. P. Smyth). 

its founder characterised hyprofound wisdom. 
2126. Birth of Terah, the fifth from Peleg. 

the father of Abraham dwelt in 3Iesopotamia. 
2071. True date of the call of Abraham, according to Wallace. 

the finest example of pure obedience. 
2000. The Pelasgi arrive in Greece about this time. 

2k family wends its way westward (Philip Smith). 

1998. Death of Noah. 

ceases to testify to triiih and righteousness (Gen. ix. 26). 



72 FACTS AND DATES. 

B.C. 

1996. Birth, of Abraham, tlie tentli from Shem. 

horn to travail and to trust his Maker (Gen. xi. 27). 

1926. Ch.edorlaomer reduces Sodom to subjection. 

Chedorlaomer vanquishes five nations (Gen. xiv. 11). 

1921. CaU of Abraham, and his departure from Haran, 430 
years before the exodus (Ex. xii. 40). 
Abraham trusts to find a country (Gen. xii. 4). 

1920. Abraham visits Egypt in a famine (11th dynasty). 
AbraJiam visits the Delta with his wife (Gen, xii. 10). 

1920. Birth of Ishmael. 

Abraham tempted by the advice of his ivife (Gen. xvi. 2). 

1912. Chedorlaomer carries Lot captive. 

Abraham valiantly confronts the/oe (Gen. xiv. 14). 

1897. Destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah. 

brimstone ruins the vile pentapolis (Gen. xix. 24). 
1896. Birth of Isaac. 

Abraham rewarded for trusting his Maker (Gen. xxi. 2), 

1871. Abraham commanded to sacrifice Isaac. 

Abraham resolves to \)Q perfectly obedient (Gen. xxii. 3). 
1859. Death of Sarah. 

Abraham refuses the loan of a tomb (Gen. xxiii. 2). 

1856. Isaac marries Eebekah (Gen. xxiv. 67). 

they brought Rehekah from the land of her 'nativity. 
1837. Birth of Jacob and Esau. 

birth of a righteous and a godless progeny. 
1822. Death of Abraham. 

begin thy rest, father oi the faithful / (Gen. xxv. 8.) 

] 782. Job probably flourished about this time. 
bor7i in Uz, in Arabia Deserta (Job i. 1). 

1760. Jacob, escaping from Esau, goes to Mesopotamia, 
the blessing procured by his mother wrongfully. 

1758. Birth of Eeuben, Jacob's eldest son (Gen. xxix. 32). 
the blessing of primogeniture is lost by Reuben. 

1755. Birth of Judah (Gen. xxix. 35). 

obtains the pre-eminence in the lineage of our Lord. 

1745. Birth of Joseph (Gen. xxx. 24). 

the blessing oi primogeniture on Joseph lies (Gen. xlix.) 



OLD TESTAMENT HISTORY. 73 

B.C. 

1739. Jacob returns from Padan-aram, and meets Esau. 

coming to Peniel, lie is greatly troubled (Gen. xxxii. 11). 

1733. Death of Eachel. 

at Bethlehem Ephrath she gives up the ghost (Gen. xxxv.) 

1728. Joseph sold into Egypt by his brethren. 

a conscientious prisoner finds his reward (Gen. xxxvii.) 

1715. Joseph becomes Governor under Phiops (16th dyn.) 
a captive promoted to be chief in the land (Gen. xli. 45). 

1706. Jacob and his family remove to Egypt. 

come to Pharaoh, youthful nation I (Gen. xlvi. 28). 

1689. Death of Jacob in Goshen. 

the cave of MachpeCah receives him in tru^t (Gen. 1. 13). 

1635. Death of Joseph. 

his body embalmed in Egypt lay (Gen. 1. 26). 
1619. Death of Levi (Ex. vi. 16). 

his children were ministers in charge of the tabernacle. 

SECT. 3.— Period of the Exodus (B.C. 1574-1413). 

B.C. 

1574. Birth of Aaron, great-grandson of Levi (Usher). 

called by the Lord to propitiate for sin (Ex. vi. 20). 
1571. Bh'th of Moses. 

behold he lies, ^'h.?it piteous crying (Ex. ii. 2). 

1531. Moses slays an Egyptian, and flees to Midian. 

he cheerfully loses the Egyptian crown (Heb. xi. 25). 

1491. Exodus of the Israelites from Egypt, 430 years after 
the call of Abraham (Gal. iii. 17). 
the cloven sea avenged the bondmen (Ex. xiv. 13). 

1490. Moses receives the law on Mount Sinai. 

burning Sinai trembles exceedingly (Ex. xx. 18). 

1471. Death of Korah, Dathan, and Abiram. 

consume KoraKs presumptuous company (Nnm. xxvi. 10). 
1453. Death of Miriam. 

her cymbal sounded with loud hosannas (Ex. xv. 21). 

1452. Moses writes the Pentateuch. 

the book of Jehovah's law was the first (Ex. xvii. 14). 

„ Death of Aaron : Eleazar becomes high priest. 

the brother of IsraeVs lawgiver dies (Num. xx. 28). 



74 FACTS AND DATES. 

B.C. 

1451. Balaam summoned to curse Israel. 

Balak sends Ms elders to Balaam (Xum. xxii. 7). 
„ Death of Moses. 

leyond Jordan ^^eLord concealed him (Dent, xxxir. 6). 

„ The Israehtes cross the Jordan under Joshua. 

observe 'twas Joshua led them across (Rom. vii. 4). 

,, The fall of Jericho (Josh. vi. 20). 

they compassed Jericho at the Lord's command. 
„ Five kings of Canaan are subdued (Josh. x. 13). 

at the command of Joshua the luminaries obeyed. 
1 450. The seven nations destroyed, and whole land subdued, 

courageous Joshua lays them vjaste (Josh. x. 40). 

1445. Canaan divided among the tribes. 

obtained their several shares by lot (Josh. xiv. 2). 

1427. Death of Joshua, 110 years old. 

obedient Joshua dies in peace (Josh, xxiv. 29). 

1426. Death of Eleazar ; Phinehas becomes high priest. 

bequeaths to his son the office of minister (Judges xx. 28). 

1417. The Book of Joshua ^vritten. 

the Book of Joshua was completed by Phinehas. 

SECT. 4. — Period of the Judges— from Joshua to Saul 
(B.C. 1413-1095). 

B.C. 

1413. Israel becomes tributary to Mesoi^tamia. 
the B.ook of Judges begins here. 

1406. The tribe of Benjamin nearly exterminated. 

Benjamin smitten for wanton iniquity (Judges xx. 48). 

1405. Othniel, the first Judge, delivers Israel from ]\Ieso- 
potamia. 
a brave Judge mns his laurels (Judges iii. 9). 

1396. Era of the First Jubilee. 

blow the gladsome trumptet novj (Lev. xxv. 11). 

1343. Israel becomes tributary to the Moahites. 

cruel Eglon subjects them to hardships (Judges ii. 14). 

1325. Ehud slays Eglon, King of Moab, and delivers his 
country. 
crafty Ehud -the desjwt levels (Judges iii. 21). 



OLD TESTAMENT HISTORY. 75 

B.C. 

1322. Naomi and Eutli return from the land of MoaL. 
a beautiful history of devoted affection (Ruth i. 6). 

1303. Shamgar delivers Israel from the Philistines. 

heats them ignominiously with an ox goad (Judg. iii. 31). 

1285. Barak and Deborah deliver Israel from the Canaaniies. 
Barak and Deborah rescue the la7id (Judges iv. 15). 

1273. Tyre huilt by a colony of Sidonians (Isa. xxiii. 12). 
the beautiful daughter of " Zidon the Great." 

1252. Israel cruelly oppressed by the Midianites. 

caves and dens their last defence (Judges vi. 2). 

1245. Gideon saves Israel from the Midianites. 

a curious dream saves the land (Judges vii. 13). 

1236. Abimelech slays his seventy brothers. 

AUmelech destroys a host without mercy (Judges ix. 5). 

1232. Tola and Jair judge Israel. 

their countrymen adore heathen deities (Judges x. G). 

1201. The Fifth Jubilee celebrated. 

celebrate tldQ fifth year oi freedom (Lev. xxv. 11). 

1194. The Trojan war commences. 

a band of confederates for Troy set out. 

1188. Jephthah saves Israel from the Ammonites. 

a. courageous chief's remarkable resolution {Judges xi.30). 

1182. Ibzan succeeds Jephthah as Judge of Israel. 

Ibzan begat a regiment of daughters (Judges xii. 9). 

1175. Elon succeeds Ibzan (Judges xii. 11). 

the chronology is obscure in the period of Elon. 

1165. Abdon succeeds Elon. 

Abdon comes next after Ulon (Judges xii. 13). 

1157. Eli, the high priest, judges Israel. 

after Abdon comes Eli ih.Q priest (Judges xviii. 31). 

1155. Birth of Samson. 

a child is born to liberate the land (Judges xiii. 24). 

1137. Samson becomes Judge, and plagues the Philistines. 

a brave champion governs the people (Judges xv. 20). 



76 FACTS AND DATES. 

B.C. 

1137. Birtli of Samuel, son of Elkanah. 

a child chosen of God for ^^q priesthood (1 Sam. i. 20). 

1117. Death, of Samson. 

a blind captive chastises tlie Philistines (Judges xvi. 30) 

1116. The Philistines capture the Ark : death, of Eli. 

a child called " Ichahod" by his mother (1 Sam. iv. 21). 

1114. Samuel becomes Judge of Israel. 

a child chosen to become a Judge (1 Sam. vii. 6). 

1101. The Seventh Jubilee. 

come and celebrate the year of deliverance (Lev. xxv. 11). 

1096. The Philistines overthrown in battle at Mizpeh. 

" Ebenezer^' witnessed fhe victory Bit Mizpeh (1 Sam. vii). 

SECT. 5. — Period of the Hebrew Monarcliy (B.C. 1095-975). 

B.C. 

1095. Saul anointed king at Eamah. 

they choose a yoimg and timid leader (1 Sam. x. 1). 

1085. Birth of David. 

birth of the young ruler of the land (Ruth iv. 22). 

1063. Saul, sent against Amalek, is disobedient (1 Sam. xv). 
commissioned to exterminate Amalek and Agag. 

„ David is anointed king, Saul being rejected. 

a bard and warrior anointed to govern (1 Sam. xvi. 13). 

,, War with the Philistines : David slays Goliath. 

a courageous youth encounters a giant (1 Sam. xvii. 49). 

1062. David escapes from Saul, and takes refuge in Gath. 
Achish welcomes a mad fugitive (1 Sam. xxi. 10). 

,, Death of Samuel (1 Sam. xv. 35). 

courageously warned the monarch of his fate. 

1055. Battle of Gilboa : death of Saul and Jonathan. 

consults a witch, being left of i\eLord (1 Sam. xxxi. 6). 

„ David begins to reign in Hebron. 

they crown the youth whom the Lord loves (2 Sam. ii. 4). 

1051. The Eighth Jubilee. 

they bless the year that liberates the captives. 



OLD TESTAMENT HISTORr. 77 

B.C. 

1047. David reigns over all Israel at Jerusalem. 

hegiiis to wield the sceptre in Zion (2 Sam. v. 5). 

1045. The Ark removed from Kirjatli-jearim to Jerusalem. 
a cordial welcome is shouted by all (1 Chron. xv. 28). 

1033. Birth of Solomon (2 Sam. xii. 24). 

he chose wisdom before greatness and glory. 

1024. Absalom's rebellion. 

Absalom wins the affections of Israel (2 Sam. xv. 4). 

1023. Death of Absalom. 

a heautiful youth found hanging (2 Sam. xviii. 10). 

1017. David numbers the people. 

chastised for wilfully counting i\\e people (2 Sam. xxiv. 2). 

1016. Birth of Eehoboam. 

hirth of an exacting 2in& cruel monarch (1 Chron. iii. 10). 

1015. Solomon's accession, and death of David. 

a croivn of wisdom his chosen laurels (1 Kings ii. 12). 

1014. Solomon marries Pharaoh's daughter (Sheshouk). 
hetroths a wife of coloured shin (1 Kings iii. 1). 

1012. Solomon lays the foundation of the Temple, 480 
years after the exodus (1 Kings vi. 1). 
carefully executes a celestial design (Ex. xxv. 40). 

1004. Dedication of the Temple. 

accept our willing work, Jehovah ! (1 Kings viii. 63). 

992. Solomon erects a royal palace. 

a throne of ivory adorned it (1 Kings vii. 1). 

990. The Queen of Sheba visits Solomon. 

attracted by the tale, of his wisdom (1 Kings x. 1). 

980. Jeroboam escapes from Solomon to Shishak, Kincr 
of Egypt. 
takes refuge in exile (1 Kings xi. 40). 

975. Death of Solomon, and dismemberment of the empire, 
the tribes petition for liberty (1 Kings xii. 4). 

SECT. 6.— Kingdom of the Ten Tribes (B.C. 975-721). 

B.C. 

975. Jeroboam chosen king by the ten tribes. 
ten iJarts are alienated (1 Kings xii. 20). 



78 FACTS AND DATES. 

B.C. 

974. Jeroboam establislies idolatrous worsMp, 

the vilest jJersons are set (apart) (1 Kings xii. 28). 

957. Jeroboam at war with Abijab — 500,000 men are slain, 
a terrible loss oi peojjle (2 Chron. xiii. 17). 

956. Jeroboam sends Ms queen to Abijab tbe propbet. 

in Tirzah lamentation and mourning (1 Kings xiv. 13\ 

954. !N'adab succeeds bis fatber Jeroboam. 

a trusted lieutenant slays him (1 Kings xiv. 20). 

953. Baasba succeeds j!!Tadab. 

the vengeance of the Lo'rd haunts him (1 Kings xxi. 3). 

940. Baasba, at war witb Asa, is defeated by tbe Syrians, 
he terrifies Asa by his wiles (1 Kings xv. 32). 

930. Elali succeeds bis fatber Baasba. 

a traitor gives him his wages (1 Kings xvi. 10). 

929. Zimri, Elab's captain, slays bim, and reigns 7 days, 
the traitor destroys himself ia Tirzah (1 Kings xvi. IS) 

,,• Omri succeeds Zimri, but is opposed by Tibni. 
Tihni is defeated at Tirzah (1 Kings xvi. 22). 

924. Omri builds Samaria, tbe future capital of Israel. 
Tirzah forsaken for Samaria (1 Kings xvi. 29). 

918. Abab succeeds bis fatber Omri. 

the evil climax is reached (1 Kings xvi, 33). 

„ Jericbo rebuilt by Hiel tbe Betbelite. 

a terrible curse rewards him (1 Kings xvi. 34). 

910. Elijab propbesies a drougbt of tbree years. 

the Tishbite begins to warn (1 Kings xvii. 1). 

906. Elijab slays 450 propbets of Baal on Mt. Carmel. 

the Tishbite exterminates th.Q impostors (1 Kings xviii. 40). 

901. Benbadad II., King of Syria, besieges Samaria, 
a terrible waste of blood (1 Kings xx. 21). 

900. Benbadad invades Israel a second time. 

he is twice worsted in the war (1 Kings xx. 26). 

899. Abab covets tbe garden of !N"abotb. 

reproved by the Tishbite in the vineyard (1 Kings xxi. 1 5). 



OLD TESTAMENT HISTORY. 79 

B.C. 

897. Ahab is slain at Ramotli-gilead. 

Ramoth tries the prophets (1 Kings xxii. 19). 

„ Ahaziah succeeds his father Aliab. 

reproved by the TishUte for apostasy (2 Kings i. 8). 

896. Elijah is caught up into heaven : Elisha succeeds, 
the rapture of the testifying (witnesses) anticipated. 

„ Jehoram succeeds his father : Moab rebels. 

the rebellion of turhident Moab (2 Kings iii. 5). 

895. The Kings of Israel, Judah, and Edom invade Moab. 
rescued from overthrow by Elisha (2 Kings iii. 9). 

894. ^aaman the Syrian cured of his leprosy by Elisha. 
he rejected the talents of silver (2 Kings v. 14). 

„ The Syrians besiege Samaria : a great famine, 
a rumour terrifies the Syrians (2 Kings xvii. 4). 

884, Jehu is elected king by the army. 

he rides rapidly to Jezreel (2 Kings ix. 16). 

860. Hazael, King of Syria, greatly oppresses Israel. 

a ruthless monster of wickedness (2 Kings viii. 12). 

856. Jehoahaz succeeds his father Jehu. 

his repentance elicited mercy (2 Kings xiii. 4). 

842. Israel delivered from the Syrian oppression. 

rescued homth-Q Syr iamhy sl deliverer (2 Kings xiii. 5). 
839. Jehoash succeeds his father Jehoahaz, and thrice 
defeats Benhadad III., King of Syria. 

the arrow is hurled thrice (2 Kings xiii. 18). 

838. Death of Elisha. 

he receives his great reward (2 Kings xiii. 20). 

826. Jonah, the prophet, is sent to Mneveh. 

ruin is doomed to Nineveh (Jonah iii. 4). 

825. Jeroboam II. succeeds his father Jehoash. 

he ruled from the Dead- Sea to Lebanon (2 Kings xiv. 25). 

784. The prophets Amos and Hosea flourish, 
they prophesy to rebellious Israel. 

„ Interregnum of eleven years. 

princes are removed in Judgment. 



80 FACTS AND DATES. 

B.C. 

776. Era of tlie First Olympiad. 

a x>rime epoch with, the ancients. 

773. Zacliariali succeeds Jeroboam II., his father. 

h.e perishes by th.e prediction of Rosea (Hosea i. 4). 

772. ShaUum succeeds Zachariah, and reigns one month. 
this prince quickly de23arts (2 Kings xv. 13). 

,, Menahem succeeds ShaUum. 

0. prophet^ s prediction fulfilled (Amos vii. 9). 

771. Pul, King of Assyria, invades Israel in his reign. 
he pays to Pul a contribution (2 Kings xv. 19). 

761. Pekahiah succeeds his father Menahem. 

Pekahiah murdered by his captain (2 Kings xv. 23). 

758. Pekah, one of his captains, succeeds him. 
PekaKs lamentable reign (2 Kings xv. 25). 

753. Eome founded by Eomulus. 

its position learned by augury, 

741. Pekah, and Eezin King of Syria, invade Judah. 
E-phraim and Syria are confederate (Isa. vii. 1). 

740. Tiglath-pileser II., King of AssjT:ia, seizes Gilead, and 
carries the inhabitants into captivity, 
a part of the Israelites exiled (1 Chron. v. 26). 

„ Tiglath-pileser slays Eezin, and destroys the king- 
dom of Syria, 
the pouer of Syria exterminated (2 Kings xvi. 9). 

739. Death of Pekah ; interregnum of eight years. 

perishes by the hand of a traitor (2 Kings xv. 31). 

730. lioshea, last king of Israel, begins to reign. 

the patience of God, is exhausted (2 Kings xv. 30). 

724. Hoshea solicits aid from So (Shebek II.), King of 
Egypt, against Assyria. 
petitions for aid from So (2 Kings xvii. 4). 

,, Shahnaneser, King of Assyria, invades Israel, and 
besieges Samaria. 
a prolonged defence at Samaria (2 Kings xvii. 3). 

721. Shalmaneser carries the Israelites captive to Assyiua. 
Ephraim departs into captivity (2 Kings xvii. 6). 



OLD TESTAMENT HISTORY. 81 

B.C. 

721. The Ten Tribes arrive in Halah, Habor, Gozan, &c., 
near the Caspian. 
Ephraim^s destination is tlie Caspian (2 Kings xviii. 11). 

677. Esarhaddon, son of Sennacherib, King of Assyria, 
colonises Israel with heathen nations. 
Medes and Persians in Ephraim (Ezra iv. 2). 

SECT. 7.— Tlie Kingdom of Judali (B.C. 975-588). 

B.C. 

975. Accession of Eehoboam, first King of Judah. 
two parts are loyal (1 Kings xiv. 21). 

971. Sliishak, King of Egypt, captures Jerusalem. 
vast plunder acquired (2 Chron. xii. 2). 

958. Abijah succeeds his father Eehoboam. 

a vain though long oration (1 Kings xv. 1). 

957. Great battle between Abijah and Jeroboam, 
a terrible loss of people (2 Chron. xiii. 3). 

955. Asa succeeds his father Abijah. 

a true and loyal leader (1 Kings xv, 8). 

951. The Tenth Jubilee. 

the trumpet loudly calls (Lev. xxv. 11). 

942. Zerah (Osorkhon I.) the Ethiopian invades Judah. 
the triumph of. Asa^ s faith (2 Chron. xiv. 9). 

940. Asa bribes Benhadad to aid him against Baasha. 

trusts in the assistance of an auxiliary (1 Kings xv. 18). 

917. Asa, being sick, applies to human physicians. 

takes counsel of the physicians (2 Chron. xvi. 12). 

914. Jehoshaphat succeeds his father Asa. 

teaches backsliding Judah (1 Kings xv. 24). 

901. The Eleventh Jubilee. 

the trumpet's welcome blast (Lev. xxv. 11). 

898. Jehoshaphat shares his throne with his son Jehoram. 
the heir is taught to reign (2 Kings viii. 16). 

897. Jehoshaphat accompanies Ahab to Eamoth-gilead. 
Ramoth tries the prophets (1 Kings xxii. 19). 

896. Jehoshaphat equips a fleet to go to Ophir. 

an argosy to visit India (1 Kings xxii. 48), 

F 



82 FACTS AND DATES. 

B.C. 

889. Jehoram sole nionarcli : revolt of Edom. 

his TuU a reign of terror (2 Kings viii. 20). 
888. The Philistines and Arabians invade Judah. 

the Arabians ravage the realm (2 Chron. xxi. 16). 
867. Jehoram receives a letter from Elijah the prophet. 

receives a remarTcahle epistle (2 Chron. xxi. 12). 
885. Ahaziah succeeds Jehoram : war with Hazael. 

he rues a rash alliance (2 Chron. xxii. 7). 
884. Athaliah, his mother, usurps the throne. 

the royal race is slain by her (2 Chron. xxii. 10). 

878. Jehoash, the infant son of Ahaziah, begins to reign, 
they resciu the pious heir (2 Chron. xxii. 11). 

856. Jehoash repairs the Temple. 

he repairs the Lord^s mansion (2 Chron. xxiv. 4). 

853. Carthage, a Tyrian colony, founded by Queen Dido, one 
hundred years before the founding of Eome. 

its ruins lie in lieaps. 

851. The Twelfth Jubilee. 

the redemption of the ?a?ic?andthe captive (Lev. xxv. 11). 

840. Zechariah the priest stoned by order of Jehoash. 

the reward of Jehovah's witnesses (2 Chron. xxiv. 20). 

839. The Syrians invade Judah : murder of Jehoash. 

the retribution of God is terrible (2 Chron. xxiv. 24). 

,, Amaziah succeeds his father Jehoash, 

rewards the guilty traitors (2 Chron. xxv. 3). 

827. Amaziah hires an Israehtish army against Edom. 
he receives advice from 2i prophet (2 Chron. xxv. 7). 

826. Amaziah is victorious in Edom. 

remembers Udom's enmity (2 Chron. xxv. 11). 

,, Amaziah establishes idolatry in Judah, 

rejects the admonition of the messenger (2 Chron. xxv. 16). 

825. Amaziah challenges the King of Israel to war. 
he receives the fool's lesson (2 Chron. xxv. 18). 

810, Uzziah succeeds his father Amaziah, 

the righteous becomes inched (2 Chron, xxvi. 16). 

801. The Thirteenth Jubilee. 

release is ivelcome to the captive (Lev. xxv. 11). 



OLD TESTAMENT HISTORY. 83 

B.C. 

784. Uzziali is smitten with leprosy. 

the priests reprove him for sacrilege (2 Chron. xxvi. 18). 

776. Era of the First Olympiad. 

an epoch oi prime importance. 

774. The prophets Isaiah and Zechariah flourish. 
the prophets Zechariah SLndi,.Isaiah (Isa. i. 1). 

758. Jotham succeeds his father Uzziah. 

a, prince loving righteousness (2 Chron. xxvii. 2). 

753. Eome founded by Eomulus. 

its position learned by augury. 

751. The Fourteenth Jubilee. 

proclaim liberty to the captives (Isa. Ixi. 1). 

746. The prophets Joel and Micah flourish, 
the prophets Joel and Micah. 

742. Ahaz succeeds his father Jotham. 

this prince served idols (2 Chron. xxviii. 1). 

,, The Kings of Israel and Syria invade Judah. 
the proffered sign is declined (Isa. vii. 12). 

741. Ahaz asks aid from Tiglath-pileser II., King of As- 
syria, who destroys Damascus. 
propitiates the Assyrians with a bribe (2 Kings xvi. 7). ' 

740. The Edomites and Philistines invade Judah. 

they punish Judah's wicJcedness (2 Chron. xxviii. 17). 

726. Hezekiah succeeds his father Ahaz. 

he zealously destroys the images (2 Kings xviii. 4). 

721. Shalmaneser, King of Assyria, carries the Ten Tribes 
into captivity. 
Ephraim departs into captivity (2 Kings xvii. 6). 

7 1 3. Sennacherib, King of Assyria, attacks Hezekiah. 
he places his confidence in God (Isa. xxxvii. 20). 

„ Hezekiah is miraculously healed of his sickness. 
in prayer he beseeches God (Isa. xxxviii, 3). 

712. Merodach Baladan, King of Babylon, sends messengers 
to Hezekiah. 
a prophecy of the coming departure (Isa. xxxix. 5). 



84 FACTS AND DATES. 

B.C. 

710. Sennaclierib sends Eabshakeli against Jerusalem : his 
army is miraculously destroyed. 
pronounces ilasphemous words (2 Kings xviii. 35). 

710. Tirhakah, King of Ethiopia, marches against Sennach- 
erib (2 Kings xix. 9). 
Pharaoh is beaten in the ivar. 

701. The Fifteenth Jubilee. 

peace to the weary captive (Isa. Ixi. 1). 

698. Manasseh succeeds his father Hezekiah. 
Ilanasseh's evil reign (2 Kings xxi. 1). 

677. Manasseh carried captive to Eabylon by Esarhaddon, 
who brings heathen colonists to Samaria. 
Manasseh punished for apostasy (2 Chron. xxxiii. 11). 

676. Manasseh repents, and returns to Jerusalem. 

Manasseh prays for rmrcy (2 Ghron. xxxiii. 13). 

674. Manasseh re-estabhshes the true religion. 

Manasseh zealous for Jehovah (2 Chron. xxxiii. 16). 

651. The Sixteenth Jubilee. 

announce liberty to the captive (Isa. Ixi. 1). 

643. Amon succeeds his father Manasseh. 

murdered by his servants in Icd&house (2 Chron. xxxiii. 24). 

641. Josiah succeeds his father Amon. 

the meeTc Josiah an iconoclast (2 Chron. xxxiv. 1). 

629. Jeremiah, Habakkuk, and Zephaniah flourish. 

they mourn the degeneracy of the times (Jer. ii. 5). 

625. Eall of Mneveh ; Saracus burns himself to death. 
Nineveh destroyed by the allies. 

624. The Temple repaired, and the Law of Moses discovered, 
the monarch discovers the Scriptures (2 Kings xxii. 8). 

623. Josiah holds a great Passover at Jerusalem. 

never Si feast so honoured (2 Chron. xxxv. 18). 

610. Josiah marches against Pharaoh-Necho, King of Egypt, 
at Megiddo he is ladly wounded (2 Kings xxiii. 29). 

„ Jehoahaz, or Shallum, succeeds Josiah. 

Neclio carries him away (2 Chron. xxxvi. 4). 



OLD TESTAMENT HISTORY. 85 

B.C. 

610. Jehoiakim, or Eliakim, succeeds his father Shallum. 
the mmiarch behaves wickedly (2 Bangs xxiii. 34). 

606. Jerusalem taken by Nebuchadnezzar, joint king witli 
his father l!^abopolassar, 
Nebuchadnezzar wastes the nation (2 Kings xxiv. 7). 

„ The first deportation to Babylon : Daniel a captive : 
ISTebuchadnezzar sole king. 
Nebucliadnezzar wonders at his understanding (Dan.i. 19). 

599. Jehoiachin, or Coniah, reigns three months : second 
deportation, 
they lead the vassal in triumph (2 Kings xxiv. 12). 

„ Zedekiah succeeds his father Coniah. 

lived in troublous times (2 Chron. xxxvi. 1 1 ). 

594. Ezekiel begins his prophecy in Mesopotamia among 

the Jews on the river Chebar. 

lived among transported Jews (Ezek. i. 1). 

588. T/^zVc? deportation to Babylon; the Temple destroyed, 
the Lord's residence is in ruins (2 Chron. xxxvi. 19). 



SECT. 8. — From the Captivity of the Jews to MalacM 
(B.C.588-416). 

B.C. 

580. Shadrach, Meshach, and Abed-nego, cast into the 
furnace by Nebuchadnezzar, 
the Lord rescues his witnesses (Dan, iii. 26). 

568. Nebuchadnezzar, insane, is driven from his kingdom, 
he learns that the Most-High ruleth (Dan. iv. 33). 

562. Jehoiachin liberated from prison in Babylon. 

they liberate the monarch from durance (Jer. Iii. 31). 

560. Jehoiachin, the last Jewish monarch, dies in Babylon 
the last of their monarchs expires (Jer. Hi. 34). 

559. Cyrus the elder founds the Medo-Persian empire. 
lead thy legio7is to victory ! (Isa. xliv. 28). 

555. Daniel's dream of the four beasts. 

Zo / a lion and a leopard (Dan. vii. 3). 



86 FACTS AND DATES. 

B.C. 

538. Belshazzar's feast : Cyrus tlie elder, and Darius the 
Mede, son of Cjaxares II., seize Babylon, 
the Lord of heaverCs revenge (Dan. v. 23). 

„ Daniel is cast into the den of lions. 

the Lord honours those that reverence Him (Dan. vi. 16). 

536. Zerubhabel the priest, in the seventieth year of the 
captivity, leads back 42, 000 Jews to Jerusalem 
by command of Cyrus. 
liberates the holy nation (Ezra ii. 2). 

535. Zerubbabel lays the foundation of the second Temple, 
they lament that the house is lowlier (Ezra iii. 8). 

517. Ahasuerus (Darius Hystaspes) marries Esther, 
a lovely captive i& preferred (Esther ii. 17). 

515. Dedication of the second Temple. 

they loudly bless the Lord (Ezra vi. 16). 

510. Haman, the enemy of the Jews, slain by Ahasuerus. 
allured to a banquet oiwine (Esther vii. 10). 

485. Xerxes I. succeeds his father Darius as King of Persia. 

Xerxes succeeds him as ruler of the land. 

465. Artaxerxes I., his son, becomes king. 

known by the name of Lo^igimanus (Ezra iv. 7). 

457. Ezra brings back a second company from Babylon, 
a scribe leads back &2Mrt (Ezra viii. 1). 

452. Ezra writes the two books of Chronicles, 
the kinqs of the land described in them. 



444. Nehemiah becomes Governor of Judaea for ten years. 
sent by the king to Jerusalem (Neh. ii. 5). 

434. ITehemiah's second journey to Jerusalem. 

the Jew is grieved at the sacrilege (N"eh. xiii. 6). 

416. Malachi prophesies : the Old Testament completed, 
the Scriptures conclude with Malachi. 

401. C}Tcus the younger defeated and slain by Artaxerxes 
Mnemon at Cunaxa. 
Xenophonyoin6(i the '■'Expedition of Cyrus. ' 

359. Philip ascends the throne of Macedon. 

as 2. hostage he learned his tactics. 



OLD TESTAMENT HISTORY. 87 



SECT. 9.— The Jews under the Greeks (B.C. 356-63). 

B.C. 

356. Birth of Alexander tlie Great. 

the great Leviathan of antiquity. 

336. Alexander succeeds to the throne of Macedon. 
the greatest hero a monarch. 

332. Alexander marches against Jerusalem. 

the God of the Hehreios is adored (Josephus' Antiq. ) 

320. Jerusalem taken by Ptolemy Soter : 100,000 Jews 
captured, 
the Egyptians drive them into exile. 

314. Antigonus wrests Judaea and Phoenicia from Ptolemy. 
greatly curtails the Tcingdom. 

284. The Septuagint translation completed at Alexandria, 
the first rendering of the Scriptures. 

263. Berosus of Babylonia writes the history of his country 
in Greek. 

2i famous native historian. 

216. Ptolemy Philopater slays 50,000 Jews at Alexandria. 
a, frightful carnage at Alexandria. 

204. The sect of the Sadducees formed. 

they denied the existence of spirits (Acts xxiii. 8). 

198. Antiochus the Great recovers Palestine from Egypt. 
Canaan is triumphantly restored. 

1 70. Antiochus Epiphanes, King of Syria, takes Jerusalem 
and plunders the Temple, 
a cruel persecutor wastes it (1 Mac. i. 20-24). 

1 68. Epiphanes dedicates the Temple of Jehovah to Jupiter, 
a blasphemer'' s impioics revenge. 

165. Judas Maccabeus begins his insurrection. 
courageous Maccabeus the liberator. 

160. Death of Judas : composition of "The Maccabees." 

the Book of Maccabees ivritten. 

155. Palestine freed from the yoke of Syria. 
a breathing allowed it for a little. 



88 FACTS AND DATES. 

B.C. 

146. Third Punic War : Cartilage destroyed, 
tlie Carthaginian kingdom annihilated. 

144. Jonathan the high priest slain by Iryphon. 
butchery of Jonathan by the Syrians. 

125. Antiochus VII. besieges Jerusalem. 
conquers the Holy Land. 

130. John Hyrcanus subdues Idumsea. 
compels the Gentiles to worship. 

107. Aristobulus, his son, assumes the title of king, 
a crown worn by a priest. 

95. The Pharisees provoke an insurrection, in Jerusalem, 
the wonted trouhlers of the land. 

88. Anna, the prophetess, begins to reside in the Temple, 
waiting for the era of redemption (Luke ii. 37). 

70. Aristobulus II. deposes his brother Hyrcanus. 
excited by Pompey to the war. 



SECT. 10. — ^The Jews under the Romans (B.C. 63-4). 

B.C. 

63. The Eomans, under Pompey, take Jerusalem, 
the Western Empire grasps it. 

54. Crassus plunders the Temple, and overruns Judaea. 
he wastes the land of the Jews. 

48. Antipater becomes Governor of Judsea, 
JiuLaea is under the Romans. 

40. Herod the Great, son of Antipater, becomes King of 
Judaea. 

the senate exalts him. 

37. The Eomans, under Herod, take Jerusalem, and slay 
multitudes of the inhabitants. 

the wicked Herod persecutes them. 
31, An earthquake destroys 30,000 persons in Judsea. 

a great convulsion. 
28. The Roman republic ends : Augustus becomes emperor. 

the/aZZ of the republic. 
1 7. Herod begins to rebuild the Temple. 

the wiles of a crafty prince. 



NEW TESTAMENT HISTORY. 89 

B.C. 

11. Herod builds the city of Csesarea. 
he builds Ccesarea. 

5. Birth of John the Baptist. 

he walks in the ways of Elijah (lAike i. 57). 

4. Birth of Jesus Christ. 

welcome the world's Saviour / (Luke ii. 7). 

3. Death of Herod : Archelaus becomes Ethnarch of 

Judaea, Samaria, and Idumaea. 

woe to the wicked Herod I (Matt, ii 22.) 

„ Herod Antipas (son of Herod the Great) becomes 
Tetrarch of Galilee and Persea. 
his wife was the wicked Herodias (Mark vi. 14). 

2. Jesus returns with his parents from Egypt to Nazareth, 
exodus of the Deliverer (Matt. ii. 23). 



CHAP. II. — NEW TESTAMENT HISTORY. 
(B.C. 4.-A.D. 100.) 

We cannot be expected here to discuss all the difficulties con- 
nected with New Testament chronology, for, however interest- 
ing in themselves, they are insignificant when compared with 
those we encountered under the last chapter. There the dis- 
crepancies sometimes amounted to several centuries, whereas 
here they usually embrace only a very few years. By far the most 
important is the true date of our Lord's birth. This is the central 
point of human history — the grand era from which all other 
events are counted by Christian nations. Hence this era — when 
" the Word became flesh," and when the Creator eternally allied 
Himself to the creature — is significantly termed " the fulness of 
time." But just as we cannot determine that point in past eter- 
nity w^hen God called the physical universe into existence ; or 
that point in past time when living creatures first peopled the 



90 FACTS AND DATES. 

earth ; or that greatly more recent date when God created man 
in His own image ; or, finally, that other point, still future, 
when " an angel shall swear by Him that liveth for ever and 
ever that time shall be no longer ;" — so also we cannot deter- 
mine, at least with undoubted accuracy, the precise time when 
the Word became flesh, and when our ruined species became 
linked, by indissoluble bonds, to the Eternal. 

The New Testament writers — closely following the example 
of Moses — give us two distinct genealogies of our Lord (Matt. i. 
1-16 ; Luke iii. 23-38), the one being his lineage through Joseph, 
his supposed father, and the other his real pedigree through 
Mary. These genealogies sufficiently determine the order of 
time in which the " Desire of all nations " appeared, but they 
do not fix the precise year. As the genealogy given by Matthew 
was specially meant for Jewish readers, it begins with Abraham 
their renowned ancestor ; while that of Luke, whose main pur- 
pose was to show that Jesus is the kinsman of the entire race, is 
extended backward to Adam, who is emphatically styled " the son 
of God." Matthew appends a very curious summary to his 
genealogy, apparently for mnemonic purposes : " So all the 
generations from Abraham to David are fourteen generations ; 
and from David until the carrying away into Babylon are fourteen 
generations ; and from the carrying away into Babylon unto 
Christ are fourteen generations." This remarkable summary, 
besides being helpful to the memory, is eminently suggestive; 
for here the God of Israel is represented as marching gloriously 
through the ages in stately, measured steps, disposing at plea- 
sm^e of all events in Israel's history, and, through Israel, of the 
fortunes of all mankind. It will be perceived that the passage 
does not refer to all past time, but simply to Israel's past ; not to 
the five thousand years that had already elapsed of himian history, 
but to the two thousand years that had elapsed since God singled 
out one family from among all the families of our species to be 
a peculiar people unto Himself. Here God is seen descending 
from heaven to earth, and the precise spot which His feet first 
touch is Ur of the Chaldees, the native city of him who is, ere 
long, honoured with the appellation of " the friend of God." 



NEW TESTAMENT HISTORY. 91 

" Arise," said God, " get thee out of thy country, and from thy 
kindred, unto a land that I will show thee ; and I will make of 
thee a great nation ; and I will bless thee, and make thy name 
great : and in thee and thy seed shall all families of the earth 
be blessed " (Gen. xii. 1-3). Subsequently he greatly enlarges 
this promise by adding, " And I will establish my covenant be- 
tween me and thee, and thy seed after thee, in their generations, 
for an everlasting covenant, to be a God unto thee, and to thy 
seed after thee. And I will give unto thee and to thy seed after 
thee the land wherein thou art a stranger, all the land of 
Canaan, for an everlasting possession; and I will be their God" 
(Gen. xvii. 7, 8). These exceeding great and precious promises 
are afterwards solemnly confirmed by an oath, when Abraham 
by self-sacrificing obedience has demonstrated the vitality of 
his faith. " And the angel of the Lord called unto Abraham 
out of heaven the second time, and said, By myself have I 
sworn, saith the Lord, because thou hast done this thing, and 
hast not withheld thy son, thine only son, that in blessing I will 
bless thee, and in multiplying I will multiply thy seed as the 
stars of heaven, and as the sand which is upon the sea-shore ; 
and thy seed shall possess the gate of his enemies ; and in thy 
seed shall all the nations of the earth be blessed, because thou 
hast obeyed my voice " (Gen. xxii, 15-18). We give these pas- 
sages at length, because they constitute Israel's title-deeds to the 
land out of which he has, for a time, been ejected, and because 
the time is approaching when the original charter will speak 
for itself. 

The inspired apostle next sees the Ancient of days beginning 
to walk down, in solemn tread, athwart the centuries. His 
feet first meet the ground at Hebron— where Abraham once 
purchased a field and a cave in which to deposit the sacred 
remains of his beloved Sarah, thus aflbrding to his posterity 
a new ground of hope that at a future day they would obtain 
possession of the entire land — and at the moment that the 
man after God's own heart is being crowned king of the cove- 
nant people. This stupendous step embraces a period of 866 
years, or, according to the authentic pedigree from which the 



92 FACTS AND DATES. 

apostle is quoting, it embraced " fourteen generations " of men ^ 
(including events till then unparalleled in the world's histor}-), 
and terminated with the full establishment of the Israelitic 
kingdom, and the erection of the Temple where the God of 
Israel dwelt among them after the manner of an earthly sove- 
reign. The next step spans the entire period of the kingdom — 
embracing 467 years, or fourteen generations — and Jehovah's 
foot is seen to rest on " the rivers of Babylon," where captive 
Judah, the last of the tribes of expatriated Israel, sits on the 
ground weeping, with her harp hung up on the willows, remem- 
bering Zion, and refusing to be comforted (Ps. cxxxvii. 2), 

One step more, and the Eternal plants his foot on the most 
interesting point of the earth's surface, and at the moment when 
the most memorable event in the world's annals is being enacted 
— even when the Eternal Son, now incarnate, lies a little babe in 
the manger at Bethlehem, and when an angel is heard proclaim- 
ing. " Fear not : for, behold, I bring you good tidings of great joy, 
which shall be to all people. For unto you is born this day, in 
the city of Da\id, a Saviour, which is Christ the Lord." The 
event is not merely of infinite importance to Israel and to " all 
people," but it necessitates a grand jubilee in the realms of 
glory ; for " suddenly there was with the angel a multitude of 
the heavenly host praising God, and saying. Glory to God in the 
highest, and on earth peace, goodwill toward men." This, truly, 
is the divine fruit of that wondrous tree which, ages before, 
Jehovah had planted, but which has not yet produced its des- 
tined fruit. 

* In reality this period (from Abraham to David) embraced about 36 
generations — viz., 5 from Abraham to Ephraim; 19 from Ephraim to 
Joshua the son of Nun (see 1 Chron. vii. 20-27) ; and about 12, at least, 
from Joshua to David. That there were 19 generations — that is, descents 
— from Ephraim to Joshua, we have fully demonstrated in our remarks on 
the chronology of the Old Testament (p. 68). Doubtless the "fourteen 
descents " recorded by St Matthew were all the names o-ecorded in. the 
genealogy of the tribe of Judah in the period referred to ; but, as in al- 
most all similar cases, this genealogy records only well-known outstand 
ing names. 



NEW TESTAMENT HISTORY. 93 

Here the Almiglity pauses as if to contemplate the glory yet 
to be revealed — that eternal revenue of glory which He will in- 
fallibly derive from this unparalleled event. Assuredly, how- 
ever, though He pauses, He does not mean to halt. His face is 
still steadfastly directed towards the future, and we are led con- 
fidently to expect that He will take as many steps more as He 
has already taken. Indeed we cannot but anticipate that His 
future steps shall, like all His past, be both measured and ma- 
jestic ; and that they shall, in the same way, correspond with the 
critical junctures in Israel's future. The two millenniums He has 
already traversed consisted, as we have seen, of three great 
periods, commencing respectively with Abraham, David, and 
the Captivity ; and doubtless three other periods, not less event- 
ful, have yet to be traversed ere all God's purposes regarding 
His covenant people shall have been consummated. The Cross 
of Christ stands in the centre of all the ages. The three former 
periods terminated there ; and there must the three periods that 
follow begin. Not only does St Matthew suggest this in his fa- 
mous mnemonic sentence (for mnemonic it is, in the highest 
sense of the term), but near the end of his Gospel (Matt. xxiv. 
3-41) He shows how the Lord Himself, as He sat on the Mount of 
Olives, and immediately before His last sufferings, filled up St 
Matthew's outline with details of the most momentous character. 
St Luke in the first chapter of the Acts, St Paul in his two 
epistles to the Thessalonians, and especially St John in that 
wonderful " Eevelation" which so appropriately closes the canon 
of Scripture (particularly chap, xx.), furnish us with manyfurther 
particulars. In short, all the writers of the New Testament 
agree in assigning to the portion of Israel's history then future 
THREE GRAND PERIODS, which, ou account of their main charac- 
teristics, we may denominate the Period of the Dispersion, the 
Period of the Kingdom, and the Period of Consummation, after 
which time shall cease and the eternal ages begin. But all the 
periods in Israel's history, whether past or future, will be more 
clearly apprehended by our employing a simple diagram. 



94 



FACTS AND DATES. 



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^ 



NEW TESTAMENT HISTORY. 95 

It will be observed tliat the periods are separated from each 
other by double lines enclosing narrow spaces — for the ages of 
history, and especially those of Israel's history, glide into one 
another as gradually and imperceptibly as the colours of the 
rainbow. Or, taking another illustration, a man can measure 
the length he traverses on the sea-shore by merely counting the 
number of his footprints on the sand ; but the measurement 
must include not simply the distance between the footprints, 
but also the length of the footprint itself. Each of the double 
lines (A, B, C, &c.), denotes, therefore, not a single point of time, 
but a considerable number of years. Thus, when the evangel- 
ist says, " from the captivity to Christ are fourteen generations," 
it would be impossible to say which of the three deportations 
he alludes to ; and whether he refers to the incarnation, birth, 
baptism, death,' resurrection, or ascension of the Lord. As a 
matter of fact, all these events separate the present age from 
that which preceded it ; and it will be found, in all cases, that 
the brief period that separates one age from another is crowded 
with events having a vital bearing on the character of the later 
age. Thus the present period (marked 4 in the diagram) de- 
rives all its peculiarities from the events that took place imme- 
diately prior to the Lord's ascension (D) ; for that people for 
whom, above all others, the Son of God died — that people who 
nailed Him to the tree, exclaiming, " His blood be on us and on 
our children" — have for the last eighteen hundred years been 
wandering among the nations as fugitives and vagabonds. That 
fearful imprecation, taken in conjunction with the unparalleled 
crime to which it had reference, was so heinous and aggravated, 
that the heavens became black at the spectacle, the rocks rent, 
and all nature reeled to its foundations. Such was the crime, 
that although the divine sufferer looked up to heaven and cried, 
" Father, forgive them, for they know not what they do," no re- 
sponse has been given to the prayer until this day. But that 
prayer was as unparalleled as the crime ; and though God in 
His wrath has delayed the answer, yet that answer lies among 
the absolute certainties of the future, " for God hath not cast 
away His people which He foreknew." " Blindness in part is 
happened to Israel, until the fulness of the Gentiles be come in ; 



96 FACTS AND DATES. 

and so all Israel shall be saved : as it is written, There shall 
come out of Zion the Deliverer, and shall turn away ungodliness 
from Jacob" (Rom. xi. 25, 26). Till that eventful day arrives (we 
have no hesitation in affirming it), all the pious efforts of Chris- 
tians to induce Israel to acknowledge their Messiah cannot fail, 
except in individual cases, to end in disappointment. The 
period or age now existing is emphatically termed hy the Lord 
" the times of the Gentiles," and these " times " are to continue 
until the Lord's second advent (E). During this period, " this 
gospel of the kingdom shall be preached in all the world for a 
witness unto all nations, and then shall the end come " (i.e., the 
end of the age, Matt. xxiv. 14). All the nations, however, it 
appears, are not to be saved by such preaching, for the passage 
indicates the contrary, and that result will never be attained till 
the seed of Abraham become the preachers ; but the heralds of 
salvation are now sent to every land to proclaim salvation 
through Christ to all nations, " as a testimony against them,'' 
and in order to leave aU men without excuse. A limited number, 
however, from all nations, will give heed to the good tidings, 
and surrender themselves to Him who is now seated at God's 
right hand. These, in their aggregate, are called in Scripture 
" the fulness of the Gentiles ; " for though a very small body in 
comparison with the mighty host " whom the God of this world 
(age) hath blinded," they will doubtless form an immense mul- 
titude. 

Before the age terminates, or the millennial era commences, 
Christianity will everywhere become adulterated — the impure 
leaven will have thoroughly changed the character of the "three 
measures of meal " (Matt. xiii. 33), and the faithful witnesses 
shall be hated of all nations, and be everywhere persecuted. 
The true Church, in deepest distress, shall look upward and cry, 
" Lord, how long ! " and then, as when He delivered His covenant 
people from Egypt, " the Lord himseK shall descend from heaven 
with a shout, with the voice of the archangel, and with the 
trump of God ; and the dead in Christ shall rise first : then we 
which are alive and remain shall be caught up together with 
them in the clouds, to meet the Lord in the air " (1 Thess. iv. 16). 
It would appear that immediately after the removal of the saints 



NEW TESTAMENT HISTORY. 97 

the wratli of the Almighty shall descend in unparalleled judg- 
ments on the earth, yet the inhabitants shall not learn righte- 
ousness. On the contrary, wickedness shall abound, and the love 
of many wax cold. Then, also, shall the long-predicted Anti- 
christ — that " wicked one," who is to be as really an incarnation 
of Satan as theEedeemer was of the divine nature — appear, "with 
all power and signs and lying wonders, opposing and exalting 
himself above all that is called God, or that is worshipped ; so 
that he, as God, shall sit in the temple of God, showing himself 
that he is God." His reign, however, is destined to be of short 
duration ; for the Lord " shall consume him with the spirit of 
His mouth, and destroy him with the brightness of His coming " 
(2 Thess. ii. 3, 12). 

" The times of the Gentiles " shall thus suddenly come to an 
end, and a new age begin (Period 5 of our diagram). Judah and 
Ephraim shall then suddenly be brought back to their own land 
in a state of unfeigned repentance ; for " it shall come to pass 
in that day that I will pour on the house of David and on the 
inhabitants of Jerusalem the spirit of prayer and of supplica- 
tion ; and they shall look on me whom they have pierced, and 
shall mourn for him as one mourneth for his only son, and shall 
be in bitterness as one is in bitterness for his first-born " (Zech. 
xii. 9). 

SECT. 11. — From the Birth of Christ to the Ascension 
(B.C. 4-A.D. 31). 

B.C. 

4. Birth, of Christ, four years before the vulgar era. 
A.D. welcome, the world's Saviour (Matt. i. 25). 

1. Birth of Chi-ist, according to Dionysius Exiguus.* 
Exiguus's computation. 

6. Augustus makes Palestine a Eoman province. 

extinguished its nationality (Luke ii. 1). 

7. Axcbelaus, Ethnarch. of Judaea and Samaria, is banished 

by the emperor to Gaul, 
the weary exile of the prince. 

„ Coponius becomes first procurator of Judaea, 
it is under the yoke oi procurators. 

* This would seem, after all, to be the true date (see GaUoway's ' Egypt,' &c.) 
G 



98 FACTS AND DATES. 

A.D.. 

8. Jesus at Jerusalem among tlie doctors, 
a young reasoner (Luke ii. 46). 

14. Tiberius succeeds his stepfather Augustus, 
this Ccesar is the second. 

„ Valerius Gratus, fifth procurator of Judaea, 
he commanded Judcea. 

18. Herod Antipas builds Tiberias, on the margin of the 

Sea of Galilee, 
on the western coast erected. 

19. Tiberius banishes the Jews from Eome. 

they are banished by Tiberius. 

26. Pontius Pilate becomes the sixth procurator of Judsea. 

awed by the /ear of man (Luke xxiii. 24). 

,, John the Baptist begins his ministry. 

th.Q forerunner of the Messiah (John i. 6). 

27. The baptism of Jesus by John. 

a dove appears (John i. 32). 

„ Commencement of Christ's ministry, 
the divine Preacher (John i. 38). 

„ Caiaphas becomes high priest. 

Q. famous prophecy (John xi. 51). 

„ Jesus at the marriage of Cana in Galilee. 
^m.Q fills the x>ots (John ii. 7). 

28. Jesus, at the first passover, cleanses the Temple. 

The oxen and doves are removed (John ii. 16). 

„ Jesus discourses with Mcodemus. 

lie discourses with a ruler (John iii. 2). 
,, Jesus discourses with the woman of Samaria. 

she denies His request (John iv. 5). 
„ Jesus preaches his first sermon at I^azareth. 

His words ^^^ them with rage (Luke iv. 16). 
„ John beheaded by Herod Antipas. 

a damseVs request (Matt. xiv. 8). 

29. The Sermon on the Mount. 

He expounds divine truth (Matt. v. 1). 
„ The twelve disciples are sent forth to preach, 
the disciples on a totir (Matt. x. 5). 



NEW TESTAMENT HISTORY. 99 

A.D. 

29. Peter's famous confession. 

di fislicrman' s theology (Matt. xvi. 16). 

30. The transfiguration of Jesus. 

His glory was wonderful (2 Pet. i. 17). 

„ The seventy disciples sent out. 

worthy of his hire is the workman ! (Luke x. 7.) 

„ The disciples taught how to pray. 

they wanted a heavenly example (Matt, vi, 9). 

„ The raising of Lazarus. 

at yonder grave He iveejis (John xi, 43). 

3 1 . The counsel of Caiaphas. 

the high-priest's counsel (John xi. 47). 

,, Jesus beyond Jordan : parable of the prodigal son. 
exemplifies God's compassion (Luke xv. 11). 

,, Jesus blesses little children. 

extending His hands He hlessed them (Matt. xix. 15). 

,, Two blind men healed at Jericho. 

He willingly heals the blind (Mark x. 46). 

,, The Lord's last appearance in the Temple, 
warns His guilty censors (Matt. xxiv. 1). 

„ The fourth passover : the Lord's Supper instituted, 
the Roly Communion (Luke xxii. 15). 

„ Judas Iscariot betrays Jesus. 

in Gethsemane he betrayed Him (Luke xxii. 47). 
„ The crucifixion. 

the God-man crucified (Luke xxiii. 46). 

„ The resurrection of Jesus. 

yield, grave, thy Captive ! (Matt, xxviii. 6.) 
„ The ascension into heaven. 

He wears a glorious crown (Acts i. 9). 



SECT. 12.— From the Ascension to the Introduction of the 
Gospel into Europe (A.D. 31-51). 

A.D. 

31. Feast of Pentecost and descent of the Holy Ghost. 

welcome, Holy Comforter ! (Acts ii. 1. ) 

LofC. 



100 • FACTS AND DATES. 

A.D. 

31. Peter and John Ileal an impotent man. 

they Jieal a cripple (Acts iii. 1), 

„ Peter and John before the Jewish Sanhedrim, 
exhibit great courage (Acts iv. 6). 

,, The disciples practise community of goods. 

the whole of their goods in common (Acts iv. 32). 

32. Ananias and Sapphira are struck dead. 

hypocrites QXQ frightened (Acts v. 11). 

,, The disciples are arraigned before the Sanhedrim, 
wary GamalieVs advice (Acts v. 34). 

„ The seven deacons are chosen. 

wise and holy deacons (Acts vi. 5). 

,, Stephen, the first martyr, stoned. 

witness his heavenly face ! (Acts vii. 54. ) 

,, Great persecution at Jerusalem — the disciples dispersed. 
2. general flight (Acts viii. 1). 

„ Philip, one of the seven, preaches at Samaria, 
wins a host from death (Acts viii. 5). 

33. Simon Magus seeks to purchase the Holy Ghost. 

wanted the Gift for gold (Acts viii. 18). 

„ Philip baptises the Ethiopian eunuch. 

on his way home by Gaza (Acts viii. 36). 

34. Saul vehemently persecutes the Church. 

extreme hatred to the saints (Acts viii. 3), 

35. Saul, on his way to Damascus, is converted. 

witnessed a heavenly light (Acts ix. 1). 

36. Peter's vision at Joppa : conversion of Cornelius. 

the Gentiles to be invited (Acts x. 9). 

„ Pontius Pilate and Caiaphas deposed: Pilate is suc- 
ceeded by Marcellus. 
the guiltiest of mankind. 

37. Bii'th of Josephus, the historian. 

wrote the history of his people. 

^, Death of Tiberius, and accession of Caligula. 
hated by his people. 



'NEW TESTAMENT HISTORY. 101 

A.D. 

37. Paul, at Jerusalem, is sent to preach to tlie Gentiles. 

the Gentile^ s ajjostle (Acts ix. 15). 

38. Paul preaches to the Gentiles at Tarsus, his native city., 

welcomes the heathen to the Redeemer (Acts xi. 25). 

41. Claudius, fourth Roman emperor, ascends the throne. 

he succeeds Caligula (Acts xi. 28). 

,, Herod Agrippa becomes king of Palestine, 
wields the sceptre of Canaan (Acts xii. 1). 

,, Paul leaves Tarsus for Antioch in Syria. 

they are known as " Christians'' (Acts xi. 26). 

42. Herod slays the Apostle James and imprisons Peter. 

James is decapitated (Acts xii. 2). 

43. Paul and Barnabas go from Antioch to Jerusalem with 

a collection, 
they went to Jerusalem with a gift (Acts xi. 30). 

44. Paul goes to Asia Minor on his first missionary journey. 

exhorts them to seek salvation (Acts xiii. 38). 

45. Paul and Barnabas in Cyprus. 

the sorcerer Elymas (Acts xiii. 8). 

46. Paul and Barnabas go to Antioch in Pisidia. 

they set out for Antioch (Acts xiii. 14). 

„ Paul and Barnabas visit Iconium and Lystra. 
^^ Jupiter and Mercury!" (Acts xiv. 8.) 

,, Paul and Barnabas go to Antioch in Syria, 
they sail to Antioch (Acts xiv. 26). 

47. Paul sees a heavenly vision. 

a wondrous sight appears (2 Cor. xii. 2). 

48. Disputation at Antioch regarding circumcision. 

a war for Jewish rites (Acts xv. 1). 

„ Paul and Barnabas sent to Jerusalem to consult the 
Apostles. 
a synod's resolutions (Acts xv. 2). 

49. Paul and Barnabas return to Antioch in Syiia. 

the Judaisers are vanquished (Acts xv. 22). 

50. Peter, at Antioch, is rebuked by Paul for dissimulai ion. 

what a lamentable example ! (Gal. ii. 11.) 



102 FACTS AND DATES. 

A.D. 

51 Paul leaves Antioch for Cilicia. 

leaves for Cilicia (Acts xy. 41). 
„ Paul, at Lystra, becomes acquainted with Timotliy. 
the wanderer lights on a compaiiion (Acts xvi. 1). 

SECT. 13.— From the Introduction of the Gospel into Europe 
to the Death of John (A.D. 51-100). 

A.D. 

51. Paul at Troas sees a remarkable vision. 

yonder the Lord is beckoning us ! (Acts xvi. 9. ) 

,, Paul and Timothy arrive at Macedonia. 
Lydia is converted (Acts xvi. 11). 

52. Pelix becomes procurator of Judeea. 

wantonly loved Brusilla (Josephus). 

5, Paul visits Athens, and preaches on Mars' HiU. 

laments their idolatry (Acts xvii. 22). 

-53. Paul at Corinth is arraigned before Gallio. 
a liberal-minded governor (Acts xviii. 12). 

„ Paul writes to the Thessalonians and Galatians. 
" the Lord is at hand" (Phil, iv. 5). 

54. Paul sets out for Jerusalem, and sails by Ephesus. 

he leaves for Jerusalem (Acts xix. 21). 
„ Paul returns to Antioch in Syria. 

he leaves for Syria. 
„ Paul leaves Antioch on his third missionary journey. 

a long journey. 
„ Xero, the fifth Eoman emperor, succeeds Claudius. - 

a wretched life of sensuality. 

55. St Matthew writes his Greek Gospel. 

exhibits our Lord's lineage. 

„ St Mark writes his Gospel at Eome. 
exhibits our Lord's life. 

„ St Paul, at Ephesus, writes 1st Corinthians, 
he excommunicates a lawless libertine. 

56. St Paul leaves Ephesus for Troas and Philippi. 

he leaves for Macedooiia (Acts xx. 1). 

57. St Paul composes his 2d Epistle to the Corinthians. 

writes them a letter from Thili'p'pi. 



NEW TESTAMENT HISTORY. 103 

A.D. 

58. Eeturns to Corintli, and writes to the Eomans. 

wholly excludes legal righteousness. 

59. Paul, at Miletus, sends for the Ephesian elders. 

they wept at leave taking (Acts xx. 37). 

„ Paul, at Jerusalem, is assaulted in the Temple. 

they lay hold on him ia the Temple (Acts xxi. 27). 

„ Lysias sends Paul by night to Csesarea. 
Lysias evades them (Acts xxiii. 23). 

„ Paul tried by Pelix, then left in prison two years. 
the eloquent Tertullus (Acts xxi v. 2). 

GO. Fehx is recalled, and is succeeded by Porcius Eestus. 
Nero expels him (Acts xxiv. 27). 

„ Paul pleads his cause before Agrippa and Bernice. 
what noble witnessing ! (Acts xxvi. 27.) 

,, Paul is sent to Eome, but is shipwrecked, 
at Malta they winter (Acts xxviii. 1). 

61. Paul arrives in Eome, where he remains two years. 

the missionary in the capital (Acts xxviii. 30). 

62. Pestus dies, and is succeeded by Albinus. 

he witnessed many disorders. 



63. Paul, in Eome, writes Ephesians, Colossians, Philemon, 

and perhaps Phihppians and Hebrews, 
what noble gems ! 

„ St Luke writes his Gospel and the Acts at Eome. 
matchless histories. 

64, Paul tried and acquitted by itsTero. 

Nero justifies him. 

,, Eome set on fire by Nero, who blames the Christians. 
Nero himself kindled it. 

,, First general persecution of the Christians, 
an awful massacre of the saints. 

„ Paul escapes from Eome, and goes to Macedonia and 
Asia Minor, 
an expedition to 3£acedonia and Asia (Acts xx. 1). 



104 FACTS AND DATES. 

A.D. 

64. Paul leaves Macedonia and sails to Spain. 

went from Macedonia to S;pain (Rom, xv. 28). 

65. Eebellion in Jndsea against the Eomans breaks out. 

a mutiny in the Land. 

„ Many prodigies are seen at Jerusalem. 

the wonders in nature are alarming (Josephus). 

,, Paul leaves Spain for Crete, Miletus, Corinth, &c. 
this mission is his last. 

66. The Jewish war begins under Flavins Yespasian. 

a war unparalleled in annals. 

67. Paul sets out for ISTicopolis in Epirus, and writes his 

Epistle to Titus, 
what a nolle pastoral ! (Tit. iii. 12.) 

„ Paul is arrested at Mcopolis and sent to Eome. 
his end is approaching (Acts xxvii. 1). 

„ Paul arrives in Eome and is confined in the Mamertine 
prison, 
the awful Mamertine prison (Acts xxviii. 16). 

„ Paul writes his 2d Epistle to Timothy. 
he ends his epistles. 

,, Massacre of the Jews at Csesarea, Ptolemais, and Alex- 
andria. 

monstrous proceedings. 

68. Paul and Peter are tried, and condemned to be slain. 

executed by Nero at Eome (Josephus). 

,, Death of l^ero, who is succeeded by Galba. 
the execrable Nero is removed. 

69. Elavius Yespasian, the ninth emperor, proclaimed at 

Alexandria. 
next after Vitellius. 

70. Jerusalem destroyed by Titus Yespasian, the emperor's 

son, and a million of Jews massacred, 
what a. piteous wail! 

73. Palestine finally subdued by the Eomans. 
the wicked j?co2?Ze are humbled. 



ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY. 105 

A.D. 

79, Titus Vespasian, tenth emperor of Eonie. 

this prince is the tenth. 
81. Domitian, the eleventh emperor (but the twelfth 
Caesar). 

a reign of cruelty. 

95. St John banished to Patmos by Domitian; second 

general persecution. 
tribulation is allotted him (Rev. i. 9). 

96. The Book of Eevelation written by St John. 

it expounds the " time of the end" (Eev. i. 1). 

„ Domitian assassinated : ITerva succeeds him. 
the twelfth emperor. 

98. Trajan, the thirteenth emperor of Eome. 

Trajan restores (the empire). 

99. Death of John (1), the last of the apostles. 

He outlived the other twelve ; or, " what is that to 
theeV (John xxi. 22.) 

100. Third general persecution, under Trajan, 
the Christians are wantonly extermi7iated. 



CHAP. III. — ECCLESIASTICAL HISTOEY. 

In deahng with this great subject, our limits compel us to con- 
fine our attention to the first five -centuries, or, more accurately 
speaking, to the period preceding the downfall of the Eoman 
empire. Section 14 enumerates all the priucipal Christian 
writers from the last surviving apostle to Gregory the Great ; 
or all those who, by their writings, either adorned and defended 
the kingdom of God in its infancy, or who, by advocating per- 
verse opinions, sought to corrupt and undermine it. Many ot 
their works are now hopelessly lost, while of those that are ex- 
tant a great many are weak and puerde in the extreme, especi- 
ally when compared with the grave and venerable style of the 
New Testament writers. The gap which, in this respect, sepa- 



106 FACTS AND DATES. 

rates St John from his contemporary, Clement of Eome, is almost 
immeasurable. Childish as they are, however, these ancient 
writers have their use ; and in our day, when all things are being 
examined anew, the republication of their principal works 
cannot fail to lead to exceedingly important results. On this 
ground we hail with deep satisfaction the resolute, though we 
fear often ill-remunerated, efforts of Mr T. Clark of this city, 
who, not content with introducing the reading public of this 
country to many of the noble scholars of Germany, is now en- 
gaged in publishing vigorous and elegant translations of all the 
principal extant productions of the Ante-Nicene Fathers. 

Section 15 enumerates the twenty General or (Ecumenical 
Councils recognised by the Eoman Catholic Church. Of these 
the Greek Church regards only the first eight as binding ; the 
Church of England the first six ; while Christians in general 
bow to the authority of only one Council — not reckoned among 
the twenty — the Apostolic Council held at Jerusalem, a.d. 48. 
Section 16 is occupied with an enumeration of the so-called Ten 
General Persecutions, all of which occurred during the first three 
centuries, when the Church, unprotected and unbefriended, re- 
solutely and persistently endeavoured to subjugate the world to 
the dominion of Christ, her King. These were the purest and 
best days of the kingdom of God, though the impure leaven had 
already begun to work ; and hence heathenism, in its expiring 
agonies, convulsively endeavoured to destroy its superhuman 
adversary, which was every hour thinning its ranks. At length, 
in the providence of God, and in answer to the continued sup- 
plications of His people, a Christian emperor ascended the throiie 
of the Ceesars, when immediately the religion of Jesus was toler 
ated throughout the bounds of the Eoman empire. Section 17 
records all the other principal events in ecclesiastical history 
from the death of St John to the age of Constantine, or the first 
development of the Church under external oppression ; while 
the last section traces the history from Constantine to the fall 
of the Western empire, or the development of Christianity as 
the prevailing religion of the state, from a.d. 325 to 476. 



ECCLESIASTICAL HISTOEY. 107 

SECT. 14.— Early Christian Writers (A. D. 101-604). 

[IS^OTE.— 5, denotes birth; f. flourished ; d. death.] 



A.D. 



101. d. Death of Clement, Bishop of Eome. 

Clement who wrote to the Corinthians. 
106. d. Death of Ignatius, Bishop of Antioch. 

a bishop exposed in the amphitheatre. 
112. /. Papias, Bishop of Hierapolis. 

companion of the " beloved disciple." 
1 65. d. Justin Martyr beheaded at Eome. 

a Christian martyr learned. 

167. d. Death of Polycarp, Bishop of Smyrna, 
they burn the noble Polycarp. 

169. /. Athenagoras of Athens flourished. 

by birth, a native oi Athens. 

170. /. Ilermias, the Christian philosopher. 

criticises the pagan writers. 

176. /. Hegesippus writes his Church History. 

begins to prepare his annals. 

177. d. Tatian, the Assyrian. 

abuses the Platonic philosophy. 

181. d. Theophilus, Bishop of Antioch. 

boldly argues for Christianity. 
185. h. Origen, the eminent commentator. 

birth of Origen of Alexandria. 
196. /. Tertullian, presbyter of Carthage. 

became a violent Montanist. 
202. cZ. Irenseus, Bishop of Lyons. 

the first writer in France. 
218. c?. Clement of Alexandria. 

a devout Christian rhetorician. 

242. / Gregory Thaumaturgus, Bishop of iJ^eo-Caesarea. 
first sacred edifices. 

248. /. Dionysius, Bishop of Alexandria. 
di,few suspect his orthodoxy. 



108 FACTS AND DATES. 

A.D. 

254. d. Death of Origen. 

death of tlie Alexandrian scribe. 

258. d. Death of Cyprian, Bishop of Carthage. 
Africa laments her apostle. 

269. d. Death of Gregory Thaumaturgus. 

funny miracles these 1 

270. h. Eusehius, the Church historian. 

the famous presbyter of Cocsarea. 
296. I. Athanasius, Bishop of Alexandria. 

a decisive victory at Nice. 

307. Arnobius writes his treatise against the Gentiles, 
a great writer against paganism. 

314. h. Cyril, Bishop of Jerusalem. 
great Cyril of Jerusalem. 

321. /. Lactantius writes his Institutes. 
a grand defence of Christianity. 

332. l. Epiphanius, Bishop of Salamis. 
an honest Greek father. 

338. d. Death of Eusebius. 

the great historian of religion. 

361. /. Clirysostom, Bishop of Constantinople. 

the ^^ golden mouthed'" bishop. 

362. /. Gregory, Bishop of ISTazianzum. 

Ch^egory of Nazianzum flourished. 

368. d. Hilary, Bishop of Poitiers. 
Hilary menaced the Arians. 

371. /. Basil the Great, Bishop of Csesarea. 

a great and pious bishop. 

372. /. Gregory of IsTyssa. 

Gregory the philosophic divine. 

373. cZ. Death of Athanasius. 

goes quietly to the gfraw. 

374. d. Ephrsem the Syrian. 

good Ephrcem the Syrian. 

385. /. Jerome translates the Hebrew Scriptures into Latin. 
the Hebrew rendered into Latin. 



ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY. 100 

A.D. 

395. /. Augustine, Bishop of Hippo. 

the hero of theological literature. 

396. /. Eufinus, Presbyter of Aquileia. 

the great Italian monJc. 

397. d. Deatli of Ambrose, Arclibisliop of Milan, 

the great Italian archbishop. 

415. /. Cyril, Arcbbishop of Alexandria, 
the austere bishop of A lexandria. 

461. d. Leo the Great claims to be Yicar of Christ. 
sets up an impious claim. 

518. /. Fulgentins, Bishop of Easpina. • 

the learned bishop of Baspina. 

531. /. Procopius of Gaza. 

a learned historian and commentator. 

562. d. Cassiodorus, the Italian monk, 
the learned monk of Calabria. 

„ /. Gregory, Bishop of Tours, author of a ' History of 
Prance. ' 
the learned prelate of France. 

604. d. Gregory the Great, Pope of Eome, dies. 
missionaries wander to Kent. 



SECT. 15.— The Twenty (Ecumenical Conncils. 

A.B. 

325. Council of Mcaea or Mce — the Arian controversy, 
they agree in defining the '* Logos." 

382. Pirst Council of Constantinople — divinity of the 
Holy Ghost, 
the Holy Ghost reckoned divine. 

431. Council of Ephesus — Pelagianism and ]N"estorianisni 
condemned. 
sailors guard Cyril. 

451. Council of Chalcedon — the Eutychian controversy, 
the separate elements of Christ's (person). 

553. Second Council of Constantinople, 
we learn little herd 



110 FACTS AND DATES. 

A.D. 

680. Third Council of Constantinople. 

tlie Monothelites are reckoned wrong. 

1^1. Second Council of Mce. 
Popish rites approved of. 

869. Fourth Council of Constantinople, 
the Roman emperor attended it. 

1123. First Council of Lateran. 

clerical celibacy first agreed on. 

1139. Second Council of Lateran. 

convoked to condemn heretical tenets. " 

1179. Third Council of Lateran. 

the Church claims the power to torture. 

1215. Fourth Council of Lateran. 

the council determines to condemn the A Ihigenses. 

1245. Council of Lyons. 

condemns Frederick the Second at Lyons. 

1274. Second Council of Lyons. 

convoked in France by Pope Gregory. 

1311. Council of Yienne. 

a council in Gaul condemns "the beggars." 

1409. Council of Pisa : two rival Popes. 

the Church, scandalised, excommunicates the two. 

1414, Council of Constance: John Huss and Jerome of 
Prague condemned. 
courageous Jerome consigned to the stake. 

1431. Council of BasH. 

this Council seeks to heal the breach. 

1512. Fifth Council of Lateran. 

claims to limit Christian freedom. 

1545. Council of Trent. 

Calvinism and Lutheranism judged illegal. 



SECT. 16.— Tlie Ten General Persecutions. 

A.D. 

64. The Christians' First Persecution under ^N'ero. 

Nero slays them. 



ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY. Ill 

A.D. 

95. The Second Persecution under Domitian. 
tribulations allotted them. 

104. The Third Persecution under Trajan, 
the Christians wantonly exterminated. 



119. The Fourth Persecution under Adrian, 
their blood calls for vengeance. 

197. The Fifth Persecution under Severus. 

they are cruelly tortured by persecutors. 

235. The Sixth Persecution under Maximinus. 
the fury of the heathen let loose. 

249. The Seventh Persecution under Decius. 
hy far their severest trial. 

257. Eighth Persecution under Valerian : death of Cyprian. 

Africa laments her apostle. 

272. The Mnth Persecution under Aurelian. 
the edict to persecute is departed from. 

302. The Tenth Persecution under Diocletian. 

a general extermination decreed. 



SECT. 17.— Principal Events in Ecclesiastical History from tlie 
Death of John to the Age of Constantine. 

A.D. 

101. Death of Clement, Bishop of Eome. 
Clement wrote to the Corinthians. 

106. Death of Ignatius, Bishop of Antioch. 

a bishop exposed in the amphitheatre. 

107. Synieon, Bishop of Jerusalem, crucified. 

a bishop executed in the persecution. 

109. Pliny the younger, Procurator of Bithynia, asks ad- 
vice from the emperor how he is to deal 
with the Christians. 
the Consul writes to Trajan. 

112. Cerinthus, a Gnostic heretic, flourishes, 
a contemporary of the " beloved disciple." 



112 FACTS AXD DATES. 

A.D. 

115. The Lord's Day now generally observed by Christians." 
Christians ohserve the Lord^s-Bay. 

119. Fourth General Persecution under Adrian. 
their Uood calls for vengeance. 

133. Valentine founds a new sect of G-nosticism. 
a hold Egyptian Gnostic. 

1 35. Basilides develops Gnosticism more fully. 

Basilides, the Gnostic of Alexandria. 

136. Adrian builds ^ha Capitolina on the site of Jerusalem. 

bestows on it a heathenish name. 

141. Marcion completes the first canon of Scripture, 
the canon of Scripture completed. 

143. The Syrian Gnostics Saturninus, Tatian, Bardesanes, 

and Marcion flourish, 
a land of Syrian heretics. 

1 44. The Ophites, another sect of Gnostics, appear. 

the basis of their system was a ^'■serpent.'''' 

1 47. Justin Martyr writes his First Apology for Christianity. 

courageous Justin's apology. 

152. The Council of Pergamos, the first on record. 
begin to legislate on doctrine. 

158. Celsus, Lucian, and Arrian write against Christianity. 

Gelsus, Lucian, and Arrian. 

161. Anicetus, Bishop of Eome, and Polycarp, dispute about 
the time of observing Easter. 
controversies menace the Church. 

166. Montanism and Monarchianism appear in the East. 

the beginning of Montanism and Monarchianism. 

167. Persecution of the Christians at Smyrna. 

they burn the nuirtyr Polycarp. 
174. War with the Marcomanni : the Christians pray for 
the emperor, 
the Christians pray for his success. 

176. Hegesippus writes his Church History. 

he begins to prepare his annals. 

177 . Persecution at Lyons and Yienne. 

Bishop Pothinus perishes. 



ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY. 113 

A.D. 

185. Birth of Origen, the eminent Commentator. 

the celebrated Origen oi Alexandria. 
189. The Saracens, who now first appear in history, defeat 
the Komans. 

hands of Arabians vanquish them. 

194. The Scriptures translated into Syriac (Peshito), 

the Bible translated into Syriac. 

195. The Scriptures translated into Latin (Itala). 

the Bible translated into Latin. 

196. Tertullian writes his Apology for Christianity. 

became a violent Montanist. 

„ Byzantium taken by the Emperor Severus. 
Byzantium is taken by the emperor. 

197. Fifth General Persecution under Septimius Severus. 

they are cruelly tortured by persecutors. 

202. Severus issues an Edict prohibiting Christians from 
disseminating their doctrines, 
an edict to exterminate the faith. 

,, Death of Ireneeus, Bishop of Lyons. 

the first writer in France. 

204 Origen appointed Catechist at Alexandria. 
Si famous expounder of Scripture. 

211. Caracalla becomes Emperor : the persecution ceases. 
favour bestowed on the Christians. 

215. A council held at Carthage respecting baptism, 
an African council legislates. 

217. Callistus and Hippolytus, rival bishops at Eome. 

&. furious contest between ^oj?es. 

218. Death of Clement of Alexandria. 

a devout Christian rhetorician. 

„ Heliogabalus seeks to blend the Christian religion 
with heathenism. 
z, foolish blending oi religions. 

220. Death of Tertullian. 

death of a famous writer. 

222. Urban I., Bishop of Eome : Alex. Severus, Emperor. 
Q, fearless defender of \]\q faith. 

H 



114 FACTS AND DATES. 

A.D. 

230. iJ^Toetus excommunicated at Smyrna. 

& famous heretic excommunicated. 

„ Pontianus, Bishop of Eome : the schism of Hippoly- 
tus healed, 
the faction of Hippolytus extinguished, 

235. Sixth general persecution, under Maximinus. 
ih^fury of the heathen let-loose. 

240. Hippolytus, Eishop of Portus-Eomanus, suffered mar- 
tyrdom. 

doubtful where his see existed. 
242. Churches first used by Christians. 

the first sacred edifices. 

249. Seventh general persecution, under Decius. 
by far their severest trial. 

251. Schism of Il^ovatian begins at Eome. 
dispute about the " lapsed " commences. 

254. Death of Origen : accession of Valerian, the 35th em- 
peror. 
death of the Alexandrian scribe. 

257. Eighth general persecution, under Valerian : martyrdom 
of Cyprian, and Sixtus II., Bishop of Eome. 

Africa laments her apostle. 

261. The Sabelhan controversy : synod of Alexandria : 
Dionysius the Great, 
he denied the incarnation of Christ. 

266. Paul of Samosata, Bishop of Antioch. 

defends Monarchianism at Antioch. 

270. Birth of Eusebius, Bishop of Csesarea : Aurelian, emp. 
the famous presbyter of Coesarea. 

272. The ninth general persecution, under Aurelian. 
the designs of \h.Q persecutors frustrated, 

274. Mani, or ManichseuSjthe heretic, put to death in Persia. 
the founder of a pernicious sect. 

284. Diocletian and Maximian, joint-emperors ; Diocletian 
takes the East, and Maximian the West : era 
of Diocletian. 
a. famous era in the £ast. 



ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY. 115 

A.D. 

286. The Northmen attack the Eoman Empire in the West, 
and the Persians in the East, 
the frontiers ravaged by invaders, 

292. Partition of the Eoman Empire into four kingdoms, 
under Diocletian, Maximian, Constantius Chlo- 
rus, and Galerius. 
fouiT temporary divisions. 

295. Alexandria taken by Diocletian. 

Diocletian takes Alexandria. 

302. The tenth persecution, under Diocletian, 
a general extermination decreed. 

„ Schism of Meletius of Lycopolis. 
an Egyptian excites a disturbance. 

305. The Council of Elvira enjoins celibacy on the clergy. 

gainsay the written law. 

306. Constantine, emp. in the West, Licinius in the East. 

they halve the whole 



307. Arnobius issues his treatise against the Gentiles. 

a great writer against paganism. 

311. The Donatist schism. 

the great controversy about Cicilianus. 

312. Constantine the Great embraces Christianity. 

the history of Christianity is affected by it. 

313. Edict of Milan : Constantine grants toleration to the 

Christians, 
a grand change in their history. 

318. The Arian controversy begins : the Emperor becomes 
an Arian. 
the head of the Church an Arian/ 

321. Constantine commands the observance of Sunday on 
all his subjects, 
the holy day to be observed. 

32-i. Constantine becomes sole emperor in East and West, 
a great date in sacred (history). 

J, Christianity becomes the religion of the State, 
the holy faith established. 



116 FACTS AND DATES. 



SECT. 18.— From Constantine to the Fall of the Western Empire. 
(324-476.) 

k.D. 

325. Council of 'Nice condemns Arianism. 
they agree in defining " tlie Logos." 

330. Constantinople becomes tlie cap. of the Eoman emp. 
the government is gone from the JVest. 

336. Death, of Arins. 

the greatest heretic of antiquity. 

337. Death of Constantine the Great. 

a great gap produced. 

339. The Council of Antioch deposes Athanasius. 
the heretics have a triumph. 

350, Constantius strictly prohibits heathen sacrifices. 
heathenism at last on the wane. 

356. Athanasius expelled by force from his see by Con- 
stantius. 
he gained his laurels at Nice. 

359. The Gospels translated into Moeso-Gothic by Bishop 
Ulphilas. 
the Gothic Ulphilas a translator. 

361. Julian the Apostate becomes emperor. 
a heathen monarches accession. 

371. Pelagius, founder of Pelagianism, born in Britain 
about this time, 
the great Pelagian co^itroversy. 

373. Death of Athanasius, Bishop of Alexandria, 
a great opponent of heresy. 

375. Apollinaristic Controversy. 

the heresy of Apollinarus of Laodiccea. 

379. Theodosius the Great becomes emperor : advances 
Christianity. 
heathenism persecuted in turn. 

382. First General Council, of Constantinople : Macedonius 
condemned, 
the Holy-Ghost reckoned divine. 



ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY. 117 

k.D. 

385. Jerome translates tlie Hebrew Scriptures into Latin, 
the Hehreio rendered into Latin. 

387. Valentinian II. embraces Catholicism : great triumph 
over Arianism. 
the heresy of Arius put-down. 

391. Ambrose induces the Emperor Theodosius to do pen- 

ance for the massacre at Thessalonica. 
a great triumph to the Church. 

392. The temple of Serapis at Alexandria destroyed, and 

the final overthrow of Paganism in the East, 
the heathen temples are demolished. 

395. Augustine appointed Bishop of Hippo, 
the hero of theological literature. 

„ Einal division of the empire between the sons of 
Theodosius. 
a great event is looming. 

397. Death of Ambrose, Archbishop of Milan, 
the great Italian prelate. 

„ Tlieophilus of Alexandria anathematises Origen, and 
denounces the Anthropomorphites. 
a harsh and violent prelate. 

407. Death of Chrysostom, Patriarch of Constantinople. 
sinks on the way to^Fityus.. 

410. Eome sacked and burned by Alaric, king of the Yisi- 

goths. 
they sack the capital of the JFest. 

411. The Pelagian controversy begins at Carthage. 

a serious controversy commences. 

415. Cyril becomes Bishop of Alexandria, 
the austere bishop of Alexandria. 

428. Nestorius becomes Patriarch of Constantinople : the 
ISTestorian controversy begins. 
serious differences arise. 

430. Death of Augustine. 

the saintly Augustine expires. 



118 FACTS AND DATES. 

A.D. 

431. Third General Council, at Epliesus, condemns Pelagian 
and !N'estorian tenets. 
sailors guard Cyril. 

439. The Vandals overrun Africa, patronise the Arians, and 
persecute the Orthodox. 

savage Genseric the Vandal. 

443. The Hnns, nnder Attila, lay waste the Eoman Empire, 
after conquering the Germans. 
savage Scythian hordes. 

447, Simon Stylites, the hermit of Syria, founder of the 
sect of the Stylites. 
Simon stands on his pillar. 

449. The Jutes and Saxons arrive in Britain, and nearly 
extirpate Christianity, 
the Jutes and Saxons in Tlianet. 

451. Fourth General Council (Chalcedon) condemns the 
tenets of Eutyches, and ratifies the doctrine 
of two natures and one person in Christ: 
Monophysite controversy, 
the separate elements of Christ's (person). 

461. Leo the Great, Pope of Rome, claims to be vicar of 
Christ. 
sets-up an impious claim. 

476. Monophysite doctrine declared the religion of the 
Eastern Empire, 
the State patronises the Monophysites. 

„ Extinction of the Western Empire by the Goths, 
the succeeding period is Mediaeval. 



HISTORY OF A.NOIEXT EGYPT. 119 



PAET SECOND.—PEOFANE HISTORY. 
PERIOD I. -ANCIENT HISTORY. 

CHAP. I. — HISTORY OF EGYPT. 
(B.C. 2550-30.) 

[The Author deems himself peculiarly fortunate in those whose co- 
operation he has secured in preparing the following introduction to 
his Chronology of Ancient Egypt. The portion bearing on the History 
of Egypt is from the pen of Mr W. Osburn, R.S.L., the author of 
many learned works on Egyptology, and who, from having devoted the 
greater part of his laborious life to the elucidation of the monuments of 
that country, and to the testimony which they afford io the truthfulness 
of the books of Moses, now occupies the foremost place among British 
Egyptologists. The second portion — that bearing on the Great Pyramid 
—bears the peculiar impress of its esteemed author, further mentioned 
in the final note. This paper cannot fail to be appreciated by the Chris- 
tian who, with soundness in the faith and loyalty to the Master, combines 
a scientific interest in the order and history of the wonderful Cosmos 
which He has created.] 

PART I.— THE HISTORY OF ANCIENT EGYPT. 

The early history of Egypt is older by centuries than that of 
any other nation with which we are acquainted. The natural 
and physical causes which account for this lie at the threshold 
of the inquiry. The situation of Egypt on the surface of the 
globe is in the driest parallels of latitude aU round the earth, 
and in both hemispheres. To the eastward and westward of 
Egypt, and for nearly 3000 miles in each direction, it is closely 
hemmed in by sandy deserts, through which the river Nile 
forces its way all but due northward and southward. The peri- 
odical overflow of this river, consequent upon the tropical rains, 
has in the course of ages reclaimed from the desert, on each 
bank, a thin strip of land of extreme fertility, seldom exceed- 
ing half a mile in breadth on each side, and nowhere reaching 
further than eight or ten miles on both sides. 



120 FACTS AND DATES. 

The mountain-ranges wLicli bonnd this* very narrow valley 
are composed of rocks of limestone, red sandstone, and granite 
of every variety of tint, offering everywhere to its inhahit- 
ants a perfectly inexhaustible treasure of the liardest and 
most permanent materials for the construction of magnificent 
buildings. 

The inhabitants of Ancient Egypt had evidently considered 
these advantages when they invented the remarkable system of 
writing which is so well known by the name of Hieroglyphics, 
and with engraven inscriptions of which the walls of their pub- 
lic buildings were absolutely covered. Every character of this 
singular system is the representation of sorae physical object; 
and great artistic power is often displayed both in the outline 
and details of the birds, animals, &c., which so frequently stand 
for letters, or the symbols of sounds in it ; so that these inscrip- 
tions, far from being an unsightly defacement, as on the Greek 
temples, constitute, in effect, a most important part of the 
ornature of their public buildings. 

That the hieroglyphic mode of waiting was invented in Egypt 
by the Egyptians, and with a special view to the perpetuation of 
the memories and exploits of the kings and nobles by whom 
their temples, &c., were constructed, we have elsewhere shown 
at considerable length. Everywhere throughout the land of 
Egypt, whether we read these singular inscriptions, magnificently 
executed on the walls and pillars of gorgeous temples, or attempt 
to decipher the coarse daubs and splashes of colour which cover 
the rudest mummy-cases, we shall find that the one object of 
both has been to procure for the writers an eternal remem- 
brance upon the earth. Nothing in Ancient Egypt was too 
great or too small not to be deemed worthy of these attempts at 
perpetual memory. 

Far from being, therefore, as a Greek inscription on a temple, 
unsightly, the constructions of Ancient Egypt — whether obelisks, 
propyla, temples, tombs, mummy-cases, or bandages — were all 
hewn from the mountain, or made by the labours of slave arti- 
ficers, or dug in the bowels of the earth, with the especial view 
of their being covered with coloured hieroglyphics and reliefs 
representing gods and sacred animals. 



HISTORY OF ANCIENT EGYPT. 121 

There is another point to which we beg to call the attention 
of the reader. The first colonists of Egypt evidently reached 
it from the eastward, bringing with them the worship of Adam, 
the father of mankind, whom they identified with the setting 
sun — that is, the sun in the twelfth hour of the day. On, or 
Heliopolis, at the head of the Delta, is exactly the point at which 
travellers from the East would be most likely to first touch the 
land of Egypt. It is well worthy of note that everywhere in 
the tombs and the papyrus inscriptions of Egypt, the west is 
called the " blessed " west, and the east the " filthy " east ; 
whereas in the books of the Burmahs and other Trans-Gangetic 
peoples, this order is inverted, the west being with them the 
" filthy " west, and the east the " blessed " east. That the point 
wlience these two widely separated races began their first emi- 
gration lay somewhere between Egypt and India beyond the 
Ganges is the inevitable, and, as we submit, the highly import- 
ant, inference which must be drawn from this fact. 

There is yet another circumstance which is not without its 
importance in the elucidation of the Ethnography. Men and 
women with black complexions are frequently depicted on the 
tombs and temples of kings of Egypt contemporary with Abraham 
and his descendants, but they have merely the swarthy hue 
which is inevitable to exposure to the rays of the sun in coun- 
tries to the southward of Egypt. They have still the straight 
noses and regular features of the inhabitants of Egypt and of 
Syria. But seven hundred years afterwards, in the reign of the 
king " who knew not Joseph," we see for the first time in the 
paintings of Ancient Egypt the flat nose and thick lips of the 
true negro. The period of seven hundred years is just about 
the time which we might have assumed would be required fully 
to negrify the European countenance. Surely this fact is not 
an unimportant one in the science of Ethnography. 

We have already dwelt upon the very remarkable fact that 
the monumental history of Egypt begins with Suphis, the 
builder of the Great Pyramid, and his contemporaries or imme- 
diate predecessors. The names of a few of these predecessors 
occur occasionally, it is true, in the tombs of the princes that 
formed the court of Suphis and his nearest successors ; but it is 



122 FACTS AND DATES. 

only as tlie reclaimers of tracts of land which afterwards fell 
into the hands of those nobles that they are so distinguished ; or, 
still more rarely, they stand engraven in the genealogical tables, 
whereby a very few of their descendants justified their titles to 
be Pharaohs in Egypt. But nowhere in Egypt has any monu- 
ment been discovered which it is possible to assign to any 
earlier epoch than that which may now be safely entitled the 
Suphic Period. 

These earliest memorials of Ancient Egypt embody yet another 
strange peculiarity. When compared in point of execution with 
those of the later epochs in the long and varied history of that 
first of kingdoms, they are, in power and freedom of hand, in 
delicacy of finish, and in truth to nature, equal to the best of 
them — perhaps even superior. Where, then, did these first colo- 
nists acquire their artistic and constructive powers ? Not in 
Egypt, certainly. No trace can be found there of those rude 
first attempts which so eloquently and instructively tell the 
history of the arts in all other countries. As masons or builders, 
the hardest stones the earth produces were quarried and adorned 
by them in gorgeous pillars and colossal blocks. As artists, 
their implements sculptured the entire surfaces, exterior and 
interior, of their constructions with pictures of physical objects, 
graven as exquisitely as jewels, finished as delicately as cameos. 
Where, we ask again, are the first crude attempts which long 
]Dractice at length matured into this perfection of arts so diflBi- 
cult ? We answer vinhesitatingly, certainly not in Egypt. 

Once more : how came these first settlers, who so clearly 
invented their picture-writing with an especial view to their 
own artistic proficiency, to have lost the mode of writing they 
had formerly possessed, and even the articulations of their for- 
mer language, so that they had to invent a new language, mak- 
ing the pictures of birds, animals, &c., to represent the first 
intonation of the cries they naturally uttered ? There is but 
one answer possible to these inquiries. The Scripture account 
of the dispersion of mankind from Babel, through the confusion 
of their language, is the only known fact in human history that 
can account for these strange circumstances (Gen. xi.) 



HISTORY OF ANCIENT EGYPT. 123 

The fact that the lists of kings of Egypt, constructed about 
the third century B.C. by Manetho and other Alexandrian 
Greeks, are so hopelessly discrepant among themselves that 
though the summation of the reigns of 30 dynasties amounts 
to 6000 years, yet their author has himself to tell us that tbeir 
real sum is only 3555 years — this latter proving, on closer in- 
vestigation, to be more than 1600 years too many — is surely not 
to be lost sight of in this inquiry. 

The key to this difficulty is not far to seek ; but it opens a 
dreary page in the annals of fallen man. To record historical 
truth — the facts that actually took place — formed but an insig- 
nificant part of the purpose of these historians. A far more 
important point in their estimation was to magnify the antiquity 
of their own country, so as to establisb undeniably their asser- 
tion that Egypt was the oldest of kingdoms. Accordingly, they 
preface the human history of Egypt with a deafening trumpet- 
blast ! When Menes, the first of mortal kings, ascended the 
throne, Egypt had already been a kingdom, under the sceptre 
of gods, demi-gods, and heroes, for 24,925 years ! Yet of these 
25 millenia not a trace, not a scratch, in the way of monumental 
memorial, remains; while the men of the two millenia that 
followed have absolutely covered Egypt with monuments of 
masonry and sculpture to an extent unparalleled in any other 
country. The workmen, moreover, exercised their art with a 
delicate perfection of finish and freedom of touch rarely 
equalled, and never surpassed. Now in Egypt, as we have seen, 
no monument ever perishes from the eft'ects of climate. The 
necessary inference is, that the people known to us as Egyptians 
did not inhabit the valley of the Nile till the time indicated by 
the Mosaic record, and that the 24,925 years that, according to 
Manetho, preceded Menes, is a mere fable. According to Moses, 
moreover, the age that produced by far the most remarkable of 
those monuments was one in which the Almighty had frequent 
and familiar intercourse witb man, as in tbe case of the Patri- 
archs, Abraham, Melchizedek, and Job ; while the monument 
itself evinces innumerable evidences of a knowledge and a 
wisdom to which unaided humanity has nowhere ever attained. 



124 FACTS AND DATES. 



PART II —SOME OF THE PECULIARITIES OF THE GREAT PYRAMID 
STNOPTICALLY CONSIDERED. 

In a compendmm of historic and scientific facts, such, as the 
present publication, no apology is needed for noticing that 
monument which is, strictly speaking, unique — ^ar excellence^ 
THE WONDER OP THE WORLD — being at once the most ancient 
of all in existence, and yet the most intellectually designed, and 
the highest as well as the most massive that man has ever 
erected, even by the aid of modem civilisation and wealth : that 
compendious " sign and wonder set in the land of Egypt unto 
this day." There being really in existence such a monument, 
and one only, replete with facts just such as we covet for this 
volume, — data of wondrous precision, signalled to us across the 
dark valley of forty centuries of comparative ignorance, during 
which it has remained an impenetrable enigma in the face of all 
the world, — apology would indeed be due if we were to omit 
noticing it. Only a portion of the significant facts of the struc- 
ture (which we shall term its references) can be noticed in this 
synoptic manner ; especially must its internal details, its astro- 
nomical references, and that order of symbolism in it that is of 
a more transcendent kind, be here omitted. Further, this being 
little more than a catalogue of results, no evidences or explana- 
tions can be here attempted, however needful these may be to 
the reader before he can decide for himself on the validity of the 
results. See notice of pubKcations, &c., at end of this synopsis. 

SECT. 1.— General Construction and Form of the Monument. 

Art. 1. — Its Materials : — 

A. The Coffer is of hardest and toughest granite, and not 
intended for a dead body, as in other pyramids. 

B. Internal passages and the so-called Queen's chamber, of 
white Mokattam limestone, carefully selected, for parts exposed 
to wear ; joints wonderfully close ; King's (or Coffer) chamber 
of red granite. 

C. Internal mass, not of rubbish, like many other massive 
structures, but of well-cut blocks, cemented 



HISTOEY OF ANCIENT EGYPT. 125 

foundation rock, are of nummulitic limestone, completely 
pervaded with fossil tokens of organic life. 

D. Externally of white Mokattam limestone, of remarkable 
finish originally ; it probably surpasses any building material 
since selected by man : * any exposed surface of it generates 
spontaneously, by the action of the weather, an efficient mineral 
protecting coat, of a buff tint : its durability in the open air, 
even at its finest edges, is incomparably greater than that of 
granite selected for subsequent pyramids by even the more ex- 
perienced " wisdom of Egypt." 

E. The cement of the fine joints is of astonishing tenacity. 

2. The correctness and discretion shown in its workmanship: 
— There is abundant precision, wherever it is important for scien- 
tific data, &c., but a utilitarian economy of such workmanship, 
in proportion as it can be dispensed with, having regard to the 
meaning of the parts, and the securing of durability ; * while 
parts not to be metrically reckoned are made ostentatiously rough. 

3. Its metric standard, 

A. For parts cosmically and symbolically significant, is the 
sacred cubit (25.025 British inches), exactly one ten-millionth 
of earth's polar radius — the only natural standard of both 
unique and extreme precision ; a standard of divine origination, 
primaeval, and preserved in the least disturbed line of Abra- 
ham's family (the Arabs) to the present day. 

B. Other parts of the structure, not significant, are made in 
terms of quite another unit, of different origin — the earliest 
Gentile cubit (20.700 British inches), called the cubit of 
Memphis, popularly confused with the above-named. 

C National standards in general have originated in one or 
other of these, by various divisions, &c. * Organic objects (as 
foot, arm, cane, reed), approximating in length, were the usual 
origin of the national names of the later derived standards, but 
not of the dimensions of those later standards. 

4. Its form : — 

A. Its height, 233.1660 (being very approximately seven-thirds 
of a hundred) sacred cubits, equal to 486j British feet, is the 

* The facts marked by asterisks have not been published previously. 



126 FACTS AND DATES. 

radius whose circle, horizontally on the ground, determines the 
length of its square base-circuit. 

B. The resulting slope of the sides, the tt angle of the 
pyramid, is 51° 51' W\d. 

C. Base area=7r X the direct vertical section of the pyramid.t 

D. The Azimuth trenches, cut in the rock near the east side 
of the pyramid, show this tt angle ; also its complement, and the 
position of the base-circle of the internal core — thus proving 
that it was made on these principles, and not on less mathema- 
tical principles accidentally producing nearly that form, as lias 
been suggested in depreciation of its intellectuality. 

5, Allied peculiarities associated with the structural angle, 
but in a secondary way — that is, pertaining to, practically 
or approximately, the same form in masonry, though not with 
theoretical exactitude, as are the preceding : — 

A. The direct angle 51° 51' 14".3, is 144 pyramid degrees of 
1000 to the circle. 

* B. The diagonal angle is seven-sixths of 100 pyramid degrees. 

* 0. The direct rise is 9 vertical to the square root of 50 hori- 
zontal. 

D. The diagonal rise is 9 vertical to 10 horizontal. 

* E. The ratio of direct to diagonal angle is the square of the 
ratio 10 : 9; while the ratio of direct to diagonal rise is, as in 
any pjrramid of whatever slope, the square of 2 : 1. 

* F. The difference of slope between the direct and diagonal 
aspect of the pyramid, 0.02744 of a circle, cannot be exceeded — 
that is, any pyramid, either materially steeper or flatter, would 
show less difference between the two aspects of it. 

* G. One-tenth of this angular difference in an entire circle 
represents the day in an entire tropical year. 

H. The surface of a side is found to be (as Herodotus says) 
the square of its height, or radius of construction — i.e., its total 
surface visible equals the square circumscribing its base-circle 
already explained. 

■* I. Its 77 angle, approximately, has its sine = co-tangent, and 
tangent= co-secant : this implies some curious facts. 

* The facts marked by asterisks have not been published previously. 
f St John Vincent Day's discovery. 



HISTORY OF ANCIENT EGYPT. 127 

* J, K, L. A length of 144 sacred cubits is found to be indi- 
cated by points determined by three different mathematical con- 
structions of lines, measuring horizontally along its face from 
a mid-section plane. 

* M. The whole form of the Great Pyramid is the same in 
every side and angle as a natural crystal ; one of the definite 
Ibrms in which the opaque mineral wolfenite is found. 

6. The coffer in the pyramid is similar to it in lineal pro- 
portions, exhibiting externally the n ratio of height to the 
length of two adjacent sides.f 

7. The cubic ratios of the coffer : — 

A. The volume of the bottom = half that of its four sides. 

B. The volume of its entire material, bottom and sides to- 
gether, is equal to its internal content. 

C. Its content or capacity is 71,250 cubic inches, pyramid 
measure. For the meaning of this quantity, see the cosmic re- 
ferences. — Sec. 3, Art. 7. 

D. The content of the chamber where the coffer is, up to a 
marked level, i^ fifty times the coffer's content. 

E. This chamber and its coffer stand on the fiftieth course of 
masonry from the base. 

8. The courses of masonry : — 

A. Level throughout, like horizontal strata ; not dipping 
inwards, square mth external face, in the more proper way for 
security. A special reason is perceptible : * as it is built, every 
external stone of its now ruined surface shows the original slope, 
and therefore height or radius of construction and the tt ratio 
of base — the roots, in short, of the structure's references and 
meaning. 

* B. Partly for the same important reason, the blocks of the 
core of the structure were set off, accurately in the long run, to 
the same slope as the batter of the finished casing was to be. 

*C. There are indications that the horizontal joints of some 
important courses divided the direct slope, or measurement up 
the face, in terms of the sacred cubit as a unit. 

9. Their numbers : — The25th course is the level of the so-called 

* The facts marked by asterisks have not been published previously. 
t St John Vincent Day's discovery. 



128 FACTS AND DATES. 

Queen's chamber : the 50th course, that of the King's chamber. 
The 209th course completed the pyramid, and shows the number 
of pyramid degrees subtended by all the courses, from the axis 
at the level where the entrance passage intersects the east and 
west vertical mid-section plane. 

* 10. The vertical axis is unintercepted : all the chambers, 
passages, &c., are made so as to manifest that they were to avoid 
interrupting the axis. 

11. The dominant number throughout the pyramid is five : 
Subordinately, Jive is associated with ten : 
Less specially, th7^ee in connection with seve7i : 
And nine with ten. 

Each have symbolic meanings determining their occurrence 
and domination. 

SECT. 2.— Astro-clironologic references of tlie Structure. 

Art. 1. — A quinary system of facts. — (A) The direction of 
the straight entrance-passage, inclining at 26'^ 20' into the north 
side of the pyramid, was such, that at (B) the date of its estab- 
lishment (B.C. 2170) this direction was that of the primseval Pole- 
star a Draconis, when at (C) its lower culmination ; while the 
then chief star of the Pleiades, Alcyone, then near the celestial 
equator, was at (D) its upper culmination^ or on the same meri- 
dian at midnight of (E) the autumnal equinox. This definite 
combination cannot recur for 25,898 years ; it marked the date 
of the pyramid and of "the year of the Pleiades" — a com- 
mencement of a natural chronologic era, traditions of which 
have remained in most times and countries. This combination 
shows much evidence of original intention and unrestricted 
knowledge in designing the Great Pyramid, especially so when 
the following facts are remembered : — 

2. Facts of Astronomy. — Those two stars were eminently 
suitable : 

A. They were more rigorously j^xe(isfars than most so called, 
especially more so than Siiius, so much preferred by the less 
profound wisdom of subsequent times. 

* The facts marked by asterisks have not "been published ]3reviously. 



HISTORY OF ANCIENT EGYPT. 129 

B. Those two were formerly more brilliant. 

* C. That primaeval and the present or ultimseval pole-star, 
the Dracontos- and Cynos- ura, and no others, are remarkably 
associated together in various mundane aspects : details, however, 
cannot be here given. 

D. Alcyone, a primaeval name of the star, means " the centre"' 
and has quite recently been discovered to be really the centre 
around which even our whole Solar System (amongst others) 
revolves. 

E. The meridian of the primaeval pole-star passed with maxi- 
mum rapidity around the zodiac, through Aquarius (the Water- 
man), at the date of the Deluge ; it became rigidly stationary 
on Alcyone at the date of the Great Pyramid, " the year of the 
Pleiades," after which it commenced to retrograde. These facts, 
noted by the pyramid, are confirmed and explained by Scripture, 
by ubiquitous tradition in all ages, and by mythology. * How- 
ever divergent these witnesses be in other respects, all three 
agree in connecting the septenary constellation of the Pleiades — 
especially its leading star Alcyone — with " halcyon days," a com- 
mencement of a new era in calm and sunshine, in restoration 
and resurrection-life, out of the waters of death. 

3. Facts in the Pyramid : — The angles of its other passages, 
and the direction of mathematical lines between various points 
in the structure, when considered in detail, confirm the reality 
and intention of the above-named references in the pyramid. 



SECT, 3.— Other Cosmic References in the Structure. 

REFERENCE BY MULTIPLE.— 1. OF LENGTH. 

1. Solar distance by j^yramid height : — 10^ X {i. e., a thou- 
sand million times) the pyramid radius or height (233.1660 sacred 
cubits, or 486^ feet British) is the length of the sun's radius- vector, 
or mean distance of earth = 92,093,000 miles. That this reference 
was intentional in the design of the structure is evidenced by 
several other considerations, quite independently of the nume- 

* Tlie facts marked by asterisks have not been published previously. 
I 



130 FACTS AND DATES. 

rical coincidence itself. The same is more or less the. case in 
each of the following references. 

2. Earth's mean orbit ly i-iyramid base : — 10^ X the pyra- 
mid base- circuit, is the length of earth's orbit. 

3. Earth's sidereal day's mean march in orbit, during one 
true rotation 07v its axis (1,580,000 miles), is shown by the length 
of a suitably directed diagonal at the corner of S.E. part of base- 
circuit ; * also of two other suitably placed lines along the base- 
circuit, 4 sacred cubits in length, symbolically significant, mul- 
tiplied by 109. 

4. Earth! s polar radius by the pyramid cubit : — 10^ X {i.e., 
ten million times) this cubit (25.025 inches British) is the 
length of earth's polar radius = 3949.65 miles. 

5. To express important cosmic quantities in general, this 
cubit seems to be curiously adapted beyond other standards, 
on whatever principle. — In terms of this cubit many expressions 
are either integral or in neat simple ratios, surprising our ideas 
of probability. This has been already exemplified here, and 
even the recent discovery of the thermo-dynamic ratio supplies 
an illustration. — See Art. 10 of this section. 

2. OF WEIGHT. 

6. Earth's mass by pyramid's mass : — 10^x5 x (ie., a thou- 
sand billion times) the pyramid's weight, carefully computed, 
is the mass of the whole earth — namely, six thousand and fifty 
trillions of tons British. Thence we can deduce the mean spe- 
cific gravity of the whole earth to be 5.7 X that of water, at 
pyramid standard temperature. 

7. Weight of a cubic unit (50 inches pyramid measure in 
the side, or 25 pyramid inches = 1 cubit each way from its 
centre) of the mean of the whole earth, is 10 X coffer full of 
water, at pyramid standard temperature — namely, 2570 pounds 
British, and constituting the pyramid ton. Weight of 40 cubic 
cubits of earth (mean density of the whole) is the weight ot 
water in the King's or coffer's chamber, up to the marked level, 
constituting the pyramid " sea," or largest unit of weight and 

* The facts marked by asterisks have not been published previously. 



HISTORY OF ANCIENT EGYPT. 131 

measure. From eacli of tliese references we can again deduce 
the mean specific gravity ; and these methods give 5.7, the 
same as by the former method. This identity of results, by it- 
seK, confirms the probable reality of both of these references ; 
but much more so, as it is the same specific gravity as is 
inferred by the methods of physical science alone, as nearly as 
their uncertainties enable us to know it therefrom. 

3. OF TIME. 

8. A year, or annual circuit of earth, is represented by the 
length of the base-circuit of the pyramid — namely, a circle 
drawn with the pyramid height as its radius. Each sidereal 
day, or interval of true (not apparent) rotation of earth on its 
axis, becomes, on this same scale, represented by the 100 pyra- 
mid inches ; each duration of light and darkness, the great 
natural binary subdivisions, by the double cubit each. The next 
binary natural subdivisions — the intervals between mid-day or 
night and sunrise or sunset — by cubits; the smallest primseval 
division — the watch — by the half- cubit ov pyramid foot. 

9. The period of equinoctial precession — i.e., of tilting of 
earth's axis, in a complete circle (at 23° 28^ angle) around the 
mean position of the ecliptic axis — is represented by the length 
from base-centre to any base-corner, 258.9824 sacred cubits. 
Each century, on this same scale, becomes represented by a 
cubit. In other words, taking all of these diagonals (instead of 
any one), each year becomes represented by a pyramid inch. 

* 10. The period of tilting of the ecliptic axis, similarly, in a 
complete circle (at 1° 21' angle) around its mean position, is (nn- 
certainly) represented by the length from base-centre to apex, 
vid a base-corner, 607.4632 sacred cubits. Each century, on this 
same scale, becomes represented by a cubit. 

4. REFERENCES BY SAMPLE. 

1 1. The direction of the poles and of the earthUs rotation — i. e., 
of the lines of longitude and latitude — i.e., of the cardinal points 
of azimuth — are respectively shown by the sides of the pyramid 
base. 

* The facts marked by asterisks have not been published prfevionsly. 



132 



FACTS AND DATES. 



* 12. The mean terraqueous level — that is, of both, land and 
water throughout the globe — is probably marked by the level 
of the pavement constituting the base - surface of the Great 
Pyramid. 

This most difficult but important datum is in advance of mo- 
dern physicists : they have regarded sea level alone in defining 
a mean level. 

13. Pyramid thermology. — Its thermic standard, thermic 
scales, and thermo-dynamic equivalent : — 

A. The natural mean, being also the standard temperature 
(68° Fahr.) of all inhabited parts of the earth, — best for the 
functions of man, intellectually and corporeally — best for or- 
ganic life in general — and the one-fifth part of the thermic scale 
of water, — is marked by the (undisturbed) temperature constant 
in the interior of the Great Pyramid. 

B, On the pyramid principles of subdivision, a thermic scale 
is found harmonising with cosmic nature, as follows : — 



Fahrenheit 
Scale. 


Pyramid 
Scale. 


Cosmical Phenomena. 


Degrees. 


Degrees. 




32. 


0. 


Water freezes. 


39.2 


10. 


Water at maximum density. 


68. 


50. 


Standard Temperature relative to mau 
and his cosmos.— See A. 


104. 


100. 


Higli summer temperature at pyramid, 
and mean isothermal equator. 


212. 


250. 


Water boils. 


752. 


1000. 


Red heat to human eyes. A full exhi- 
bition of spontaneous luminosity of 
solids in general. 



C. The thermo-dynamic equivalent. — Water passing vertically 
through I X 10^ X the pyramid cubit, represents one thermic unit 
of temperature in that water, with the recognised limitation of 
the ratio to the pyramid or natural standards of both tempera- 
ture and level. This is exact, so far as the uncertaiuties of 
science enable us to test it. 



* The facts marked by asterisks have not been published previously. 



HISTORY OF ANCIENT EGYPT. 133 

SECT. 4.— The Standard Measure of tlie Pjrramid, as having 
originated National Standards. 

* Without here detailing the peculiar circumstances, before and 
about the pyramid date, that suggest that the Gentile cubit was 
more freely retained in practical use than the sacred cubit by 
the then scattering and multiplying nations, and only glancing 
at the empire of Solomon as an event that produced an im* 
pression more world-wide, deeper, and more lasting than is 
commonly realised by modern Western nations, and that the 
Jewish (^. e., the pyramidally preserved) weights and measures 
were thereby extensively adopted by the rulers and traders 
among the nations at that period — just preceding the great 
renewal of migrations which determined the present races of 
European countries — we proceed to condense this part of the 
subject into a few illustrations of the identity of the standards 
of the pyramid and of primseval times with the long subsequent 
Jewish and modern standards. 

600 years after the pyramid, we find the standards which 
were divinely recognised through Moses to be the same as 
those of the pyramid. The sacred cubit was the pyramid cubit ; 
the four homers, and the sacred ark, were each equal to the 
pyramid coffer-content. 

1200 years after the pyramid (^.e., under Solomon), the mea- 
sures were the same as the foregoing, and the sacred " molten 
sea," besides, was of the same capacity as that marked in the 
pyramid's chief chamber, or 50 of its coffer measures ; and the 
lavers were each equal to one coffer measure. 

3000 and 4000 years after the pyramid — that is to say, in 
modern times — its standards are still found represented. The 
Arabian guz is the pyramid cubit ; and in Western Europe, 
where peopled by migrations of Goths from the countries north 
of Palestine, we find that their old national measures (before the 
well-known modern alterations) were counterparts of the pyra- 
mid measures, many of them even undisguised by the processes 
of division and re-multiplication before mentioned, and quite 
as accurately preserved as could be expected during migration 

* The facts marked by asterisks have not been published previously. 



134 FACTS AND DATES. 

and tlie lapse of time. Thus, tlie pyramid pound (of 50^ in the 
coffer) is 1.003 old German pounds ; 1.040 ancient French \ 
1.073 of Denmark ; and 0.973 of Britain. Again, the pyramid 
foot or haK-cubit is represented by 0.995 of the Bohemian foot 
(this has been a generally undisturbed country), and by 1.022 
of the ancient French foot. The pyramid inch is represented 
by the British inch, within a thousandth part ; hence its re- 
markable scientific property of earth-commensurability (by a 
minute and simple correction), far better in this respect, as Sir 
John Herschel has forcibly demonstrated, than the badly-con- 
trived and mistakenly-defined French metre, which is in these 
days being urged into the place of the rightful standard — our 
primaeval and inherited inch and its multiples, decimal or duo- 
decimal. The pyramid coffer-measure is represented by 1 .007 
of four quarters British. The pyramid gallon, pint, and 
mile, each being a multiple on the regular pyramid system (t.e., 
250 and 2500 in its coffer and cubit), are represented by the 
old British ale gallon, wine pint, and mile, respectively, to an 
80th part. 

*SECT. 5.— Its Clironologic and .ffitiologic place. 
Its date, relatively with other connected works, and the 
causes of its being built, and of the connected changes in opera- 
tion amongst the human race at that time (with the allusions to it 
in Scripture), its corresponding symbols of divine dealings, and 
its visible and historical opposition to all idolatry, — these con- 
siderations, too wide to be given here, show in detail special 
connections between this structure and others built for the sake 
of their connected symbolism as well as for utility, and with the 
same cubit for their unit of measure — e. g., the Ark of Noah, the 
Tabernacle of Moses, the Temple of Solomon, and the one spe- 
cified prophetically by Ezekiel. — See above, p. 65, 66. 

SECT. 6.— Its Geographic place. 

*A. It is the centre of the measured area of human energies in 
the old hemisphere (throughout the period of that monument's 
presence), by a radius of the significant length of just one-tenth 

* The facts marked by asterisks have not been published previously. 



HISTORY OF ANCIENT EGYPT. 135 

of a great circle of the earth : the definition north and south has 
meanings, indeed, but that of east and west is palpable and im- 
pressive. Moreover, this circle northward sweeps exactly to the 
verge of the habitable earth, as defined in God's covenant with 
Noah, and previously in the Scriptural account of the prepara- 
tion of the Cosmos — uninterrupted alternation of day and night 
throughout each year. 

* B. That it is on the circle of terrestrial maxima in relation 
to man. That is to say, by its latitude (an idea independently 
betokened in its structure) it marks the dividing line between 
the two diverse meteorologic zones of this hemisphere : also the 
maximum of air {i.e., greatest mean barometric height, about 
100 sacred cubits more air of surface density than at 30° north 
or south) : also the maximum length of land, 114 equatorial 
degrees in the old hemisphere, and 137i in the whole circle of 
the pyramid latitude, including the American hemisphere. This 
length of land is beyond that of every other latitude on the earth. 
Further, by specific angular measures, east and west of the pyra- 
mid, both the maximum of mountain range is noted, and the 
maxLQium points or debouchements into or without deltas of the 
four rivers (including the Jordan at the pyramid date, and of 
the prophetic future), having a maximum of importance in con- 
nection with the energies of intellectual man, from the Deluge 
to the end. 

The higher ideas which gather up and connect the foregoing 
apparently diverse facts and references into a harmonious 
system, with a unity of signification, cannot be usefully sub^ 
jected to the rigorous compression implied in a synoptic view. 

Note. — The foregoing synopsis is by W. Petrie, who, in acceding to 
our request for it, desires us to say that his investigations and results are 
the consequence of his following the clue supplied by Professor C. Piazzi 
Bmyth, after the latter had brought the light of modem science to bear 
more fully on the ideas originated by John Taylor of London, recognising 
the Holy Scriptures as being words from the Creator, irrespectively of 
human intellect, and yet in perfect harmony with all that is true in modern 
science. 

See 'Life and Work at the Great Pyramid,' 3 vols., with plates. 



The facts marked by asterisks have not been published previously. 



136 FACTS AND DATES. 

Also ' Antiquity of Intellectual Man/ 1 vol., with a diagram, comparing 
the architectural remains, from the earliest example, onward through 
each century, in various countries : both by Professor C. Piaz2d Smyth, 
F.E S., &c.. Astronomer - Eoyal for Scotland (Edmonston & Douglas, 
Edinburgh). 

• See also * Plates and Notes on Stmctures called Pjo-amids,' 1 vol. fol., 
a valuable illustrated work, by St John Vincent Day, C.E., Glasgow 
(Hamilton & Adams, London). 

And * The Monumental History of Egypt,' by William Osburn. An 
eminently trustworthy work (Trlibner & Co., London). 

Of the true method of interpretation of that unique monument — given 
in the three first named of these works, and here condensed — the germ, so 
speedily fruitful, was found in a work entitled ' The Great Pyramid, Why 
was it Built, and Who Built it?' 1860 (second edition, 1864), by John 
Taylor, London. 

SECT. 1. — Egypt from tlie Earliest Time to tlie Reign of the 
Shepherd Kings (B.C. 2550-1900). 

B.C. 

2800. Tlie Universal Deluge, as indicated \yj the Great 
Pyramid of Jeezeli (Professor C. P. Smyth), 
the floods arise, the world expires. 

2552.* Confusion of Tongues, and Dispersion of [N'ations. 
\la.e families leave the land of ih.&v[ fathers. 

2550. Colonisation of Egypt and Canaan by the descend- 
ants of Ham. 
a family lands in the lonely west. 

2534. Babylon founded by Nimrod. 

d. famous lawless hunter established it. 

2500. China colonised : the Hia dynasty begins B.C. 2200. 
2l family learns th.e way to " Cathay. ^^ 

2481. On, or HeliopoHs, the first city in Egypt, built by 
the colonists, and dedicated to the setting sun. 
the first settlers erect their capital. 

2473. Hebron, the first city in Palestine, erected by the 
Canaanites. 
the first settlement in Palestine was Hebron. 



* In Sections 1, 2, 3, we follow the chronology of the monuments, as 
deduced by Mr W. Osburn in his elaborate ' Monumental History of 
Egypt.' 



HISTORY OF ANCIENT EGYPT. 137 

K.C. 

2467. Zoan or Tanis, Bubastis, and Mendes erected in the 
eastern delta, seven years after Hebron. 
its first king was a native of Zoan. 

2460. The worship of Adam, IToah, Ham, and Mizraim 
established in Egypt about this time, 
their first superstition, ancestral worship. 

2458. The Median, or first human dynasty of Eerosus, 
begins in Chaldaea. 
a dynasty of Scythians in league with Aryans. 

2429. Menes crosses the Mle, defeats the Phutim, builds 
Memphis, and establishes the first dynasty 
of kings. 
founding of the hingdom by a dynasty of Tanites. 

2421. Second dynasty (contemporary with the first) begins 
at Sebennytus, in the eastern delta : Bochus 
the first king. 
founded Sebennytus, o. famous city. 

2403. Thoth or Athotes, one of the early settlers, invents 
hieroglyphics at Heliopolis."^ 
the first system of writing was hieroglyphic. 

2401. Cechous (second king of second dynasty) introduces 
animal worship, 
the first to establish the worship of bulls. 

2397. Psemempses (fifth king of first dynasty) begins to 
assume the title of Pharaoh. 
t\iQ first to hold the title oi Pharaoh. 

2329. Aches founds the third, dynasty at Memphis, 
his fame is handed down by tradition. 

2236. Sephuris (eighth king of third dynasty) unites the 
rival crowns of Egypt, and establishes the 
worship of Apis. 
famed as the founder of Egyptian unity. 

2228. Soris begins the fourth dynasty at Memphis, 
famed as the first deified ruler. 

„ Usercheres I. builds Abydos, and founds there the 
fifth dynasty (contemporary with the fourth), 
ih.e founder oi t\ie fifth dynasty a rebel. 

* Here he erectea numerous obelisks, one of which was Cleopatra's Needle (p. 320). 



138 FACTS AND DATES. 

B.C. 

2170. Suphis (Cteops), aided by Pliilites, a shepherd- 
prince, builds the Great Pyramid at Jeezeh. 
its founder characterised by 'profound wisdom. 

2147. Sephres, or Chephrenes (third king of fifth dynasty), 
builds the second pyramid, and fabricates 
the Sphynx. 
^Q famous huilder of the second pyramid. 

2130. Mencheres,* son of Sephres, attempts to collect the 
scattered limbs of Osiris (Mizraim), and to 
establish the worship of Osiris over all Egypt : 
a great religious war ensues, which continues 
for a century, 
the first coloniser of Egypt worshipj^ed. 



* The history of Egypt, on the death of Mencheres, becomes involved 
and obscure in the highest degree. Duiing the fierce and long-continued 
civil war which his religious reforms gave rise to, the archives of the king- 
dom were imperfectly kept ; the authoritative temple-lists of the kings 
presented numerous gaps, which were filled in at an after period without 
regard to historical accuracy. For the glorification of Egypt, and to 
make its antiquity appear greater than that of any other kingdom, whole 
dynasties came to be inserted into these lacunce; hence to the modern 
historian the confusion at this period is utterly hopeless. It appears, 
however, that several rival dynasties reigned at the same time in difter- 
ent parts of the land. Thus, the sixth, seventh, and eighth dynasties 
reigned at Memphis, if they reigned at all ; the ninth and tenth certainly 
reigned at Sebennytus (Heracleopolis), in Lower Egypt, at the very time 
that the eleventh and twelfth governed Upper Egypt. The monarchs of 
both Egypts were the lineal descendants of Menes, the first king, but 
were at deadly variance with each other. The kings of Heracleopolis de- 
termined to preserve the ancient religion uncorrupted, while the Theban 
monarchs, with equal determination, sought to make all Egypt adhere to 
the reforms of Mencheres. The Sebennyte Pharaohs were generally the 
losers, until at last (near the end of the tenth dynasty) they were hem- 
med in on all sides, and confined to one solitary province. In this crisis 
of their fortunes they sought to enter into alliances with the Canaanitish 
and Phoenician princes, whose territories lay on their north-eastern fron- 
tier. Othoes, for example, the last king of the tenth dynasty, was the 
father of Saites or Salates, the founder of the sixteenth dynasty. Saites 
gave his daughter in marriage to Moeris, who appears to have been one of 



HISTORY OF ANCIENT EGYPT. 139 

B.C. 

2107. Senuclieres, first king of eleventh dynasty, succeeds 
Mencheres at Abydos, and founds Coptos. 
the founder of Coptos, west of tlie Nile. 

2059. Menthesuphis (second king of eleventh dynasty) 
founds Thebes, in Upper Egypt, 
its /awe excelled all other (cities). 

2003. Achthoes (sixth king of eleventh dynasty) founds 
Eilethja and Crocodilopolis. 
Yiis, famous wars yielded laixa glory. 

2000. The Pelasgi arrive in Greece about this time. 
2b family wends its way westward. 

1984. Abraham visits Egypt, and aids Achthoes in forming 
a treaty with his rival to terminate the re- 
ligious war. 
a celebrated treaty is ratified in Egypt. 

1980. Abraham teaches the King of Egypt the true chrono- 
logy, after which the inscriptions bear the 
name of the year and month. 
Abraham teaches them to reckon by years. 



the princes of Canaan. By his aid Saites overcame the Upper Egyptian 
Pharaoh, Amenemes III. (also known as Amimtomeus), and captured 
Memphis, one of his capitals. After a brief peace, war again broke out, 
and Saites, with his son-in-law, took first Abydos, and afterwards Croco- 
dilopolis, from the rival dynasty, whom they ultimately expelled from 
Thebes and Upper Egypt. Seeing that these victories were obtained by 
the aid of the nomadic princes of Canaan, Saites and his descendants were 
for ages afterwards stigmatised as the Htcsos or Shepherd Kings, and 
every imaginable barbarity attributed to them. The monuments demon- 
strate, however, that both these representations were foul calumnies. In 
place of being foreigners and shepherds, they were better entitled to the 
throne of Egypt than their rivals of Upper Egypt ; and in place of being 
barbarians, their names will bear favourable comparison with the wisest 
and best sovereigns that ever occupied the Egyptian throne. The Chris- 
tian feels a deeper interest in these so-called Shepherd Kings than in any 
other Egyptian dynasty, as it was to them that Phiops belonged, the 
patron of Joseph and the friend of Israel. 



140 FACTS AND DATES. 

B.C. 

1965. Amenemes (seventh and last king of eleventli dy- 
nasty) captures MempMs, and makes Thebes 
the capital of Egypt, 
a hold attempt to unify the land. 

1919. Sesortosis I., son of Amenemes, "begins the twelfth 
dynasty at Thebes, 
the building of temples begins at Thebes. 

1916. Sesortosis expels the Cushites from Nubia, or re- 
duces them to slavery, 
the celebrated tablet of Abydos mentions it. 

1877. Amenemes 11. succeeds Sesortosis at Thebes, 
a celebrated reign oi 2^'^osperity and jpeace. 

1868. Sesortosis II. succeeds Amenemes. 
brief records of an inglorious reign. 

1829. Sesortosis III. slaiu in the hour of victory at Semneh. 
a celebrated ruler falls in Ethiopia. 

1815. Amenemes III. (Amuntimaeus) expelled from Mem- 
j)his by Saites of Sebennytus, son of Othoes. 
the celebrated ruler who built the labyrinth. 



SECT. 2.— From the Shepherd Kings to the Exodus of the 
Israelites (B.C. 1900-1554). 

B.C. 

1900. Saites (son of Othoes of the tenth dynasty) begins 
the sixteenth dynasty at Heliopolis, and 
wages war with Amuntimasus, of the twelfth 
dynasty, at Thebes, 
his celebrated victories ivin our admiration. 

1887. Saites solicits aid from Mceris, a Phoenician prince. 
calls to the rescue an Arvadite prince. 

1886. Moeris marries Saites' daughter, and captures Mem- 
phis from Amuntimaeus. 
the courageous Arvadite recovers Memphis. 

1884. Syphoas introduces the common letters into Egypt. 
characters representing articulate sounds. 

1882. Probable date of the death of Abraham and Job. 
Abraham receives the reward of his faithfulness. 



HISTORY OF ANCIENT EGYPT. 141 

B.O. 

1872. Saites and Moeris seize Abydos in Upper Egypt, 
they capture the ^^ resting place of the dead." 

1851. Moeris succeeds Saites, captures Crocodilopolis, ex- 
cavates Lake Moeris, and completes the un- 
finished labyrinth. 
a celebrated reservoir and labyrinth completed by him. 

1816. Phiops or Aphophis, son of Moeris, crowned King 
of Lower Egypt, while Moeris reigns in 
Upper Egypt. 
a celebrated ruler is crowned at Memphis. 

1791. Joseph sold as a slave by his brethren, 
his brethren persecute the type of Christ. 

1778. Joseph becomes Prime Minister of Pharaoh Aphophis. 
a captive promoted to princely rule. 

1777. The seven years of plenty begin in Egypt, probably 
owing to the bursting of an immense lake in 
Ethiopia (Osburn). 
corn is produced in prodigious quantities. 

1769. Jacob and his family migrate into Egypt in the 54th 
year of the reign of Aphophis, and 215th 
after the visit of Abraham, 
the covenant people are nourished and trained. 

1759. Death of Phiops, the patron of Joseph, ten years 
after the immigration of the Israelites. 
a celebrated 'prince, liberal and tolerant. 

1742. Melaneres, son of Phiops, takes Thebes from the 
Upper Egyptians, and becomes sole monarch 
of all Egypt. 
a bright epoch in the shepherd dynasty. 

1708. Death of Melaneres : Jannes and Asses succeed him 
as co-regents, the former governing Lower 
Egypt, and the latter Upper Egypt, 
his children quarrel about who is to reign. 

1698. Death of Joseph during the regency of Jannes and 



his body embalmed for the time of release. 



142 FACTS AND DATES. 

B.C. 

1690. Asses defeated by Amosis, King of Thebes (eighteentb 
dynasty), and Memphis taken from the 
Shepherd Kings, who retire to the Delta, and 
make Succoth their capital : end of the 
Shepherd dynasty. 
capture of Memphis by a Thehan warrior. 

1674. Amosis liaving expelled the Shepherd Elings from 
Memphis, begins the eighteenth dynasty at 
Thebes, 
the hold Amosis 'pursues the shepherds. 

1662. The Shepherd Kings, after losing Memphis, retire to 
Arvad (the Delta), where they make Xois 
or Succoth their capital, and begin the four- 
teenth or Xoite dynasty, contemporary with 
the eighteenth and nineteenth dynasties, 
the capture of Memphis a mighty disaster to them. 

1659. Armais (eighth king of eighteenth dynasty) defeated 
by the Phutim, who capture Thebes, and 
place a mulatto on the throne of Upper 
Egypt. 
black -skinned nations in league against Thebes. 

1657. Amenophis (Menmon), son of Armais, marries the 
daughter of the negro king reigning east of 
the I^ile, and unites the two crowns. 
betrothes a negro lady for policy. 

1655. Eameses I. expels the negro population east of the 
Nile, and begins the nineteenth dynasty"^ at 
Thebes. 
compels the negroes to leave the land. 

1646. Sethos I., son of Eameses, aids the Xoite king against 
the Hittites, Amorites, and Moabites, who 
have invaded the Delta. 
compels the invaders to sue for mercy. 



* The honour of founding a new dynasty was frequently conferred on 
a king who had greatly benefited his country. A new dynasty, there- 
fore, in Ancient Egypt, did not always imply a different /ami7^ from that 
previously reigning. 



HISTORY OF ANCIENT EGYPT. 143 

B.C. 

1644. Sethos succeeds in expelling the invaders, and re- 
ceives as his reward six cities in the Delta 
from the Xoite king. 
cedes a number of strongholds to Sethos. 

„ Eameses II. (Sesostris), son of Sethos I., succeeds to 
the throne, 
the cricel monarch who knew not Joseph (Exod. i. 21). 

1639. Siphtha, the infant Xoite king, espoused to Thou- 
oris, the daughter of Eameses II., it being 
stipulated that, until the death of Eameses, 
Siphtha is to govern the Delta as a Viceroy, 
after which he is to succeed to the throne of 
Egypt. 
claims by marriage the Egyptian throne. 

1635. Eameses II. begins to oppress the Israelites, now 
reduced to slavery. 
cities multiply in Egypt by their labours. 

1634. Birth of Moses, who is rescued by Queen Thouoris. 
birth of Moses, the Hebrew lawgiver. 

1629. Amenephthes, a younger brother of Thouoris, ascends 
the throne of Egypt, in violation of the stipu- 
lation above specified, but reigns only five 
years, 
the covenant was made in. favour of Thouoris. 

1624. Thouoris and Siphtha become joint monarchs in 
Egypt : being childless, they propose to inau- 
gurate Moses as their successor on the throne, 
but Moses refuses, 
the childless monarch adopts a son. 

1614. Thouoris devolves the entire government on her 

husband, and retires to Thebes, the Upper 

Egyptian capital, after appointing Sethos II., 

infant son of Amenephthes, as her successor. 

the choice of Moses causes this sorrow. 

1604. Siphtha, Eegent of all Egypt, rules the land mildly, 
and treats the Israelites with clemency : 



144 FACTS AND DATES. 

B.C. 

Moses resides at Eameses, a Prince of the 
court of SipMlia. 
the clemency and mercy of a Xoite Mng. 

1593. Moses slays an Egyptian taskmaster, and flees for 
safety to Midian. 
courageously levels a taskmaster of Egypt. 

1587. Death of Siphtha, and accession of Sethos II. to the 
throne : he greatly oppresses the Israelites. 
cruelty and lust his reigning propensities. 

1582. The chronology of the Arundelian Marbles begins. 
contain a lengthened record of dates. 

1556. Cecrops, an Egyptian, arrives in Attica, and founds 
Athens. 
Cecrops leaves the land of Mizrairn. 

„ Moses returns from Midian with a message from God 
to Pharaoh : Pharaoh's heart is hardened, 
he comes to the lo7^d of the land with a message. 

1554. Exodus of the Israelites from Egypt (430 years after 
the visit of Abraham), embracing 4,000,000 
of people, 
the hondmen leave the land of their sojourn. 

„ Sethos II., with the flower o.f the Egyptian army, 
is drowned in the Red Sea. 
the cruel lord of the land is smitten. 

1553. The whole of the inhabitants of Lower Egypt, smit- 
ten with the terror of the Lord, flee to 
ISTubia and Ethiopia, 
the curse of the Lord on the land is heavy. 

1552. The inhabitants of Canaan, terrified at the approach 
of Israel, migrate in multitudes into the de- 
serted Delta, and thus effect a second Shep- 
herd invasion (the invasion of the Solymites): 
they form the twentieth dynasty, 
the Canaanites learn what the Lord has done. 



HISTORY OF ANCIENT EGYPT. 145 



SECT, 3.— From tlie Exodus to the death of Alexander the 
Great (B.C. 1554-323). 

B.C. 

1518. The fifth or Arabian dynasty of Berosiis expel the 
Cushites from Chaldsea. 
Chaldoea at last conquered by Arabians. 

1516. Amenophis II., a descendant of Sethos II., returns 
from Ethiopia with a great army, expels the 
Solymites from the Delta, and founds the 
twenty-first dynasty. 
comes to the land of his cruel ancestors. 

1514. Death of Moses in the land of Moab. 
buried by the Lord beyond the Jordan. 

„ The Israelites cross the Jordan and enter Canaan. 
observe, they were led into Canaan by Joshua. 

1490. Death of Joshua : date of oldest papyri extant. 
courageous Joshua, a type of Christ. 

1453. First celebration of the Olympic Games. 
competitors strive at the Olympic Games. 

1405. Othniel becomes the first Judge of Israel, 
a brave judge wins his laurels. 

1396. Era of the first jubilee in Canaan. 
blow the gladsome trumpet now. 

1387. The Hellenes enter Greece, and expel thePelasgi. 
the brave Hellenes rout the Pelasgi. 

1273. Ninus founds the sixth or Assyrian dynasty in 
Chaldaea. 
a Cushite dynasty of princes govern it. 

„ Tyre built by a colony of Sidonians. 

the beautiful daughter of ^^ Zidon the Great." 

1250. The Argonautic expedition to Colchis, under JasoiL 
a baoid of adventurers leave for the Euxine. 

1245. Gideon saves Israel from the yoke of Midian. 
a curious dream saves the land. 

1194. The Trojan war begins. 

a. band of confederates for T7'oy sets out. 



146 FACTS AND DATES. 

lisV. Birth of Samuel. 

a child chosen of God for the priesthood. 

1113. Tiglath-pileser I., King of Assyria, invades Egypt. 
conquers Babylonia, Cappadocia, and Egypt. 

1100. Most ancient Egyptian mummy known to exist (de- 
posited in the Leeds Museum). 
the body bituminised exists for ages. 

1095. Saul anointed first king of Israel. 

they choose a young and tall leader (1 Sam. xi. 11). 

1085. Twenty-first dynasty begins in Zoan (Lower Egypt), 
considerably extend their rule in the land, 

1055. David anointed king in Hebron. 

they crown the youth whom the Lord loves. 

1014. Solomon marries the daughter of Sheshouk (Shishak). 
betroths a wife of coloured shin. 

1009. The twenty-second or Syrian dynasty begins at 
Bubastis. 
a bold warrior's exploits in Bthiojna. 

980. Jeroboam escapes from Solomon to Shishak. 
takes refuge in exile. 

971. Shishak captures Jerusalem, and plunders the Temple. 
vast plunder is acquired. 

942. Zorah the Ethiopian (Osorkhon I.) invades Judah. 
the triumph of Asa's faith (2 Chron. xiv. 11). 

889. Twenty-third dynasty reigns at Zoan (Tanis). 
rulers reigning at Tanis. 

853. Carthage founded by a Tyrian colony, 
her rui7is lie in heaps. 

794. Twenty-fourth dynasty begins with Bocchoris at Sais. 
perishes by an Ethiopian king. 

786. Egypt establishes her supremacy over the Mediter- 
ranean. 
proudly rules the Ifediterraman. 

753. Eome founded by Eomulus. 

its position learned by augury. 
74.9. Twenty-fifth dynasty begins with Sabaco (Shebek I.) 

the ''Prince oi Kesh" an Ethiopian. 



HISTORY OF ANCIENT EGYPT. 147 

B.C. 

724. Hoshea, King of Israel, asks aid from Sliebek II. (So), 
for aid from So. 



723. Tirhakah, the Ethiopian, succeeds Shebek II. 
proffers aid to Hezekiah, 

721. The Ten Tribes carried captive into Assyria. 

Ephraim departs into captivity (2 Kings xvii. 6). 

710. Tirhakah marches agt. Sennacherib, King of Assyria. 
Pharaoh is beaten in the war. 

709. Sennacherib invades Egypt. 

Si. pestilence wastes his troops. 

685. Egypt is divided into twelve kingdoms. 
many rulers in the land. 

664. Psammeticiis establishes twenty-sixth dynasty at Sais. 
united under one sceptre. 

631. Psammeticus besieges Ashdod twenty-nine years, and 
takes it from the Assyrians, 
the monarch of Egypt captures it. 

625. Nineveh destroyed : Saracus burns himself to death. 
Nineveh destroyed by the allies. 

612. Pharaoh Necho, aided by a Phoenician fleet, circum- 
navigates the continent of Africa. 

Necho circumnavigates Africa. 

611. Pharaoh IsTecho attempts to unite the Eed Sea and 
Mediterranean. 
Necho cuts a canal. 

610. Josiah, King of Judah, marches against !N'echo, who 
is on his way to the Euphrates, 
at Megiddo he is badly wounded (2 Kings xxiii. 29). 

605. !N"echo defeated by ]N'ebuchadnezzar : Judsea overrun, 
and Jerusalem taken. 

Nebuchadnezzar wastes the land. 

595. Psammeticus 11. succeeds his father, !N"echo. 
lays Ethiopia low. 

5S9. Pharaoh-Hophra ascends the throne of Egypt. 
elated by a round of triumplis. 



148 FACTS AND DATES. 

B.C. 

588. Jewish. Captivity : the Temple destroyed. 
the Lord^s residence in ruiTis. 

586. iN'ebuchadnezzar ovemins Egypt, and takes Thebes. 

laid in ruins by Nebuchadnezzar. 

581. Pharaoh-Hophra deposed by Nebuchadnezzar. 
lost his army at Gyrene. 

569. Nebuchadnezzar makes Amasis King of Egypt. 

he elevates Amasis to the throne. 

554. Solon visits Egypt. 

the illustrious legislator at Sais. 

536. Pythagoras visits Egypt. 

learns the Egyptian mysteries. 

535. Cyrus the elder makes Egypt tributary to the Persians. 
(Cyrus) the elder governs the land. 

525. Cambyses invades Egypt, and establishes the twenty- 
seventh dynasty, 
the land is devastated by his legions. 

515. Dedication of the Second Temple, 
they loudly Hess the Lord. 

490. The Persians invade Greece : Battle of Marathon, 
a strange event in war. 

487. Egypt revolts against Darius Hystaspes. 
the Tcingdom revolts against the Persians, 

484. Xerxes speedily represses the revolt, 
he suppresses the revolt with ease. 

461. Herodotus of Halicarnassus visits Egypt. 

stores of knowledge are collected, 
458. Inarus revolts against Artaxerxes I. 

a successful leader of revolt. 
448. The Persians suppress the revolt, and make Egypt a 
satrapy. 

satraps suppress the revolt. 
416. Age of the prophet Malachi. 

the Scriptures conclude with Malachi. 

414. Egypt independent : the twenty-eighth dynasty be- 
gins with Amyrteeus. 
established his capital at Bai^, 



HISTORY OF ANCIENT EGYPT. 149 

B.C. 

403. Aclioris, of the twenty-nintli dynasty, repulses a Per- 
sian attack. 
assisted by auxiliaries from Greece. 

401. Battle of Cunaxa : death of Cyrus the Younger. 
Xenophon joined the ^^ expedition of Gyrus.^^ 

387. IlTectaneho I. ascends the throne : peace of Antalcidas. 
Greece recognises Persian (supremacy). 

373. JSTectaneho defends the land against the Persians, 
the Greeks proved hostile. 

362. Tachos, of the thirtieth dynasty, invades Asia, in con- 
cert with the Athenians and Lacedemonians. 
GreeTc mercenaries aid hiTn. 

353. Artaxerxes Ochus invades Egypt : iNTectanebo II. ends 
the thirtieth dynasty. 
Egypt loses her greatness. 

332. Alexander the Great conquers Egypt, and builds 
Alexandria, 
the " gem " of the herd's diadem. 

323. Death of Alexander at Babylon, 
the hero dies in agony. 



SECT. 4. — From the Death of Alexander to the Conquest of Egypt 
by the Romans (B.C. 323-30). 

B.C. 

321. Partition of the empire of Alexander between Ptolemy 
Soter, Seleucus, Antipater, and Antigonus : 
Ptolemy receives Egypt, 
his generals divide his conquests. 

320. Ptolemy takes Jerusalem, and leads 100,000 Jews 
captive, 
the Egyptians force them into exile. 

314. Antigonus wrests Palestine, Phoenicia, and Coele- Syria 
from Egypt. 
Egypt curtailed sadly. 

311. Ptolemy recovers Phoenicia and Judsea, and takes 
many captives. 
a host of bondmen captured. 



150 FACTS AND DATES. 

B.C. 

801. Battle of Ipsus : Antigonus slain : new division of 
tlie empire : Egypt independent. 
a great war concluded. 

285. Ptolemy Philadelplius succeeds Ptolemy Soter. 
a distinguished ruler of tlie land. 

284. The Septnagint translation completed at Alexandria. 
first rendering of the Scriptures. 

283. Ptolemy founds tlie Great Library of Alexandria, 
the /amows repository oi Egypt. 

280. Manetho, a priest of Heliopolis, writes his history of 
Egypt. 
fragments remain of his worh. 

274. Ptolemy Philadelphus sends an embassy to Rome. 
first prer)ionition of subjection. 

264. Rome commences the first Punic War. 
fights the mistress of the sea. 

247. Ptolemy III. (Euergetes) invades Syria. 
defeats Seleucus on the Euphrates. 

222. Ptolemy lY. (Philopater) murders his father, and 
ascends the throne. 
detested for diabolical deeds. 

217. Ptolemy defeats Antiochus at Raphia, and subjects 
Palestine. 
& famous battle in Palestine. 

216. Ptolemy massacres 50,000 Jews at Alexandria. 
di frightful carnage at Alexandria. 

205. Death of Ptolemy Philopater, and accession of Pto- 
lemy Epiphanes. 
his death weaTceiu the land. 

203. Egypt concludes an alliance with Rome. 
fiees to the West for help. 

198. Antiochus the Great recovers Syria and Palestine from 
Egypt. 

a conqueror attacks the realm. 
196. Date of inscription on the famous Rosetta stone, the 
key to the Egyptian hieroglyphics, 
the celebrated trilingual inscHption. 



HISTORY OF ANCIENT EGYPT. 151 

B.C. 

181. Ptolemy VI. (Philoineleo) succeeds his father. 
Cleopatra is regent in his childhood. 

171. Aiitiochus-Epiphanes invades Egypt- 
he captures the principal cities. 

169. Autiochus invades Egypt again : Eome interferes, 
a hand of ambassadors threaten him. 

164. Egypt is divided "between Philometer and his brother 
Physcon. 
their contests menace the kingdom. 

146. Philometer defeats Alexander Balas : is succeeded by 
Ptolemy YII. (Physcon). 
the conqueror killed at Antioch. 

„ The third Punic War : Carthage laid in ruins, 
the Carthaginian kingdom annihilated. 

143. Scipio Africanus visits Egypt, and is received by 
Physcon with great pomp, 
the celebrated Scipio in Egypt. 

131. Physcon divorces Cleopatra, and marries her daughter 
by his brother, 
his brother's heir is cut off. 

129. Physcon flees to Cyprus : murders his sons. 
compelled to demit his authority. 

128. Physcon defeats the Egyptian army, recovers his 
throne, and dies, 
a bloody despot reinstated. 

„ Immense swarms of locusts ravage the land, and bring 
on a deadly pestilence. . 

consume the fruits of the earth. 

107. Cleopatra compels Ptolemy VIII. (Lathyrus) to re- 
turn to Cyprus. 
Cleopatra exiles Ptolemy. 

82. Revolt in Upper Egypt : Thebes destroyed. 

razed to its foundations. 

80. Alexander II. (Ptolemy X.) renders Egypt tributary 
to Eome. 
the way to ruin and extinction. 



152 FACTS AND DATES. 

B.C. 

68. Diodorus Siculus, tlie Greek Hstorian, visits Egypt, 
a writer of immense research. 

58. Alexander expelled : Berenice and Tryphsena reign 
jointly, 
expelled from the land in revenge, 

55. Alexander restored to the throne, 
the exile lands at Alexandria. 

51. Ptolemy XI. (Auletes) reigns with the famous Cleopatra. 
Auletes and Cleopatra. 

49. Auletes expels Cleopatra. 

expels his spouse from the throne. 

48. Julius Csesar aids Cleopatra, and burns Alexandria. 

Julius's revenge. 
47. Auletes defeated and drowned : Ptolemy XII. and 
Cleopatra, his sister, reign. 

the wicked hing perishes. 

44. Cleopatra poisons her brother : Caesar is murdered at 
Eome. 
she wickedly slays the hing. 

42. Mark Antony summons Cleopatra to trial for her crime, 
her judge is fascinated by her. 

36. Antony confers Phoenicia, Cyrene, and Cyprus on 
Cleopatra, 
the excited generaVs magnanimity ! 

35. Cleopatra receives from Antony all Asia, from the 
Mediterranean to the Indus, 
the wanton general is lavish. 

31. Battle of Actium : total defeat of Antony and Cleopa- 
tra by Octavius Csesar Augustus, 
a woeful humiliation to Cleopatra. 

30. Augustus enters Egypt : Antony commits suicide, 
the wretched general expires. 

,. Egypt becomes a Eoman province, 
her glory is extinguished. 



HISTORY OF CHALD^A, ASSYRIA, AND BABYLONIA. 153 

CHAP. II. — HISTORY OF CHALD^A, ASSYRIA, AND 
BABYLONIA (B.C. 2500-538.) 

[Our limits forbid any lengthened observations on the history of the 
above-named monarchies, while for the general remarks which follow we 
are largely indebted to Mr Philip Smith's ' Ancient History ; ' London, 
Walton and Maberly, 1864.] 

It cannot as yet be positively determined whether the Nile 
or the Euphrates was the earlier seat of civilisation and empire. 
In all probability, both regions were colonised about the same 
time, shortly after the confusion of tongues — an event which 
we have great confidence in placing about B.C. 2500. Our main 
reason for putting Egypt in advance of Chaldsea is, that the 
existing monuments of the former are greatly more numerous, 
more intelligible, and, generally speaking, in a higher state of 
preservation, than those of the latter. But other considerations, 
and especially those connected with physical geography, would 
lead us to assign the priority to Chaldsea. The basin of the 
Euphrates and Tigris lies greatly nearer the regions first peo- 
pled by iS'oah and his descendants than the valley of the Nile, 
and nearer also to the scene of the confusion of tongues. By 
glancing at a physical map of Asia, it will be readily perceived 
that the two river-basins now mentioned were the only ones 
practically within reach of the earliest emigrants. The valley 
of the Kur, in Transcaucasia, is of very limited extent, with 
its outlets towards the Caspian and the inhospitable plains of 
Siberia ; while the Indus is too remote, and the route thither 
all but impracticable in the infancy of the new world. 

Like the Sahara and the valley of the Nile, the great basin of 
the Euphrates and Tigris lies within the limits of that mighty 
rainless zone which encompasses the Old "World like a girdle. 
Its southern extremity being seven degrees north of the Tropic 
of Cancer, and its length extending to about ten degrees north- 
ward, it is most favourably situated in the north temperate 
zone. The upper or northern half of this immense valley be- 
longs geologically to the Secondary series of rocks, the lower to 
the Tertiary ; but both sections are level and monotonous, and 
well adapted for the display of those gigantic piles of architec- 



154 FACTS AND DATES. 

ture by wMch. the race of Hain delighted to supply the lack of 
striking natural features. Though destitute of rocks and min- 
erals, no country except Egj^pt ever built on a vaster scale — the 
absence of stones being fuUy compensated for by the admirable 
materials supplied everywhere for the manufacture of bricks. 
For ordinary purposes these were hardened by the fierce, burn- 
ing sun ; for permanent structures, the kiln made them as dur- 
able as granite ; while the numerous springs of bitumen yielded 
an admirable cement. All ancient writers extol the surprising 
fertility of this region, which in the time of the Persian empire 
yielded a full third of the royal revenue. The vine, date-palm, 
and numerous other fruit-trees abound ; the cereals are plentiful, 
and here the wheat-plant is indigenous. The main causes of 
this great fertility are the intense heat of summer and the peri- 
odic inundations of its two gigantic rivers. 

Such was the country of which we have the earliest records 
in the Book of Genesis. The two leading facts there recorded 
regarding it are the erection of a city and tower, and the establish- 
ment of a kingdom by Nimrod, the grandson of Ham, and eldest 
son of Gush, his first-born. " The beginning of his 'kingdom 
was Babel, and Erech, and Accad, and Galneh, in the land of 
Shinar. Out of that land he went forth into Assyria {margin) 
and built Nineveh, and the city Rehoboth, and Galah, and 
Eesen between Nineveh and Galah : the same is a great city " 
(Gen. X. 10-12). The marginal reading, as we have given it, is 
doubtless the true one, as it is corroborated by the authentic 
records of history and by the existing monuments of the 
country, both of which unite in making Nimrod a Hamitic 
chief, who laid the foundations of his kingdom by conquering 
the original Semitic occupants of the country. Nimrod and hia 
warriors, and not the early Semitic inhabitants, must there- 
fore be regarded as the " Chaldseans " of the ancient writers, 
notwithstanding the close affinity between the later Babylonian 
tongue and the Hebrew. The original inhabitants of Babylonia, 
in common with those of Assyria, belonged, no doubt, to the 
Semitic stock of nations ; but there is ample evidence that, sub- 
sequent to the invasion of Nimrod, the language of Babylonia 
passed through an immense change. The native historian, 



HISTORY OF CHALD^A, ASSYRIA, AND BABYLONIA. 155 

Berosus, who wrote at Babylon in the reign of Antiochus II. 
(B.C. 261-246), and in whose fragments we have remains of re- 
cords of unknown antiquity, clearly distinguishes the Babylon- 
ians from the Assyrians ; while the cuneiform inscriptions re- 
cently discovered in Lower Mesopotamia, the language of whicli 
is clearly Hamitic, and allied to that of the modern Gallas, con- 
clusively settles the question. 

The upper haK of this great river-basin comprehended Me- 
sopotamia (the region " between the two rivers ") in the west, 
Assyria and Media in the east, and Armenia in the north. The 
lower half embraced Chaldaea, west of the Tigris, and Elam or 
Susiana, east of that river. We can only add that this region 
bears the most marked affinity to the valley of the Nile. Both 
are situated in the rainless zone of the eastern hemisphere ; 
both are watered by the periodic inundations of mighty rivers, 
in consequence of which, and the high summer temperature, 
both were characterised by unrivalled fertility ; both were 
colonised about the same time, and by the same race, in the 
early dawn of antiquity; both were covered with innumer- 
able monuments of art, of colossal dimensions, at a period long 
prior to authentic history except the notices supplied by their 
own inscriptions ; both were in possession of the art of writ- 
ing and of numerous other arts indicative of a very high degree 
of civilisation, ever since the period of their original coloni- 
sation ; and, finally, both countries had their histories written 
by native priests (Berosus and Manetho) who lived about the 
same time, and whose respective annals, written in Greek, and 
confessedly made up of fiction and fact, have been handed down 
to us in scraps and interpolated fragments by Josephus, Euse- 
bius, and other chronographers. 

SECT. 5. — The Chaldsean or Old Babylonian Monarcliy 
(B.C. 2534-1554). 
B.C. 

2800. The universal deluge, as indicated by the Great 
Pyramid, 
the floods arise, the world ex'pires. 
2552. Confusion of tongues, and dispersion of nations. 
the/a?n.^7^es leave the land of their /a^Aers. 



156 FACTS AND DATES. 

B.C. 

2534. Babylon founded by Mmrod, a descendant of Ham. 

a famous lawless hunter established it. 
2458. The Median or first human dynasty of Berosus. 

a dynasty of Scythians in league with Aryans. 
2429. Menes crosses the ^N'ile, and builds Memphis. 

founding of tlie kingdom by a dynasty of Tanites. 
2401. Cechous introduces animal worship into Egj^pt. 

the first to establish the vmrship of bulls. 
2234. Alleged beginning of Chaldaean astronomy (Gates). 
first daicn of astronomical science. 

2170. Suphis, aided by the advice of Philitis, a Shepherd 
prince, iDuilds the Great Pyramid at Jeezeh. 

lis, founder characterised \)Y irrofound wisdom. 

2059. Menthesuphis founds Thebes, in Upper Egypt, 
its/ame excelled all other (cities). 

2100. Guneiform writing in use in Ghaldsea. 

first commencement of cuneiform waiting. 

1980. Abraham migrates from Ur of the Ghaldees to 
Canaan, and afterwards to Egypt. 
A braham teaches them to reckon by years. 

1976. The Ghaldaean or Gushite dynasty of Berosus begins. 

Chaldcean tyrants plague the land. 
1974. Ghedorlaomer reduces Sodom to subjection. 

Chedorlaomer vanquishes the pentapolis of Siddira. 
1965. Amenemes captures Memphis, and makes Thebes his 
capital 

a bold attempt to unify the land. 

1960. Ghedorlaomer's second expedition to Sodom: Lota 
captive. 

Abraham valiantly marches to the war. 
1900. The Shepherd Kings begin to reign at Heliopolis. 

their celebrated victories win our admiration. 
1897. Destruction of the Gities of the Plain. 

brimstone ruins the vile pentapolis. 
1882. Death of Abraham. 

Abraham receives the reward oi his faithfulness. 
1851. Moeris, King of Egypt, excavates Lake Moeris. 

a celebrated reservoir and labyrinth completed by him. 



HISTORY OF CHALD^A, ASSYRIA, AND BABYLONIA. 157 
B.C. 

1849. The Temple of Kileh-Shergat, near the Tigris, erected. 
a building erected by an Assyrian viceroy. 

1816. Phiops, son of Moeris, and patron of Joseph, reigns 
in Lower Egypt. 
a celebrated ruler crowned at Memphis. 

1791. Joseph carried captive into Egypt. 

his brethren persecute the type of Christ. 

1769. Jacob and his family migrate into Egypt. 

the covenant people are nourished and trained. 

1698. Death of Joseph in Egypt. 

his body embalmed against the time of release. 

1674. Amosis expels the Shepherd Kings from Memphis, 
the bold Amosis pursues the shepherds. 

1634. Birth of Moses. 

birth of Moses the Hebrew lawgiver. 

1593. Moses slays an Egyptian, and flees to Midian. 
courageously levels a taskmaster of Egypt. 

1582. The chronology of the Arundelian Marbles begins. 
contain a lengthened record of dates. 

1556. Cecrops, an Egyptian, builds Athens. 
Cecrops leaves the land of Mizraim. 

1518. The fifth or Arabian dynasty of Eerosus commences. 
Chaldcea at last is conquered by Arabs. 

1554. Exodus of the Israelites from Egypt. 

the bondmen leave the land of their sojourn. 

SECT. 6. — The Assyrian Monarchy (B.C. 1273-625). 

1273. The sixth or Assyrian dynasty begins with Ninus. 
a Cu^hite dynasty of princes governs it. 

1184. The faU of Troy. 

brave Achilles razes Ilium. 

1155. Birth of Samson. 

a child is born to liberate the land (Judges xiii. 24). 

1113. Tiglath-pileser I. begins to reign, according to the 
cylinder of Kileh-Shergat. 
conqiiers Babylonia, Cappadocia, and Egypt. 



158 FACTS AND DATES. 

B.C. 

1109. Merodacli-adan-akhi, King of Babylonia, invades 

Assyria, 
a Babylonian conqueror wastes his territory. 

1100. The Chow dynasty in China founded. 
legins the Chow dynasty in China. 

1046. Asshur-bani-pal, the last powerful king of Assyria.* 

closes a whole series of emperors. 

1004. Dedication of Solomon's Temple. 

accept our willing work, Jehovah ! (1 Kings viii. 22.) 

975. Death of Solomon, and dismemberment of the empire. 

the tribes petition for liberty (1 Kings xii. 4). 

892. Sardanapalus I. (Asshur-dani-pal) builds magnificent 
palaces, 
works of art of vast dimensions (Ph. Smith). 

876. Shalmanubar (Shalmaneser I. ) succeeds Sardanapalus. 
erects a pillar with an inscription (Ph. Smith). 

864. Shalmanubar defeats Eenhadad II. in three battles. 
routs the monarch of Syria (Ph. Smith). 

859. Shalmanubar defeats Hazael, and subdues Syria. 
renders his land tributary (Ph. Smith). 

851. Death of Shalmanubar, and accession of Shamas-Iva. 
his exploits are recorded on a large obelisk (Ph. Smith). 

831. Iva-lush III., Avith Semiramis, reign about this time, 
the records of their age are obscure (Ph. Smith). 

826. Jonah the prophet sent to threaten Mneveh. 
ruin is doomed to Nineveh (Jonah i. 2). 

771. Pul invades Israel under Menahem. 

pays to Pul a contribution (2 Kings xv. 19). 

753. Building of Eome by Eomulus. 
its 23lace was learned by augict^y. 

747. Tiglath-pileser II. establishes the seventh or Lower 
Assyrian dynasty. 
Pileser the Second is prince (Ph. Smith). 

„ Nabonassar ascends the throne of Babylon ; " Era 
of ^abonassar." 
a primitive astronomical epoch. 

* The Assyrian canon commenceSj according to Piawlinsoii, B.C. 9usJi 



HISTORY OF CHALDJIA, ASSYRIA, AND BABYLONIA. lo9 
B.C. 

741. Ahaz, King of Judah, asks aid from Tiglath against 
Syria. 
propitiates the Assyrian with, a bribe (2 Kings xvi. 7). 

740. Tiglath slays Eesin, King of Syria, invades Gilead, 
and carries the inhabitants into captivity. 
part of the Israelites are exiled (2 Kings xvi. 7). 

729. Shalmaneser II. succeeds Tiglath-pileser. 

this prince follows Tiglath. 
724. Shalmaneser invades Israel and besieges Samaria. 

a prolonged defence at Samaria. 
721. Shalmaneser carries Israel into captivity. 

Ephraim departs into captivity (2 Kings xvii. 6). 

721. Sennacherib (Sargon* of the monuments) succeeds 
Shalmaneser, his father. 
Ephraim' s deportation is claimed by him (Ph. Smith). 

719. Sennacherib marches against Babylon, and sets 
Merodach-Baladan on the throne. 
appoints Baladan to the throv,e. 

715. Sennacherib defeats the Philistines in the great 
battle at Eephia. 
the Philistine cities are levelled. 

714. Sennacherib takes Tyre, Ashdod, and Cyprus. 
places Cyprus in subjection. 

713. Sennacherib invades Judah under Hezekiah, but 
returns unsuccessful to Mneveh. 
\-iQ places his co^ifidence in God (Is. xxxvii. 20). 



* In modern times Sargon is usually regarded as a usiu'per who ascended 
the Assyrian throne during Shalmaneser's absence in Syria and Gilead, and 
erased his predecessor's name from the monuments, substituting his own 
name in its place. Others, with more propriety, regard Sargon as merely 
another name for either Shalmaneser or his son Sennacherib. Others stUl 
think Sargon must have reigned for a very short period between Shalman- 
eser and Sennacherib ; but for such a reign there is clearly no room in the 
history. The only possible solution that we can see is to regard Sargon 
as identical with Sennacherib. In favour of this hypothesis is the fact 
that, according to Isaiah xxi. 1, Tartan is Sargon's General, while by 
2 Kings xviii. 17, he is Sennacherib's General. Whoever he was, he 
reigned nineteen years, according to the monuments. 



160 FACTS AND DATES. 

B.C. 

713. Transparent glass manufactured in Assyria. 
pottery and bottles of glass (Ph. Smith). 

712. Merodach-Baladan, King of Babylon, sends messen- 
gers to Hezekiah. 
z, prophecy of the coming departure (2 Kings xx. 13). 

710. Eabshakeh sent by Sennacherib against Jerusalem. 
pronounces blasphemous words (2 Kings xviii. 35). 
„ Tirbakah, King of Egypt, marcbes to Lacbisb against 
Sennacberib. 
Pharaoh is beaten in the war (2 Kings xix. 8). 

709. Sennacberib carries away 200,000 Jewisb captives, 
a part is exiled to the Tigris. 

702. Sennacberib subdues Babylonia, removes Merodach- 
Baladan, and sets up Belibus as Viceroy, 
its Prince is wantonly dethroned. 

699. Merodach endeavours, with the aid of the King of 
Susiana, to recover the throne, but is defeated. 
Merodach' s attempts are in vain. 

680. Sennacherib murdered by two of his sons : his other 
son, Esarhaddon, becomes king of Assyria and 
Babylonia, 
the mighty ruler executed (2 Kings xix. 37). 

677. Esarhaddon (Asnapper of Scripture, and the Asshur- 
akh-iddina of the inscriptions) transports 
heathen colonists into Samaria, and carries 
Manasseh, King of Judah, to Babylon. 
Medes and Persians in Ephraim (Ezra iv. 2). 

667. Death of Esarhaddon, and accession of Sammagher 
to the throne of Assyria, 
his name is mentioned in Ezra (Ezra iv. 2). 

660. Sardanapulus II. (Asshur-bani-pal) becomes King of 
Assyria, 
the might of the empire on the wane. 

640. Asshur-emit-ili (Saracus ?) succeeds Sardanapalus. 

the empire of Assyria expiring. 

632. Assyria invaded by the Scythians 

invaded by hordes of barbarians. 



HISTORY OF CHALDiEA, ASSYRIA, AND BABYLONIA. 161 
B.C. 

627. Nabopolassar (Saracus's General), Cyaxares the Mede, 
and Belesys the Babylonian, besiege Nineveh. 
Nineveh's doom wa,s predicted (Nahnm ill. 7). 

625. Nineveh destroyed : Saracus burns himself to death. 
Nineveh destroyed by the allies. 



SECT. 7.— Later Babylonian Empire (B.C. 625-538). 

B. c. 

625. Nabopolassar begins the eighth or Chaldajan dynasty, 
at Babylon. 
Nabojpolassar founds a, line (of kings). 

610. Pharaoh Necho garrisons Carchemish on the Eu- 
phrates : Josiah, King of Judah, mortally 
wounded at Megiddo. 
at Megiddo he is badly wounded (2 Kings xxiii. 29). 

606. Nebuchadnezzar, joint king with his father, JSTabopo- 
lassar, defeats Pharaoh Necho, and takes 
Jerusalem : beginning of 70 years' captivity: 
first deportation — Daniel, &c. 
Nebuchadnezzar wastes the nation. 

603. Nebuchadnezzar's dream of the golden image, inter- 
preted by Daniel, 
an image of extraordinary height (Dan. ii. 1). 

„ Jehoiakim rebels against the King of Babylon. 
another exodus at hand. 

599. Coniah, son of Jehoiakim, carried captive to Babylon : 
also Ezekiel and ten thousand other captives, 
who are set down as a colony on the river 
Chebar. 
they lead the vassal in triumph. 

„ Nebuchadnezzar and Cyaxeres commence the siege of 
Tyre, which last twelve years. 
lays a trench around Tyre. 

594. Ezekiel begins his prophecy among the Jewish colonists 
on the river Chebar. 
lived among the transported Jeios, 
L 



162 FACTS AND DATES. 

B.C. 

588. Jerusalem taken and destroyed : third and last depor- 
tation : the Temple burned, 
the Lord's residence in ruiTis. 

586. Tyre taken by N"ebuchadnezzar, after a siege of thirteen 
years : Egypt overrun by the Babylonians. 
laid in ruiiis by Nebuchadnezzar. 

581. Pharaoh-Hophra deposed by ITebuchadnezzar. 

lost his army at Gyrene, 

580. Nebuchadnezzar sets up the golden image : Shadrach, 
Meshech, and Abednego cast into a furnace, 
the Lord rescues Ms witnesses (Dan. iii. 21). 

568. !N"ebuchadnezzar becomes insane, and is driven from 
his kingdom. 
learns that the Most-High ruleth (Dan. iv. 33). 

562. Evil-Merodach succeeds his father : Coniah liberated 
from prison, 
he liberates the monarch from durance. 

560. Coniah, last Jewish monarch, dies at Babylon, 
their last monarch expires. 

559. Evil-Merodach slain by I^Teriglissar, who succeeds him. 

lost his life by violence. 

„ Cyrus the Elder, grandson of Astyages, last king of 
Media, founds the Medo-Persian empire. 
lead thy legions to victory 1 (Is. xliv. 28.) 

555. Daniel's dream of the four beasts. 

lol a lion and a leopard (Dan. vii, 3). 

„ Labynetus, or Nabonidas, comes to the throne. 
Lahynetus lived long. 

541. Belshazzar becomes joint king with Labynetus. 
its last king is Belshazzar. 

538. Babylon destroyed by Cyrus and Darius : Belshazzar's 
dream, 
the Lord of heaven^ s revenge (Dan. v. 23). 



HISTORY OF THE MEDO-PERSIAN EMPIRE. 163 



CHAP. III. — HISTORY OP THE MEDO-PERSIAN EMPIRE 
(B.C. 880-330). 

SECT. 8. — The Median Kingdom from its Origin to the Fall of 
Babylon (B.C. 880-638). 
B.C. 

880. The Medes, an Aryan or Japhetic nation, from beyond 
the Indus, arrive in Elam. 
the Aryans arrive in the west. 

841. Arbaces, their first king, builds Ecbatana (Achmetha). 
Arhaces is king at Ecbatana. 

776. Media becomes a province of Assyria, nnder PuL 
Pul is prince at Nineveh. 

721. Sargon overruns the country, and peoples it with 
Israelitish captives. 
Ephraim deported to the Caspian. 

711. Eevolt of Media from Assyria : Media a republic, 
their powerful capital is Ecbatana. 

709. The Medes elect Deioces to be their king, 
a peasant exalted to the throne. 

657. Phraortes succeeds his father, Deioces. 
the Medes elect Phraortes. 

634. Cyaxares, the first powerful King of Media, succeeds 
Phraortes : the Scythians invade Media. 
Media a great kingdom. 

625. Cyaxares aids !N"abopolassar in taking Mneveh. 
Nineveh destroyed by the allies. 

624. After the fall of Mneveh, Upper Mesopotamia is added 
to Media. 
Mesopotamia is added to the kingdom. 

610. Cyaxares at war with Alyattes, King of Lydia : Battle 
of Halys.* 
an omen concludes the loar. 



* The date of the battle of Halys cannot be accurately determined, even 
though we are informed that it was suspended by a total eclipse of the 



164 FACTS AND DATES. 

B.C. 

593. Astyages succeeds Cyaxares, and forms a league with 
Babylonia and Lydia. 
a league of three great monarchies. 

588. The Jev/s carried captive to Babylon. 
alas for the erring race ! 

559. Cyrus tbe Elder, son of Cambyses, dethrones Astyages 
and founds the Medo-Persian empire. 
lead thy legions to victory (Is. xHv. 28). 

546. Cyrus takes Sardis, and overthrows the Lydian 
monarchy, 
the Lydian Tcingdom annihilated. 

538. Cyrus and " Darius the Mede " take Babylon, and 
slay Belshazzar. 
the Lord of heaven's revenge ! 



SECT. 9.— From the Destruction of Babylon to Alexander the 
Great (B.C. 538-330). 

B.C. 

536. Cyrus becomes master of all Asia, 
the lord of a great empire. 

,, Cyrus issues a decree for the return of the Jews. 
liberate the holy nation! (Ezek. i. 2.) 

535. Cyrus makes Egypt tributary to Persia. 
(Cyrus) the elder governs their land. 

529. Cambyses succeeds his father, Cyrus. 

the Lacedemonians defeated by the tyrant. 

525. Cambyses invades Egypt, and sets up the twenty- 
seventh dynasty there, 
the land is devastated by his legions. 

522. Cambyses accidentally killed : Smerdis the Magian 
usurps the throne, 
the land is freed of a despot. 



sun. Astronomers vary in their calculations between B.C. 625 and 583. 
As the result of calculations based on the newest tables, Ideler, the Ger- 
man chronologer, insists on 30th Sept. 610 B.C. ; but Professors Airy and 
Hind lean to B.C. 585. 



HISTORY OF THE MEDO-PERSIAN EMPIRE. 165 

B.C. 

621. Smerdis slain by conspirators : Darius Hystaspca 
(Ahasuerus) succeeds him. 
his life is finished by conspirators. 

517. Ahasnenis divorces Yashti, and marries Esther, 
a lovely captive is preferred (Est. ii. 17). 

515. Dedication of the Second Temple at Jerusalem, 
they loudly bless the Lord (Ezek. vi. 16). 

510. Haman, the enemy of the Jews, slain by Ahasuerus. 
allured to a banquet of wiv£. 

„ Macedonia and Thrace become tributary to Persia. 
Olynthus and Byzantium under the yoke. 

500. Eevolt of Miletus against the Persians, 
a league among wily exiles. 

495. Artaphernes defeats the Ionian fleet at Lad^. 
the Samians treacherously leave them. 

494. Miletus retaken by the Persians : the revolt put down. 
shocking atrocities submitted to. 

492. First Persian invasion of Greece, 
they send a vast fleet. 

490. Second Persian invasion : Battle of Marathon, 
a strange event in war. 

487. Egypt revolts against Darius Hystaspes. 
the kingdom revolts against the Persians. 

485. Xerxes I. succeeds Darius Hystaspes, his father. 
Xerxes succeeds as ruler of the land. 

484. Xerxes suppresses the revolt of the Egyptians. 
suppresses the revolt with ease. 

480. Third Persian invasion of Greece by Xerxes, 
a splendid array for the war. 

„ Battles of Thermopylae and Salamis : the Persian 
army destroyed. 
Salamis ruins his expectations. 

479. Battles of Plataea and Mycal^ : the Persians defeated, 

the Spartans at Platma are victorious. 



166 FACTS AND DATES. 

B.C. 

466. The Persians defeated at the Eurymedon : Ionia again 
independent. 
a splendid naval engorgement. 

465. Xerxes assassinated : Artaxerxes hecomes king. 
known by the name of Longimanus. 

458. Egypt, under Inarus, revolts against Persia, 
a successful leader of revolt. 

457. Ezra returns from Babylon with a company of Jews, 
a scribe leads back a. part (Ezek. viii. 1). 

448. The revolt suppressed : Egypt made a Persian satrapy. 
satraps suppress the revolt. 

444. l^ehemiah sent by Artaxerxes to Judea as Governor, 
sent by the king to Jerusalem (Soh.. ii. 5). 

434. l!^ehemiah's second journey from Babylon to Jerusalem, 
the Jew is grieved at the sacrilege (Neh. xiii. 6). 

424. Darius I^othus succeeds Artaxerxes. 
his 5071 Darius succeeds him. 

414. Amyrtaeus, King of Egypt, throws off the Persian yoke, 
established his capital at Sals. 

405. Artaxerxes-Mnemon succeeds Darius lN"othus. 
satraps at war with their lord. 

401. Cyrus the Younger attempts to sei^e the throne : 
Battle of Cunaxa and death of Cyrus. 
Xenophonyoinec? the ^^ expedition of Cyrus.'''' 

396. Agesilaus, King of Sparta, invades Persia. 
Age&ilaus outwits his antagonist. 

394. The Persians victorious at Haliartus, Cnidus, Corinth, 
and Cor on sea. 
Haliartus turns the scale. 

387. Peace of Antalcidas : the Creek colonies ceded to 
Persia. 
G-reece recognises Persian (supremacy). 

359. Artaxerxes-Ochus succeeds Mnemon. 

a gross and lawless tyrant. 
356. Birth of Alexander the Great. 

the great leviathan of antiquity 



HISTORY OF GREECE. 167 

B.C. 

353. Persia subdues Egypt : the thirty-first dynasty. 
Egypt loses her greatness. 

338. Ochus poisoned by Bagoas : Arses succeeds him. 
his guilt gains its reward. 

336. Arses is slain : Darius Codomannus succeeds, 
the government in the hands of a eunuch. 

334. Alexander the Great invades Persia : Battle of Iho 
Granicus. 
the Granicus hinders his journey. 

333. Battle of Issus : defeat cf the Persians, 
what heaps of gold and gems / 

331. Battle of Arbela or Gaugamela. 
great havoc and carnage. 



»j 



Alexander captures Babylon, Susa, and Persepolis. 
the hoarded gold is captured. 



330. Death of Darius : the Persian empire annihilated, 
the great hero extinguished it. 

263. Berosus, a priest of Belus, at Babylon, writes the 
History of Babylonia. 
0. famous native historian. 



CHAP. IV. — HISTOKY OF GREECE. 
(B.C. 2000-146.) 

The origin of the Greeks and Latins, in common with that of 
the Celts, Goths, and Sclaves, is lost in the darkness of the pre- 
historic period. Modem ethnographic science, however, leaves 
little doubt that the two nations referred to were, respectively, 
the earliest inhabitants of Greece and Italy ; that they stood to 
each other in the closest afl^ity, both of them being the imme- 
diate descendants of the Pelasgi, who formed the first great wav© 



168 FACTS AND DATES. 

of population that broke on tlie shores of south-eastern Europe, 
and that permanently covered Asia Minor, Thrace, Macedonia, 
Greece, and Italy. This migration prohahly took place ahout 
B.C. 2000, hut was succeeded by numerous similar migrations o! 
the same stock of nations (including the Hellenes, who were, no 
doubt, nearly allied to, if not identical with, the Pelasgi), down 
to B.C. 1350. 

In subsequent centuries other great bodies of colonists appear 
to have entered Europe from other parts of Asia, forming the 
ancestors of the Celtic, Teutonic, and Sclavonic nations ; but 
the Pelasgi formed, from the very first, the great bulk of the 
population of Italy and Greece. 

The part of Asia from which the Pelasgi set out appears to 
have been Northern India ; for the Sanscrit, the ancient and 
sacred language of India, has a marked and very decided afl&nity 
to both Greek and Latin. The Greek, especially, is more closely 
allied to the Sanscrit than any other European tongue. In some 
respects, however, the Latin surpasses the Greek in retaining 
the features of its venerable parent, and it is in no way to be 
regarded as a descendant, far less a corruption, of the language 
of Greece. They are sister tongues, deriving from their com- 
mon parent every feature in which they resemble each other, 
but exhibiting many differences, arising from the different for- 
tunes of each. 

In the following sections the author has followed the chrono- 
logy adopted by Dr William Smith in his admirable School-His- 
tories of Greece, and by Mr Philip Smith, in his able and elo- 
quent ' History of the Ancient World.' 



SECT. 10.— Heroic or Mythical Period (B.C. 2000-776). 

B.C. 

2000. The Pelasgi, from the East, arrive in Greece and Italy. 
Si family wends its way westward. 

1984. Call of Abraham : the Patriarch visits Egypt. 
AbraTiam visits the ruler of Sebennytus. 

1900. The Shepherd Kings begin to reign in Lower Egypt., 
their celebrated victories win our admiration. 



HISTORY OF GREECE. 109 

B.C. 

1886. Moeris, a sheplierd king, captures Memphis, 
a courageous Arvadite reduces Memphis. 

1856. Argos, the most ancient city in Greece, founded by 
Inachus, a Pelasgian. 
colonise Argos, lordly Inachus ! 

1791. Joseph, sold as a slave, arrives in Egypt, 
his brethren persecute the type of Christ. 

1769. Jacob and his family migrate to Egypt. 

the covenant people are noicrished and trained. 

1763. Supposed date of the Deluge of Ogyges. 
a celebrated epoch in the annals of Greece. 

1698. Death of Joseph, Prime-minister of Pharaoh Aphophis. 
his body embalmed for the tim£ of release. 

1635. Birth of Moses in Lower Egypt. 

birth of Moses the Hebrew lawgiver. 

1582. The chronology of the Arundelian Marbles begins. 
contain a lengthened record of dates. 

1556. Athens founded by Cecrops, an Egyptian. 
Cecrops leaves the land of Mizraim. 

1554. Exodus of the Israelites, and destruction of Sethos 
II., with his army, 
the cruel lord of the land is 



1551. Cadmus, a Phoenician, builds Thebes, and introduces 
the Phoenician alphabet into Greece. 
Cadmus learned his letters in Canaan. 

1514. Death of Moses : the Israelites enter Canaan. 
buried by the Lord beyond the Jordan. 

1504. Era of Deucalion's Deluge. 

a curious legend of the world's submersion. 

1453. First celebration of the Olympic Games. 
competitors strive at the Olympic Games. 

1387. The Hellenes arrive in Greece, and expel the 
Pelasgi, a kindred race, 
the brave Hellenes rout the Pelasgi. 



170 FACTS AND DATES. 

B.C. 

1326. The Isthmian Games instituted near Corinth. 

coTn/mencement of games of. famous name. 

1313. Mycense founded by Perseus of Argos. 

the celebrated Agamemnon was horn here. 

1 300. Pelops, from Asia Minor, arrives in the Peloponnesus. 

come to' Greece, thou wandering exile ! 

1273. Tyre built by a colony of Sidonians. 

the leautiful daughter of " Zidon the Great." 

1250. The Argonautic expedition to Colchis, under Jason, 
a hand of adventurers leave for the Euxine. 

1230. Theseus becomes the tenth king of Attica. 
achieved famous and heroic exploits. 

1229. Pirst Theban War, or, " The Seven against Thebes." 
the celehrated fable of " (Edipus Tyr annus." 

1216. Helen married to Menelaus, Kiag of Sparta. 
occasioned the first crusade of aoitiquity. 

1198. Helen elopes with Paris, son of Priam, Kiagof Troy. 

her abduction causes a terrible revenge. 

1194. The Trojan War begins. 

a band of confederates for Troy set out. 

1184. Troy captured : the Trojan War ends. 
brave Achilles razes Ilium. 

1181. ^neas, setting out for Italy, arrives in Africa, 
a celebrated chief arrives at Carthage (Virgil). 

1103. Conquest of the Peloponnesus by the Dorians, 
the brave Achceans expelled by the Heraclidoe. 

1095. Saul becomes first king of Israel. 

they choose a young and tall leader. 

1045. Death of Codrus, last king of Athens : perpetual 
archons succeed him. 
Codrus willingly sacrifices his life. 

1004. Dedication of the Temple of Solomon. 
accept our willing work, Jehovah ! 

975. Dismemberment of the Israelitish Empire. 
ten parts, are alienated. 



HISTORY OP GREECE. 171 

B.C. 

853. Carthage founded by a Tyrian colony, 100 years be- 
fore the foundation of Rome, 
her ruins lie in heaps. 

850. Supposed age of Homer. 

recites his Iliad wandering. 

825. Supposed age of Lycurgus, the Spartan legislator, 
a renowned framer of laws. 

783. Phidon, King of Argos, begins to coin silver in Greece. 
Fliidon at Argos aud JEgina. 



SECT. 11.— Earnest Historic Period (B.C. 776-479). 

776. Date of the first Olympiad. 

a prime epoch with the ancients. 

753. Eome founded by Eomulus. 

its position learned by augury. 

lo2. Decennial archons at Athens succeed the perpetual 
the people elect them decennially. 

743. First Messenian War, which lasts 19 years, 
the people of Sparta gain. 

735. Supposed age of Hesiod. 
the poet Hesiod lived. 

721. The Ten Tribes carried captive to Assyria. 
Ephraim departs to the Caspian. 

685. Second Messenian War, which lasts 17 years, 
the Messenian Aristomenes illustrious. 

683. Annual archons appointed at Athens. 
anmtal archons govern it. 

677. Esarhaddon colonises Samaria with heathen nations. 
Medes and Persians in Ephraim. 

625. Fall of JN'iueveh : Eyzantium founded B.C. 659. 
Nineveh destroyed by the allies. 

621. Draco composes a code of laws at Athens. 
merciless Draco's code. 



172 FACTS AND DATES. 

B.C. 

612. Insurrection of Cylo at Athens. 
a novel conspiracy defeated. 

600. The seven wise men of G-reece (Thales, &c.) flourish. 
Tnen who excelled in wisdom. 

594. Solon legislates at Athens. 

legislate, venerable Solon ! 

588. The Jemsh captivity : the Pythian games instituted. 

the Lord's residence in ruins. 

560. Pisistratus, first tyrant of Athens. 
liberty menaced for d,. while. 

5, Croesus, last king of Lydia, begins to reign, 
the Lydian monarch is wealthy. 

559. Cyrus the Elder founds the Medo-Persian Empire. 
lead thy legions to victory I (Is. xliv. 28. ) 

554. Solon visits Egypt. 

the illustrious legislator at Sals. 

546. Cyrus takes Sardis : the Lydian monarchy overthrown, 
the Lydian kingdom annihilated. 

538. Fall of Babylon: the Babylonian Empire overtlu^own. 
the " Lord of T 



536. Cyrus becomes master of all Asia, 
the lord of a great empire. 

534. Pythagoras of Samos flourished : Tarquin, the last 
king of Eome, ascends the throne, 
he lived in the age of Superbus. 

527. Pisistratus dies : Hippias and Hipparchus succeed, 
they lament the death of Pisistratus. 

522. Poly crates of Samos crucified by the Persians, 
they allure the despot to his doom. 

515. Dedication of the Second Temple at Jerusalem. 
they loudly bless the Lord. 

514. Hipparchus slain by Harmodius and Aristogeiton. 
the elder brother escapes. 



HISTOKY OF GEEECE. 173 

B.C. 

510. Hippias is expelled from Athens, 
the elder brother is expelled. 

„ Macedonia and Thrace subdued by the Persians. 
Olynthus and Byzantium under the yoke. 

507. Cleisthenes reforms Solon's constitution : Athens a 
democracy. 
liberty extended to the people. 

500. Revolt of Miletus against the Persians, 
a league 'mong wily exiles. 

499. Sardis burned by the Athenians : this leads to the 
Persian invasions of Greece. 
Sardis taken by the Athenians. 

495. Artaphernes defeats the Ionian fleet at Lad6. 
the Samians treacherously leave them, 

494. Miletus recovered by the Persians. 
shocking atrocities are suffered. 

492. First Persian invasion of Greece (by Mardonius). 
they send a vast fleet. 

490. Second Persian invasion : Battle of Marathon, 
the strangest event in war. 

489. Death of Miltiades. 

a sad reverse to the victor. 

483. Ostracism of Aristides. 

Ostracism of '^ Aristides the Good.'" 

480. Third invasion of Greece under Xerxes. 
a splendid array for the war. 

„ Battles of Thermopylae and Salamis : the Persian 
army destroyed. 
Salamis ruins his expectations. 

479. Battles of Plateea and Mycal^. 

the Spartans at Flatcea are victorious. 

SECT. 12.— The Athenian Supremacy (B.C. 479-404). 

B.C. 

478. Capture of Sestos, the key of the Hellespont, by the 
Athenians, 
they seize the Persian^ s rej 



174 FACTS AND DATES. 

476. Eeduction of Scyros "by Cimon. 

known for its quarries of marble. 

471. Death of Pausanias at Sparta. 

they starve Pausanias for conspiracy. 

469. Themistocles ostracised. 

the sad end of a traitor. 

468. Death of Aristides : "birth of Socrates, 
the "just man's" reward. 

466. Eevolt and subjugation of !N"axos. 
subject independent Naxos. 

„ Battle of the Eurymedon : Ionia regains her inde- 
pendence, 
a splendid naval engagement. 

465. Eevplt of Thasos from the Athenian alliance. 
east of Macedonia it lies. 

464. The third Messenian War, which lasts ten years. 
adjudgment on the unfaithful Spartans. 

462. Birth of Hippocrates, "the Father of Medicine." 
the science of medicine founded by him. 

461. Beginning of the administration of Pericles. 
sTcilled in numerous accomplishments. 

„ Herodotus, the historian, visits Egypt. 
stores of knowledge are collected. 

4.56. Death of ^schylus, the Father of Tragedy. 
jEschylus the illustrious poet. 

„ Battle of CEnophyta, in Boeotia. 

success of the allies at CEnophyta. 

449. Sophocles and Euripides, the tragic poets, flourish, 
they succeed jEschylus as tragedians. 

„ The Phoenician fleet signally defeated hy the Atheni- 
ans at Salamis in Cyprus, 
they sink the ships of Tyre. 

„ Deiith of Cimon in Cyprus. 

sent to the ea^t with his triremes. 



HISTORY OF GREECE. 175 

B.C. 

449. Athens attains her highest elevation. 
supreme by a series of victories. 

447. Battle of Chseronea, in Boeotia : Athenians defeated, 
her supremacy suddenly perishes. 

445. The thirty years' truce begins, which lasts only fourteen. 
stript of her supremacy by land. 

,, Phidias, the eminent sculptor, flourishes. 
executed the statue of Jupiter Olympus. 

440. Eevolt and conquest of Samos : death of Pindar. 

Samos subdued expeditiously. 

437. The Athenians send a colony to Amphipolis. 
they search for gold at Pangceus. 

435. War between Corinth and Corcyra about Epidanmua 
they ask help against the lllyrians. 

433. The Athenians send a colony to Thurii, in Italy, 
the expedition joined by the Icing of historians. 

„ Alliance between Corcyra and Athens. 
a squadron goes to their help. 

432. Revolt and siege of Potidaea by the Athenians, 
they send a. great fleet. 

431. The Peloponnesian War begins : lasts 27 years, 
the Spartan hatred culminates. 

430. A plague rages at Athens. 

a scourge heavily wastes it. 

429. Death of Pericles. 

the statesman who decorated Athens. 

427. Plataea taken and destroyed. 

the Spartans destroy Platcea. 

425. Capture of Sphacteria. 

the issue disastrous to the Lacedemonians. 

424. Battle of Deliuni : surrender of Amphipolis. 
Socrates distinguished as a soldier. 

423. Herodotus and Thucydides, the historians, flourisli. 
known as the fathers of history. 

5, Thucydides banished : Alcibiades begins his career, 
exile saves a. famous historian. 



176 FACTS AND DATES. 

B.C. 

422. Battle of Amphipolis : Cleon and Brassidas slain. 

the Spartam defeat the demagogue, 

421. Peace of Mcias : a fifty years' truce. 

Sparta forms a confederacy (with Athens). 

418. Battle of Mantinea. 

the Spa7'tans heat the Argives, 

416. The Athienians conquer Melos. 
shocking butchery at Melos. 

„ Age of MalacM : the Old Testament completed, 
the Scriptures conclude with MalacM. 

415. Sicilian expedition under Mcias, Alcibiades, and 
Lamachus. 
under the command oi Alcibiades. 



413. Total defeat of the Athenians at Syracuse, 
the Spartans conquer under Gylippus. 

412. Alcibiades quarrels with Agis, and befriends Tessa- 
phernes. 
the satrap confides in a deserter. 

411. Eevolution at Athens : the four hundred, 
a scheme to abolish the constitution. 

„ Battle of Cynossema : the Spartans defeated, 
the Spartans beaten at 



410. Battle of Cyzicus. 

the Spartan (fleet) captured and exterminated. 

407. Battle of Notium: return of Alcibiades to Athens. 
a, joyful welcome at the Pirceus. 

406. Battle of Arginusae. 

the Spartans worsted near Mytilene. 

405. Battle of ^gospotami: Dionysius, Tyrant of Syracuse, 
the Spartans win under Lysander. 

404. The Spartans capture Athens : end of the Pelopon> 
nesian "War. 
she exercised a seventy-five years' supremacy. 



HISTORY OF GREECE. 177 



SECT. 13.— The Spartan Supremacy (B.C. 404-371). 

B.C. 

404. Eeign of Terror at Athens : the thirty tyrants. 
shameful excesses and assassinations. 

403. Thrasybulus expels the thirty : democracy restored, 
he succeeds in expelling the governors. 

401. Cyrus the Younger slain at the battle of Cunaxa. 
Xenophon joined the " Expedition of Cijrus." 

400. Eetreat of " the ten thousand." 
a sad and weary way. 

399. Death of Socrates : campaign of Thimbron in Asia. 
hemlocTc is the verdict of the Athenians. 

397. Campaign of Dercyllidas. 

Greece against Tissaphernes and Pharnahazus. 

396. Campaign of Agesilaus in Asia Minor. 
Agesilaus outivits his antagonist. 

395. Defeat and death of Tissaphernes. 

they execute the hypocritical Tissaphernes at last. 

394. Battles of Hahartus, Corinth, Cnidus, and Coronsea. 
Haliartus turns the scale. 

393. Conon rebuilds the walls of Athens and restores her 
maritime supremacy, 
walls gird Athens again. 

387. Peace of Antalcidas : the Greek colonies in Asia 
ceded to Persia. 
Greece recognises Persian (supremacy). 

382. Olynthian War : Phoebidas seizes the Cadmea of 
Thebes, 
the general resorts to fraud. 

378. "War between Thebes and Sparta. 

the genius of EiJaminondas revealed. 

371. Battle of Leuctra : the Lacedemonians defeated. 
heroic Epaminoiida^ conquers. 



178 FACTS AND DATES. 



SECT. 14.— Tlie Theban Supremacy (B.C. 371-361.) 

B.C. 

370. Megalopolis and Messene founded, 
a great protection against war. 

368. Expedition of Pelopidas into Thessaly and Macedonia, 
exacts hostages from tlie Maced&nian regent. 

367. Pelopidas induces Persia to proclaim Thebes the head 
of Greece, 
the great manifesto of Persia. 

366. Aristotle, the naturalist and philosopher, flourished. 

the great naturalist of antiquity. 

362. Battle of Mantinea : death of Epaminondas. 
the hero of Mantinea falls. 

„ ^schines the orator flouiished. 

the great antagaiiist of Demosthenes. 

361. Death of Agesilaus in Gyrene, 
the GreeJcs embalm his body. 



SECT. 15.— Tlie Macedonian Supremacy (B.C. 361-323). 

B.C. 

359. Philip ascends the throne of Macedon. 
as a hostage he learned his tactics. 

358. Philip besieges Amphipolis and Pydna. 
he gallantly labours to reduce them. 

357. The Social War begins : Philippi built, 
the GreeJcs in alliance with Persia. 

„ The first Sacred or Phocian War. 
the gods in alliance with Philip. 

356. Euth of Alexander the Great. 

the great leviathan of antiquity. 

„ The chronology of the Arundehan Marbles ends. 
GreeJc legendary inscriptions. 

352. Philip defeats the Phocians. 

the GreeJc legions are defeated. 

„ Demosthenes delivers his first Philippic at Athens, 
the grand eloquence of Demosthenes. 



DISTORT OF GREECE. 179 

B.C. 

350. The Olynthiac Orations of Demostlienes. 
the hopes of the Olynthians excited. 

347. Capture of Olyntlius by Philip. 

won by the great shrewdness of Philip. 

' „ Plato, the greatest philosopher of antiquity, flourished, 
the great king oi philosophers. 

„ Praxiteles, the famous Athenian sculptor, flourished, 
the graceful statue of Aphrodite. 

346. Philip conquers Phocis, and ends the Sacred War. 
the galling sentence of the Amphictions . 

342. Philip's expedition to Thrace : birth of Epicurus, 
the Hellespont seized with, fright. 

339. Philip is compelled to raise the siege of Byzantium. 

the gallant Greeks victorious. 

338. Second Sacred or Locrian "War : Battle of Chaeronea. 
the Greek generals are routed. 

337. Congress at Corinth : Greece no longer independent. 

Greece henceforth a province. 

336. Philip is murdered at Mgdd by Pausanias. 
at JEgce the generalissimo is Tnurdered. 

, , Alexander the Great succeeds to the throne of Macedon. 
the great hero a monarch. 

335. Thebes revolts, and is destroyed by Alexander, 
the great hero levels it. 

334. Battle of Granicus : Sardis and Ephesus taken, 
the Granicus hinders his journey. 

333. Battle of Issus, and defeat of Darius Codomannus. 
what heaps of gold and gems I 

332. Tyre and Gaza are captured by Alexander, 
walls great and high defend them. 

y, Alexander conquers Egypt and builds Alexandiia. 
the ^'gem" of the hero's "diadem.'^ 

331. Battle of Arbela or Gaugamela. 
great havoc and carnage. 

" Babylon, Susa, and Persepolis captured, 
the hoarded gold is captured. 



180 FACTS AND DATES. 

B.C. 

330. Alexander marclies to Ecbatana : the Persian Empire 
terminates, 
the great hero extinguished it. 

,, Philotas and Parmenio executed for treason : death of 
Darius : speech of Demosthenes De Corona, 
great generals executed. 

„ ^gis, King of Sparta, defeated by Antipater. 
the Greeks and ^gis are worsted. 

329. Alexander conquers Bactria, and defeats the Scythians, 
the Oxus aggravates liis difficulties in travelling. 

328. Alexander conquers Sogdiana : marries Eoxana. 
Oxyartes gave Mm liis daughter Roxana. 

327. Alexander invades India, and defeats Porus. 
the hero defeats Porus. 

326. Voyage of IsTearchus down the Indus. 

the geographical discoveries of Nearchus. 

325. Mutiny of Alexander's army. 

the grand defence of A lexander. 

„ Death of Hephaestion. 

ffephcestion dies lamented. 

324. Demosthenes banished from Athens. 
JEgina affords him an asylum. 

323. Death of Alexander at Babylon : Philip Arrhidaeus, 
his half-brother, becomes king, 
the hero dies in agony. 



SECT. 16.— From the Death of Alexander to the Conquest of 
Greece by the Romans (B.C. 323-146.) 

B.C. 

323. The Lamian War : defeat of Antipater. 
the Greeks defeat the general. 

322. Battle of Crannon : death of Demosthenes, 
the great Demosthenes destroys himself. 

321. Perdiccas marches against Ptolemy, but is assassinated. 

the general dies by conspirators. 



HISTORY OF GREECE. 181 

B.C. 

321. Partition of tlie empire among Alexander's four gene- 
rals (Antipater, Ptolemy, Selencus, and 
Antigonus) : Antipater olDtains Greece, 
the generals divide his conquests between them. 

318. Death of Antipater, regent of Greece and Macedonia. 

Greece bewails her regent. 

317. Phocion is poisoned at Athens, 
they grudge the cup of poison. 

316. Cassander conquers Macedonia. 

the general conquers Macedonia, 

„ Cassander puts Olympia to death, 
the general basely murders her. 

311. Cassander murders Eoxana and her son. 
he is guilty of the basest acts. 

307. Antigonus restores democracy at Athens, 
the Greehs worship Poliorcetes. 

306. Naval battle of Salamis : siege of Ehodes. 
the Egyptians worsted in the engagement. 

301. Battle of Ipsus, and death of Antigonus. 
a great war concluded. 

„ ^ew partition of the empire : Cassander gets Greece 
and Macedonia ; Ptolemy, Egypt and Syria ; 
Seleucus, Upper Asia; Lysimachus, nearly 
all Asia Minor. 
Greece is awarded to Cassander. 

300. Antioch (on the Orontes) founded by Seleucus. 
a great and wealthy city. 

296. Demetrius Poliorcetes captures Athens. 
dethrones the Athenian monarch. 

294. Demetrius becomes King of Macedon and Greece. 
Demetrius takes the sovereignty. 

287. Demetrius dethroned by Pyrrhus, King of Epirus. 
dethroned by his rival, Pyrrhus. 

284. The ^tolian League formed : the Septuagint transla- 
tion completed at Alexandria. 
first rendering of the Scriptures. 



182 FACTS AND DATES. 

B.C. 

284. The Epicurean, Stoic, Peripatetic, and Academic 
schools flourish. 
four renowned schools. 

283. Death of Demetrius. 

death of the ruler of Grreece. 

281. Battle of Corupedion, and death of Lysimachus. 
hefell in the rout of Corupedion. 

280. Assassination of Seleucus by Ptolemy Ceraunus, King 
of Macedonia, 
a dire retribution aioarded him. 

279. The Gauls invade Thrace and Macedonia : Brennus, 
their king, slain, 
a formidable people threaten them. 

,, Ptolemy Ceraunus dies. 

death of Ptolemy in Thrace. 

272. Death of Pyrrhus, King of Epirus, at Argos. 
death of Pyrrhus the despot. 

265. Euclid, the celebrated mathematician, flourishes. 

th^Q famous mathematician of Alexandria. 

251. The Achaean League revived by Aratus of Sicyon. 
\hQ formidable league oi Achaia. 

244. Agis lY. attempts reforms in Sparta. 
di famous Spartan hing. 

239. Archimedes, Eratosthenes, and Apollonius flourish. 
a, famous geometrical trio. 

225. Cleomenes III. effects a revolution in Sparta, 
a devoted friend of liberty. 

221. Battle of Sellasia, between the Spartans and Achseans. 
the fatal defeat of Cleomenes. 

218. War between the ^tolian and Achaean leagues. 
defeat of the Achceans and Aratus. 

216. Philip of Macedon declares war against the Eomans. . 
friendship between Carthage and Macedwi. 

213. Aratus poisoned by Philip. 

death of the Achcean general. 



HISTORY OF GREECE. 183 

B.C. 

207. The Spartans defeated at Mantinea by Pldlopannen. 

the day is won by Philopoemen. 

197. Battle of Cynosceplialae : the Eomans defeat Philip. 

tlie complete overthrow of Philip. 

196. Greece declared independent of Macedon by Flami- 
ninus, the Eoman general, 
the cominq event is 



„ Date of inscription on the Eosetta stone. 

a celebrated trilingual inscription. 

191. Defeat of Antiochus III. , King of Syria, by the Eomans. 

the battle of Thermopylce checks him. 

189. The ^tolian League crushed by the Eoiaans. 
crushed and ruined for ever. 

183. Philopoemen, "the last of the Greeks," captured and 
poisoned by the Messenians. 
they capture a renowned 



179. Perseus, last king of Macedon, comes to the throne, 
the accession of Perseus to the throne. 

168. Perseus defeated : Macedonia a Eoman province. 
conquest of Macedon by the Romans. 

167. Perseus carried prisoner to Eome. 

they carry the monarch a prisoner. 

147. The Spartans appeal to the Eomans agt. the Achaeans. 
the Achoeans and Spartans quarrel. 

146. Hipparchus, the founder of astronomical science, 
flourished, 
the chief astronomer of antiquity. 

„ Corinth destroyed by Mummius, the Eoman general. 
Corinth sacked by Mumm/ius. 

„ Greece becomes a Eoman province, under the name of 
Achaia. 
a celebrated kingdom, annihilated. 



1S4 FACTS AND DATES. 

CHAP. V. — HISTOEY OF EOME. 

(B.C. 2000— A. D. 476.) 

With the exception of Greece, Italy was the first European 
country that attained to any considerable degree of civilisation. 
Notwithstanding the patient and laborious researches of modern 
ethnologists, considerable doubt still attaches to the question of 
its original inhabitants ; though it is generally acknowledged 
that they belonged to the same great family of nations as the 
Greeks, both being descendants of the Pelasgi, a people of 
Northern India, who formed the first great wave of population 
that broke on the shores of south-eastern Europe, and that per- 
manently covered Asia Minor, Thrace, Macedonia, Greece, and 
Italy. This migration appears to have commenced as early as 
about B.C. 2000, and to have been continued at intervals to about 
B.C. 1350. They must have entered Italy from the north, and 
have advanced southward, being pushed forward by fresh bodies 
of immigrants. 

According to this view, the first inhabitants of Southern Italy 
were the most ancient in the peninsula ; and these are the people 
who are known in history as the Siculians, Tyrrhenians, and 
Pelasgi. Next, in point of antiquity, were the inhabitants of 
Latium and the other parts of Central Italy, whose languages, 
though not identical, appear to have been only dialectically 
different from each other, and closely allied to those of the Sic- 
uli or first inhabitants. All these languages ultimately merged 
in the Latin, one of the most copious and refined of the great 
Indo-European family of tongues, and the twin-sister of the still 
nobler Greek. 

In the valley of the Po we first find the Etruscans, who had 
likewise descended from the Alps, but who were subsequently 
driven forward (by the Gauls or Celts, who took possession of 
that territory) into the country now known as Tuscany, whose 
former inhabitants, the Tyrrhenians, they reduced to bondage. 



HISTORY OF ROME. 185 

Who the Etruscans were, remains a question of the greatest un- 
certainty ; for though numerous inscriptions belonging to that 
people have been found, they remain wholly unintelligible. 
There are certain indications, however, that their language was 
a branch of the Indo-European group, and therefore allied, how- 
ever remotely, to the Celtic, Teutonic, Sclavonic, and Greco- 
Latin families. From the numerous remains of their works of 
art, there can be no doubt that they had attained to a high civil- 
isation while Rome was still in her infancy. Lastly, in the 
north-west of Italy (the modern Piedmont) were the Ligurians, 
whose origin is also uncertain, some writers supposing them to 
be Celts, others Iberians, and others still, Pelasgi. 

Subsequent to the dawn of authentic history, the southern 
portion of the peninsula was colonised from different parts of 
Greece, and was in consequence named Magna Grsecia ; but the 
Greek immigrants, in common with all the other nations above 
enumerated, came in the course of time to lose their original 
languages, and, in the reign of Augustus, Latin was the spoken 
language of Italy from the one extremity of the peninsula to the 
other. 



SECT. 17.— Italy from the Earliest Times to tlie Founding 
of Rome (B.C. 2000-753). 

B.C. 

2000. The Pelasgi from the east arrive in Italy and Greece. 
& family wends its way westward. 

1984. The Patriarch Abraham visits Egypt. 
Abraham visits the ruler of Sebennyttis. 

1900. The Shepherd Kings begin to reign in Egypt, 
their celebrated victories win our admiration. 

1856. Argos, the most ancient city in Greece, founded. 
colonise Argos, lordly Inachus. 

1816. Pharaoh Aphophis, patron of Joseph, crowned king, 
a celebrated ruler crowned at Memphis. 

1791. Joseph arrives in Egypt. 

his brethren persecute the type of Christ. 



186 FACTS AND DATES. 

B. C. 

1769. Jacob and bis family migrate to Egypt. 

the covenant people qxq nourished and trained. 

1698. Deatb of Josepb. . 

his body embalmed for the time of release. 

1635. Birtb of Moses. 

birth of Moses the Hebrew lawgiver. 

1582. Tbe cbronol ogy of tbe Arundelian Marbles commences. 

contain a lengthened record of dates. 

1556. Atbens founded by Cecrops, an Egyptian. 

Cecrops leaves the land of Mizraim. 

1554. Exodus of tbe Israelites, and destruction of SetbosII. 
the cruel lord of the land is smitten. 

1514. Deatb of Moses. 

buried by the Lord beyond the Jordan. 

1453. Eirst celebration of tbe Olympic Games. 
competitors strive at the Olympic Games. 

1387. Tbe Hellenes arrive in Greece, and expel tbe Pelasgi. 

the brave Hellenes rout the Pelasgi. 

1364, Tbe lapygians, or oldest inbabitants of tbe nortb, 
a Pelasgic race, are driven southwards by 
tbe Umbri and Tyrrhenians, kindred nations. 

the aboriginal hordes move southwards. 

1326. Tbe Isthmian Games begin at Corintb. 
commencement of games of famous name. 

1273. Tyre founded by a colony of Sidonians. 

the beautiful daughter of ^^ Zidon the Great.^' 

1184. Tbe Trojan war ends : .^neas migrates to Italy. 
brave Achilles razes Ilium. 

1181. .^Eneas arrives in Italy, and builds Lavinium. 
a celebrated chief erects a city. 

1155. Ascanius, son of ^neas, founds Alba Longsu 

to build Alba Longa. 



HISTORY OF ROME. 187 

B.C. 

1116. The Philistines capture the Ark : death of Eli. 
a child called Ichabod by his mother. 

1095. Saul crowned first king of Israel. 

they choose a young tall leader. 

1038. Cumse (near Naples) founded, the most ancient Greek 
colony in Italy, 
a colony of exiles from Greece arrives. 

1004. Dedication of the Temple of Solomon. 
accept our willing worJc, Jehovah I 

985. The Rasena or Etruscans (possibly a Teutonic nation) 
descend from the Ehsetian Alps and expel 
the Umbri from the north of Italy, 
the Etruscans arrive from the Alps. 

975. Dismemberment of the Israelitish empire. 

ten parts are alienated. 

853. Carthage founded by a Tyrian colony, 
her ruins lie in 



776. Date of the First Olympiad. 

a prime epoch among the ancients. 



SECT. 18. — From tlie Founding of Rome to the End of tlie 
Kingdom (B.C. 753-509). 

B.C. 

753. Rome founded by Romulus, who became its first king. 

its position learned by augury. 

747. Era of jNTabonassar. 

a 'primitive astronomical epoch. 

741. Romulus slays Acron, King of Csenina. 
the ' ' opima spolia " are obtained. ' 

734. Greek colonists found Syracuse and Agrigentum. 
tldQj plant Agrigentum in Sicily. 

721. The Ten Tribes carried captive to Assyria. 
Ephraim departs to the Caspian. 

716. Numa Pompilius succeeds Romulus as king. 
pontiffs begin now. 



188 FACTS AND DATES. 

B.C. 

714. The Greeks found colonies in Magna Grsecia. 
the planting of Croton and Sylaris. 

707. Tarentum founded by a colony from Sparta. 
planted by exiles from the Peloponnesus. 

685. Locri founded by a colony from Locris. 
emigrants arrive from Locris. 

673. TuUus Hostilius, third king of Eome. 
the end of a peaceful age. 

667. Combat between the Horatii and Curiatii. 
a novel and mernorahle plan. 

665. Alba Longa destroyed : the citizens transferred to 
Eome. 
they annihilate ancient Alba. 

640. Ancus Martins, fourth king of Eome. 
engaged in a series of wars. 

625. Fall of Nineveh. 

Nineveh destroyed by the allies. 

624. Ancus Martins builds Ostia, at the mouth of the Tiber. 

Ancus founds Ostia. 

616. Lucius Tarquinius Priscus, fifth king of Eome. 
many cities are incorporated. 

608. The Gauls expel the Etrusci from the basin of the Po. 
invaders expel the Rasena. 

588. The Jews carried captive to Babylon, 
the Lord's residence in ruins. 

578. Servius Tullius, sixth king of Eome. 
laws for popular rights. 

559. Cyrus founds the Medo-Persian empire. 
leads his legions to victory. 

546. The Lydian monarchy overthrown by Cyrus, 
the Lydian Icingdom annihilated. 

538. Babylon destroyed by Cyrus and " Darius the Mede." 
the " Lord of heaverCs " revenge. 



HISTORY OF ROME. 189 

B.C. 

537. Tyrrhenian pirates and Carthaginians harass the 
Greek colonies of Magna Grsecia. 
the land is harassed by pirates. 

534. Lucius Tarquinius Superhus, seventh king of Eonie. 
its last haughty prince. 

531. Tarquin forms a league of 47 Latin cities. 
Lucius heads the confederacy. 

529. War with the Yolsci. 

Lucius defeats the Volsci. 



521. Tarquin builds the Temple of Jupiter on the Capito- 
Hne Hill. 

lays the foundation of the capitol. 

515. Dedication of the Second Temple, 
they loudly bless the Lord. 

509. Tarquin expelled from Eome : end of the kingdom, 
the lieges expel the Tarquins. 



SECT. 19. — The Republic— From Its Commencement to the 
First Punic War (B.C. 509-264). 

B.C. 

509. Eepuhlican government established under consuls 
(Brutus and Collatinus). 
the lieges expel the tyrants. 

508. Porsena, King of Clusium, aids Tarquin. 
levies war against Borne. 

„ Pirst dictator appointed (Titus Lartius). 
Lartius wields the rod. 

498. Battle of Lake Eegillus. 

a sad victory to the Romans. 

496. Tarquin dies at Cumse. 

succumbs to the verdict of nature. 

494. First secession to Mount Sacer : Tribunes appointed. 
establish tribunes on (Mount) Sacer. 

488. Coriolanus leads the Volsci against Eome. 
the women save Rome from ruin. 



1.90 PACTS AND DATES. 

B.C. 

486. Spurius Cassius proposes the first Agrarian law. 

the senate revenges his meddling. 

479. The Fabii cut off by the Yejentes at the Cremera. 
they suddenly perish near Veii. 

474. Cumae, at war with the Etruscans, is aided by Hiero 

of Syracuse. 
assisted by the power of Syracuse. 

458. The dictator Cincinnatus relieves Minucius, and 
makes the -^qui pass under the yoke. 
saves him from losing his army. 

453. The Syracusan navy ravages the coast of Etruria. 
the Isle of Elba is gained from them. 

451. Decemvirs first appointed : Laws of the Twelve Tables, 
they settle the legal code. 

449. Second secession to Mt. Sacer : ten plebeian tribunes, 
a second set of tribunes. 

445. Third secession (to Mount Janiculum) anent the 
Marriage Law. 
the seceders succeed at la^t. 

443. Censors first appointed. 

they establish just government. 

440. Great famine at Eome. 

a serious scarcity exists. 
439. Cincinnatus dictator : Ahala murders Maelius. 

assassination of a horrid type. 
437. Cor. Cossus, the Eoman general, slays in single com- 
bat Lars Tolumnius, King of Veii. 

second gaining of the (" spoha) opima." 

426. Eidense, an Etruscan city, destroyed, 
they sell Fidenates in the market. 

414. The Etruscans aid the Athenians against Syracuse 
and Sparta, 
their sceptre begins to shake. 

405. Siege of Yeii, the greatest city in Etruria, begins: 
a siege of extraordinary length. 

404. First recorded Italian eclipse, 
they see a wondrous sight. 



HISTORY OF ROME. 191 

B.C. 

396. Yeii taken by Camillus, after a ten years' siege. 
gains his triumph by mining. 

394. Camillus takes Falerii, another Etruscan city, 
the horrid treachery of a schoolmaster. 

390. Eome "burned by Brennus, leader of the Gauls. 
Gallic tribes waste it. 

387. Dionysius of Sja-acuse attacks the Etrurian coasts, 
the glory of the Rasena perishes. 

384. Marcus Manlius hurled from the Tarpeian rock. 
hurled from a rocTc by the senate. 

376. The Licinian Rogations proposed. 
granting power to the multitude. 

367. The Licinian Rogations become law. 
great enactme^its are passed. 

366. L. Sextius, first plebeian consul : praetors instituted. 

governed by a new magistrate. 

362. Curtius leaps into the gulf in the Eorum. 
the gulf is nobly filled. 

361. Story of Titus Manlius Torquatus. 
and Manlius in combat. 



356. Rutilus, first plebeian dictator, defeats the Etrusci. 
a great land engagement. 

„ Birth of Alexander the Great. 

the great leviathan of antiquity. 

351. First plebeian censor appointed. 

they gradually loosen their bonds. 

349. Story of Marcus Valerius Corvus. 
a giant slain by Valerius. 

347. Legal rate of interest reduced to 5 per cent. 

the hopes of the usurers perish. 

343. First Samnite War. 

the haughty Samnites are humbled. 

340. The great Latin War. 

great slaughter in the ivar. 



192 FACTS AND DATES. 

B.C. 

340. Battle of Mt. Vesuvius, and self-sacrifice of Decius. 
the general sacrifices himself willingly. 

337. First plelteiaii prsetor appointed. 

tlie highest government in the people. 

336. Alexander ascends the tkrone of Macedon. 
the great hero a monarch. 

330. Fergus, first king of tlie Scots, comes from Ireland 
with, an army.* 
governs the Hebrides and the west. 

329. Capture of Privernum : the Yolsci subdued. 
grand defeat of the Volsci. 

326. Second or great Samnite War. 
general defeat of the enemy. 

323. Death of Alexander the Great at Babylon, 
the hero dies in agony. 

322. The Tusculans and Priyernatians demand to be en- 
franchised. 
they gain the franchise hy force. 

321. TheEomans defeated by the Samnites at the Caudine 
Porks, 
a great disaster at Caudium. 

318. P. Cursor defeats the Samnites at Luceria. 
the hostages and captives recovered. 

314. The Eomans gain decisive victories over the Samnites. 
great hattles in Samnium. 

304. The second Samnite War terminates, 
the great war subsides. 

300. The whole of central Italy is subject to Eome. 
her government is widely extending. 

298. Third Samnite War : the Samnites in coalition with 
the Etruscans, Umbrians, and Gauls, 
a formidable trio against Rome. 



* Fergus is said to have defeated the Britons and slaia Coilus their 
king ; the Scots in gratitude entailed the crown on him and his posterity 
for ever. He and his successors reigned over the tribe till a.d. 357, when 
the kingdom became extinct^ having existed nearly seven centuries. 



HISTORY OF ROME. 193 

B.C. 

295. Battle of Sentinum, and self-sacrifice of Decius Mus. 
2i famous victory over tlie allies. 

290. Third Samnite War ends : tlie whole of Sanmiuin 
suhdned. 
final termination of the war. 

281. War with Pyrrhus, King of Epirus. 
a foreigiur ravages the country. 

280. Pyrrhus defeats the Eomans at Pandosia. 

Si fearful reverse in war. 

279. Pyrrhus defeats the Eomans at Asculum. 
the forces of Pyrrhus are victorious. 

274. Curius defeats Pyrrhus at Beneventum. 
defeats Pyrrhus with ease. 

272. Eome is mistress of all Italy ; silver coin introduced . 

defeats Iliqy peninsular foes. 



SECT. 20.— The Republic— From the first Punic War to the 
End of the Third (B.C. 264-146). 

B.C. 

264. Pirst Punic War commences in Sicily, 
she fights the mistress of the seas. 

262. Victory of the Eomans at Agrigentum. 
defeats the enemy's forces. 

260. First naval victory at Mylae in Sicily, 
the fieet of the enemy worsted. 

256. Eegulus defeats the Carthaginians in Africa. 
a, fearful loss to the 



255. Xanthippus, the Carthaginian general, defeats the 
Eomans in Africa. 
hi^ fortune lay in his elephants. 

250. Victory of Metellus at Panormus : Eegulus cruelly 
put to death by the Carthaginians. 
death of the illustrious warrior. 

249. Claudius defeated at Drepanum by the Carthaginians. 
Drepanum sees his overthroiv. 



194 FACTS AND DATES. 

B.C. 

241. Victory of L. Catnlus at the ^gatian Islands. 
destroys the ships of the Carthaginians. 

„ First Punic War ended : Sicily a Eoman province, 
tlie dominion of Sicily is ceded to them. 

238. Rome demands Corsica and Sardinia from Carthage. 
the demands of the grasping republic. 

„ The Carthaginian mercenaries in open revolt. 

the famous Hamilcar reduced them. 

229. The Eomans send their fleet to Illyria anent pirates, 
the Adriatic freebooters vanquished. 

225. The Eomans defeat the Boian Gauls in Etrnria. 
2. formidable foe alarms her. 

222. Marcellus kills Yiridomarus, chief of the Galli Insu- 
bres, and obtains the " spolia opima" 
a dauntless and daring deed. 

218. Placentia and Cremona founded. 
founded by colonists from Rome. 

„ Second Punic "War begins : Pabius at Carthage, 
the dauntless behaviour of the Eoman. 

„ Hannibal defeats the Eomans at.Ticinus and Trebia. 

their /orces completely routed. 

217. Hannibal defeats the Eonians at Lake Trasimenus. 
Flaminius the consul perishes. 

216. Hannibal defeats the Eomans at Cannae. 
defeats the consul jEmilius. 

,, Philip of Macedon declares war against the Eomans. 
friendship between Carthage and Macedon. 

215. Hannibal defeated at ^N'ola : First Macedonian War. 
defeated by the consuls at last. 

212. Syracuse retaken by the Eomans : Archimedes burns 
their ships by burning glasses. 
their fleet is consumed hj fire. 

211. Capua taken by the Eomans. 

a, frightful, carnage at Capua, 



HISTORY OF ROME. 195 

B.C. 

207. Hasdrubal defeated at the Metaurus : gold first coined, 
a dauntless warrior perishes. 

204. Scipio leaves Spain for Africa. 
Africa is wasted by Scipio. 

203. Hannibal quits Italy to defend Carthage, 
the forimdable warrior is gone. 

202. Hannibal defeated at Zama : second Pnnic War ends. 

the formidable warrior is defeated. 

200. Second Macedonian War begins. 

a four years^ war. * 

197. Battle of Cynoscephalse in Thessaly. 
the complete overthrow of Philip. 

191. Syrian War : Antiochus defeated at Thermopylae, 
the battle of Thermopylce checTcs him. 

189. ^tolian and Galatian wars : ^tolian league extin- 
guished, 
the consul reduces the uEtolians. 

184. Censorship of Marcus Porcius Cato. 
Cato the orator and statesman. 

183. Death of Hannibal and Scipio Africanus. 
Carthage and Rome in grief. 

179. Third Macedonian War. 

battles with Perseus and Cotys. 

168. Perseus defeated at Pydna : Macedonia a Eoman 
province. 
conquest of Macedon by the Romans. 

149. Third Punic War begins. 
Gato's sentence triumphs. 

147. The Spartans appeal to Eome against the Achaeans. 
the Achceans and Spartans quarrel. 

146 Corinth destroyed by Mummius. 
Corinth is sacked by Mummius. 

„ Greece becomes a Roman province, and named Achaia. 

a celebrated hingdom annihilated. 
„ Carthage destroyed by Scipio Africanus Minor. 

the Carthaginian hingdom annihilated. 



196 FACTS AND DATES. 



SECT. 21. — The Republic— From the End of the Punic Wars 
to the Empire (B.C. 146-30). 

B.C. 

144. Eevolt of the Celtiberi in Spain : the Xumantian War. 
commencement of a sedition in Spain. 

141. Yiriathus surprises the Eoman proconsul. 
^ tlie consul's escajje cut off. 

1 40. Coepia hribes the soldiers of Yiriathus to murder hiin. 

bribes his soldiers to execute him. 

134. First Servile War in Sicily. 

commencement of a great sedition. 

133. JSTumantia taken by Scipio. 

the besieged are harassed with hunger. 

„ Tiberius Gracchus, the tribune, put to death, 
hitter hostility to Gracchus. 

132. The consul Eupilius captures Eunus, the Servile leader, 
he captures the head disturber. 

129. Asia Minor becomes a Roman province. 
beqiieathed by the dying Attains. 

123. Gracchus, the tribune, proposes the Sempronian laws, 
the able defence of Cfracchus. 

121. Death of Caius Gracchus, the tribune. 
blamed for founding a colony. 

113. Inroads of the Gimbri and Teutones into Gaul. 
bands of Celts and Goths. 

111. The Jugurthine War commences, 
the consul Bestia bribed by him. 

107. First consulship of Marius. 

a consul of extraordinary popularity. 

106. Jugurtha taken prisoner. 

Bocchu3 wilily en^mares him. 

„ Birth of Cicero and Pompey. 

a couple of extraordinary men. 



HISTORY OF ROME. 197 

B.C. 

102. The Teutones defeated by Marius at Aquae Sextiae. 
the battle of Aix finishes them. 

,, Second Servile War : Lucullus defeats the Sicilian 
slaves, 
a bloody war is finished. 

101. The Cimbri defeated near Yerona by Marius and 
Catulus. 
Catulus exterminates the Cimbri. 

100. The tribune Saturninus slain. 

his blood expiates his wickedness. 

,, Birth of Julius Caesar. 

birth of an extraordinary warrior. 

91. The Social or Marsic War. 

the existence of Italy in the balance. 

. 88. Civil war between Marius and Sulla, 
a war between rivobl rulers. 

86. Eome pillaged by Marius and Cinna. 
the revenge of Marius. 

84. Mithxidates defeated : first Mithridatic War ends. 

worsted at Orchomenus by Sulla. 

83. Murena defeated by Mithridates on the Halys. 
he is worsted at the river Halys. 

82. Sulla takes Eome and publishes his proscriptions. 
Rome is decimated by him. 

81. Second Mithridatic War ends : Sulla defeats the 
Eomans. 
the Romans are conquered by him. 

78. Death of SuUa. 

an extraordinary ^roces^'oTi at Rome. 

74. The third or great Mithridatic War. 
warUke preparations in Asia. 

72. Sertorius assassinated in Spain by Perperna. 
the perpetrator is foiled. 

71. Servile insurrection : Spartacus defeated by Pompey 
and Crassus. 
extinguished by Pompey and Crassus. 



198 FACTS AND DATES. 

B.C. 

68. Diodoriis Sicnlus visits Egypt, and writes his ' Histori- 
cal Library' in Greek, 
a writer of immense research. 

67. The Mediterranean pirates defeated Ly Pompey. 
extinguishes tlie Mediterranean pirates. 

Q^. The great Mithridatic war ended, 
war with Mithridates ended. 

65. Pontus becomes a Eoman province. 

its indepiendence is lost. 

64. Pompey deposes Antiochus, and annexes Syria, 
expels Antiochus from Syria. 

63. Palestine becomes tributary, and Jerusalem taken, 
the western empire grasps it. 

62. Suppression of Cataline's conspiracy, 
his wicked intentions are frustrated. 

60. Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus form the first triumvirate. 

mighty warriors. 

58. Banishment of Cicero. 

expel the illustrious orator. 

„ Julius Csesar begins his campaigns in Gaul : the Hel- 
vetii are subdued. 
in war and literature renowned. 

55. Caesar invades Britain : death of Lucretius. 
the warrior lands in Albion. 

53. Crassus defeated and slain in Mesopotamia, 
a woeful loss at Haran. 

52. Pompey sole consul. 

he wanted to be elected dictator. 

5]. Caesar makes Gaul a Eoman province. 

he extinguishes the liberty of the Celts. 

49. Caesar crosses the Eubicon. 
the senators tremble. 

48. Caesar defeats Pompey at Pharsalia : death of Pompey. 
they slay his rival. 



HISTORY OF ROME. 199 

B.C. 

48. Caesar aids Cleopatra, and burns Alexandria. 

Julius's revenge. 

47. Csesar defeats Pliarnaces, son of Mithridates, in Pontus. 
extraordinary success in Pontus. 

46. Csesar in Africa : Battle of Thapsus, and death of Cato. 
he is successful in Mauritania. 

„ Csesar reforms the calendar, 
a year of solar months. 

44. Caesar assassinated at Eome by Brutus and Cassius. 
stabbed in the senate-house. 

43. Second triumvirate — Octavius, Antony, and Lepidus. 
they settle the globe between them. 

„ Eeign of terror at Eome : Cicero assassinated, 
the whole story is horrible. 

42. Brutus and Cassius defeated at Philippi. 
they experience a sad fate. 

40. Herod the Great becomes king of Judaea, 
the senate exalts him. 

37. The Eomans take Jerusalem : a multitude of the in- 
habitants massacred, 
the wicked Herod persecutes them. 

36. Sextus Pompey defeated in a naval engagement, 
he is worsted by Agrippa at Naulochus. 

34. Octavius subdues the Dalmatians : birth of Sallust. 
an experienced general subdues them, 

31. Battle of Actium : Antony and Cleopatra defeated, 
a woeful humiliation to Cleopatra. 

30. Octavius enters Egypt : Antony commits suicide. 

the wretched general expires. 

„ Octavius master of the Eoman world : the rcpubhc ends. 
governs the ivorld. 



200 FACTS AND DATES. 



SECT. 22. — The Empire : its Rise and Progress, from Augustus 
to Aurelius (B.C. 30-A.D. 180). 

B.C. 

29. Octavius's grand triumpli : Temple of Janus closed. 
weaiy of deeds of violence. 

„ Virgil, Horace, and Ovid flourisli. 
& famous trio. 

27. Octayius obtains the titles of Augustus and Emperor, 
wins the favour of the 'peoigle. 

24. War with the Dacian tribes, 
the Dacians are subdued. 

23. Livy, the celebrated Eoman historian, flourishes, 
a distinguished historian. 

20. Porus, King of India, sends an embassy to Augustus, 
they wander to the far ivest. 

17. Augustus revives the Secular Games at Eome. 
exhibits beasts oiprey. 

„ Herod rebuilds the Temple of Jerusalem, 
the wiles of a crafty prince. 

15. The Ehseti, Norici, and Vindelici defeated by Drusus. 
a campaign beyond the Alps. 

1 3. Augustus assumes the title of Pontifex Maximus. 
becomes the head (pontiff). 

12. Drusus begins liis campaign in Germany, 
beyond the hanks of the Danube. 

11. Herod builds the city of Caesarea. 
he builds Coesarea. 

8. A census at Eome gives it 4,233,000 inhabitants, 
wonderful if reliable. 

6- Dionysius of Halicarnassus ^\Tites his ' Eoman Anti- 
quities.' 
a writer of antiquities. 

5. Birth of John the Baptist. 

walks in the ways of Elijah. 



HISTORY OP ROME. 201 

B.C. 

4. Birth of Christ, four years before the common era. 
welcome the world's Saviour. 

3. Death of Herod the Great. 

woe to the wicked Herod. 

2. Augustus exhibits grand spectacles at Rome, 
their eyes are delighted. 

A.D, 

1. Birth of Christ, according to Dionysius Exiguus. 

Exiguus's wrong coviputation. 

„ Caius Caesar consul : peace concluded with the Parthians. 
a young consul. 

2. Tiberius returns from Rhodes : Lucius Caesar dies. 

expects to wear the diadem. 

4. Tiberius overruns the countries of the Rhine and 

Weser. 
Westphalia is subdued. 

6. Augustus makes Palestine a Roman province. 

extinguished its nationality. 

7. Pannonia, Illyricum, and Dalmatia in revolt. 

war in Pannonia. 

8. Jesus at Jerusalem, when twelve years of age, 

a young reasoner. 

9. Hermann totally defeats Yarns in Germany. 

exterminates the warrior Varus. 

,, Ovid is banished by Augustus to Tomi. 
the exile of 



12. Tiberius and Germanicus, returning from Germany, 
obtain a triumph, 
an excitement caused hjfear. 

14. Augustus dies at ]N"ola, aged 77 years, 
the weary Ccesar sleeps. 

„ Tiberius, the second emperor, succeeds his stepfather. 
cricel and sensual. 

16. Germanicus's third and last campaign in Gaul, 
an expedition to the banks of the ^Jms, 



202 FACTS AND DATES. 

A.D. 

18. Herod Antipas tuilds Tiberias, on tlie Sea of Galilee. 

on its western coast erected. 

19. Tiberius banisbes tbe Jews from Eome. 

they are banished by Tiberius. 

23. Dnisus poisoned by bis wife, instigated by Sejanus. 
a wife destroys her husband. 

26. Pontius Pilate becomes procurator of Judaea. 

awed by the fear of man. 

27. Jesus baptised by Jobn tbe Baptist. 

a dove appears. 

„ Tiberius retires from Eome to Caprese. 
wallowed ii- debauchery and pleasure. 

28. Jobn bebeaded by Herod. 

a damsel's request (Matt. xiv. 8). 

31. Sejanus disgraced and put to deatb by Tiberius, 
a hypocrite cut off. 

„ Tbe crucifixion of our Lord, 
the God-man crucified. 

32 Stepben, tbe first martyr, stoned. 
witness his heavenly face. 

35.. Conversion of St Paul on bis way to Damascus, 
witnessed a heavenly light. 

36. Pontius Pilate and Caiapbas deposed. 

the guiltiest of mankind. 

37. Deatb of Tiberius : Caligula tbe tbird emperor. 

he expires hated by his people. 

„ Birtb of Josepbus, tbe Jewisb bistorian. 
wrote the history of his people. 

40. Caligula sets out for Gaul, intending to invade Britain. 
exploit. 



41. Caligula assassinated : Claudius tbe fourtb emperor, 
he svAxeeded Caligula. 



HISTORY OF ROME. 203 

4.D. 

43. Claudius invades Britain, and founds Colcliester, the 

first Eoman colony in Britain, 
he warred in Essex and Hants. 

44. Claudius returns in triumph to Eonie. 

they welcome their successful sovereign. 

47. Claudius celebrates the Secular Games at Eome. 
they witness splendid pastimes. 

„ A new census of the empire gives 5,984,000 males fit 
for military service, 
an exact summation of the people. 

50. London, already existing, is colonised by the Eomans. 

London walled-in by them. 

5 1 . Caractacus, King of the Silures, carried prisoner to Eome. 

the "Welsh leader is betrayed. 

„ Paul and Silas begin to preach the Gospel in Europe. 
Lydia is converted. 

54. Claudius poisoned by his wife Agrippina. 

Xenophon and Locusta assist her. 

„ Nero, the fifth emperor, succeeds Claudius, 
a wretched life of sensuality. 

55. St Matthew writes his Gospel. 

exhibits our Lord's lineage. 

59. Murder of Agrippina by ISTero. 

allured by Otiids (wife). 

60. Felix, recalled from Judsea, is succeeded by Festus. 

Nero expels him. 

61. Boadicea, the British queen, defeated by Suetonius. 

an awful massacre of the Britotus. 

„ Paul arrives in Eome from Csesarea. 
the missionary in the capital. 

64. Nero sets fire to Eome, and blames the Christians. 

Nero himself Tcindled it. 

„ First general persecution of the Christians, 
an awful massacre of the saints. 

65. Nero murders Seneca, Lucan, and many others. 

murders Lucan. 



204 FACTS AND DATES. 

A.D. 

65. The Jewish, rebellion in Judsea begins. 

a mutiny in the land. 

66. ISfero in Greece competes in public with musicians, 

tragedians, and charioteers, 
exploits unworthy of an emperor. 

,, The Jewish "War begins under Flavius Vespasian, 
a war unparalleled in annals. 

67. Paul is imprisoned in Eome a second time. 

in the Mameriine prison. 

„ Massacre of the Jews at Csesarea, Ptolemais, &c. 
what monstrous proceedings ! 

68. Paul and Peter suffer martyrdom at Eome. 

executed by Nero at Rome. 

„ Death of i^ero, and accession of Galba. 
the execrable Nero is removed. 

69. Galba, Otho, and Yitellius succeed IS'ero as emperors. 

an unfortunate trio. 

„ " Plavius Vespasian proclaimed ninth emperor at 
Alexandria. 
next after Vitellius. 

70. Titus Vespasian, the Emperor's son, takes and burns 

Jerusalem, and disperses the Jews, 
what a piteous wail I 

78. Agricola becomes Governor of Britain, and subdues 

Anglesea and Il^orth "Wales. 
"Wales a province of Rome. 

79. Titus Vespasian tenth emperor of Eome. 

perishes by violence. 

„ Pompeii and Herculaneum buried by an eruption of 
Mount Vesuvius : death of Pliny the elder, 
they perish by a volcano. 

80. Great fire in Eome ; many of the public buildings 

destroyed, 
its ravages are awful. 



HISTORY OF ROME. 205 

A.D. 

81. Domitian the eleventh, emperor, and last of the 
twelve Caesars. 
a reign of cruelty. 

85. Galcacus, the Caledonian General, defeated by Agri- 
cola near the Grampians, 
yields to Rome for a little. 

95. Second general persecution : John banished toPatmos 

tribulations are allottedj them. 

96. Nerva becomes twelfth emperor of Eome. 

the twelfth emperor. 

97. Tacitus the historian, Plutarch, and Pliny the Younger 

flourish. 
Tacitus and Pliny. 

98. Trajan becomes thirteenth emperor of Eome. 

Trajan, restores the empire. 

100. The third general persecution of the Christians. 

the Christians wantonly exterminated. 

102. Trajan commences his wars in Dacia. 
to war in Dacia. 



105. Trajan builds a stupendous bridge across the Danube, 

near Orsova. 
a Iridge of extraordinat^ length. 

106. Dacia subjugated and made a Eoman province : the 

column of Trajan erected. 
conquers Wallachia and Moldavia. 

114. Trajan leaves Eome to make war on the Armenians 

and Parthians. 
a celebrated campaign in the east. 

115. Trajan captures Ctesiphon, the Parthian capital. 

captures the capital of their land. 

„ Insurrection of the Jews in Cyrene, Egypt, Cyprus, &c. 
a bloody butchery of the " 

117. Adrian, fourteenth emperor, 
a calm career oi peace. 



206 FACTS AND DATES. 

A.D. 

119. Adrian visits Ganl, Germany, and Britain. 
begins his celebrated travels. 

121. Adrian builds a wall from the Eden to the Tyne. 
builds a fortified barrier. 

123. Adrian visits Spain, Africa, Greece, &c. 
from Britain to Africa and Greece. 

131. The Jewish War begins, which lasts five years. 
commencement of a great calamity. 

136. Jerusalem destroyed : ^lia Capitolina built on its 

site. 
bestows on it a heathenish name. 

138. Antoninus Pius the fifteenth emperor, 
a calm and gentle reign. 

140. Dublin (anciently named Aschcled) probably erected. 
called Aschcled of yore. 

143. Antoninus builds a wall between the Forth and Clyde. 
built on the site of Agricola's. 

158. Celsus, Lucian, and Arrian write against Christianity. 
Celsus, Zucian, and Arrian. 

161. Aurehus Antoninus, sixteenth emperor : Yerus his 

associate. 
a consistent unwavering character. 

162. The Parthians revolt, but are defeated by Yerus. 

conquers Mesopotamia afresh. 

166. The northern barbarians begin to invade the Empire. 

bands of invaders menace it. 

167. A dreadful pestilence spreads over the Empire. 

the Christians massacred for the plague. 

169. Yerus expires at Altinum in Yenetia. 
a combination of innumerable vices. 

174. War with the Quadi and Marcomanni : the thunder- 
ing legion, 
the Christians pray for success. 

177. The Christians persecuted at Lyons and Yienne. 
Bishop Pothinus perishes. 



HISTORY OF ROME. 207 



SECT. 23. — Decline and Fall of tlie Empire ; or from Commodus 
to Augnstulus (A.D. 180-476). 

A.D. 

180. Commodus tlie seventeentli emperor. 
cruel, rapacious, and wanton. 

183. Lucilla attempts to assassinate tlie Emperor. 
Commodus rescued by the guards. 

189. Famine and pestilence in Rome : deatli of Oleander. 

a cry is raised for a victim. 

192. Commodus strangled by Ms domestics. 

they hrihe an athlete to destroy him. 

193. Pertinax, eighteenth emperor, reigns three months. 

they choose a virtuous governor. 

„ Didius Julianus, nineteenth emperor, reigns two 
months. 
Irihes the troops with his gold. 

„ Septimius Severus, twentieth emperor. 
contends with two 



194. Severus marches to the East against Mger : Battle of 

Issus. 
becomes victorious in the east. 

196. Byzantium destroyed after a three years' siege. 

Byzantium overthrown by the Emperor. 

197. Eifth general persecution of the Christians. 

cruelly tortured by persecutors. 

„ Severus, in Gaul, defeats and slays his rival Alhinus. 
a courageous veteran perishes. 

198. Severus returns to the East, and makes war with the 

Parthians. 
Ctesiphon taken and ravaged. 

202. Severus prohibits the Christians from disseminating 
their doctrines, 
an edict to exterminate the faith. 

208. Severus in Britain at war with the Caledonians : 
erects a waU from the Solway to the Tyne. 
formidahle icarriors resist him. 



208 FACTS AND DATES. 

A.D. 

211. Death of Severus at Eboracum (York) : accession of 

Caracalla, twenty-first emperor. 
dies at Eboracum in Britain. 

212. Caracalla mnrders his brother Geta. 

Q, fierce and cruel fratricide. 

2 1 .5. Caracalla ord ers a general massacre of the Alexandrians. 

di, frightful hutchery at Alexandria. 

217. Caracalla is murdered, and is succeeded by Macrinus, 

twenty-second emperor, 
the detestable Caracalla perishes. 

218. Macrinus, defeated at Antioch, is slain in Bithynia. 

the fugitive coward is ruined. 

„ Elagabalus, the twenty-third emperor, chosen by the 
army in Syria. 
the foulest character on record. 

220. Death of TertuUian. 

death of o, famous writer. 

222. Alexander Severus, twenty-fourth emperor, 
a despot deserving our affection. 

„ Urban I. becomes Bishop of Eome. 
a fearless defender of the faith. 

226. A revolt in Persia, under Artaxerxes. 
a distant dependency of the emjnre. 

232. Alexander gains a great victory over Artaxerxes. 
a decisive and glorious day. 

234. Eevolt in Gaul : Alexander proceeds thither. 

a defection of the Gauls suppressed. 

235. Severus marches against the Germans, but is 

assassinated. 
dies by the hands of his legions. 

„ Maxim in, a Thracian of mean origin, succeeds him as 
twenty-fifth emperor, 
a daring herdsman elected. 

„ Sixth general persecution of the Christians. 
the fury of the heathen let loose. 



HISTORY OF ROME. 209 

A.D. 

238. The two Gordians, rival emperors at Carthage, 
in Africa the Gordians are rivals. 

„ Maximin assassinated : Maximus and Balbinus elected 
twenty-eighth and twenty-ninth emperors. 
a dual government at Rome. 

„ Maximns and Balbinus assassinated: Gordian III. 
thirtieth emperor. 
forebodings of general ruin. 

242. Gordian defeats the Persians : recovers Mesopotamia. 
defeats his eastern foes. 

244. Gordian assassinated, and Philip the Arabian elected 
thirty-first emperor, 
the discontented soldiers assassinate him. 

248. Rome completes herlOOOth year : great Secular Games. 

2i famous secular era. 

249. Eevolt of Moesia and Pannonia : Philip slain : Decius 

becomes thirty-second emperor. 
defeated and slain at Verona. 

251. Gothic invasion: Decius slain: Gallus becomes thirty- 
third emperor, 
they defeat the legions at Ahrutum. 

„ Peace with the Goths purchased by promise of an 
annual payment, 
a disgraceful league with barbarians. 

253. ^milianus thirty-fourth, and afterwards Valerian 

thirty- fifth, emperor, 
he fights legions of Goths. 

254. Death of Origen, Bishop of Alexandria. 

death of the Alexandrian scribe. 

257. The empire invaded by barbarians on all sides, 
the Franks and Allemanni appear. 

„ Eighth general persecution : Cyprian put to death. 
Africa laments her apostle. 

260. Valerian, made prisoner by the Persians, is succeeded 
by Gallienus, thirty-sixth emperor, 
they defeat the emperor by a wile. 
O 



210 FACTS AND DATES. 

A.D. 

262. The Germans invade Italy, and reach. Eavenna. 
formidable nations from the Danube. 

264. Odenathus of Palmyra, one of " the Thirty Tyrants," 

repels the Persians, and is honoured with 
the title of Augustus. 
Odenathus monarch of the East. 

265. War, pestilence, and famine ravage the empire. 

war and famine in many lands. 

267. Odenathus murdered hy his queen, Zenobia, who 

assumes the title of empress of the East. 
Odenathus murdered by Zenobia. 

268. Claudius II. thirty-seventh emperor: pardons Aureo- 

lus, one of " the Thirty Tyrants." 
dispenses mercy to his rival. 

269. Claudius defeats the Goths and Heruli at ISTaissus. 

destroys many thousands. 

270. Death of Claudius : Aurelian thirty-eighth emperor. 

famous in peace and in war. 

271. Aurelian invites the Goths to settle in Dacia. 

Dacia peopled by barbarians. 

272. Aurelian defeats Zenohia, who is captured next year. 

the famous Zenobia defeated. 

„ Mnth general persecution. 

the designs of the persecutors frustrated. 

273. Tetricus, tyrant of Gaul, defeated at Chalons by 

Aurelian. 
defeats the potentate of Gaul. 

274. Great triumph of Aurelian : Zenobia and Tetricus 

among the captives. 
a famous procession in state. 

275. Aurelian, on his way to the East, is assassinated. 

dies by the perfidy of a lieutenant. 

„ Tacitus, thirty-ninth emperor, defeats the Alani. 

defeats tYiQ powerful Alani. 

276. Probus, fortieth emperor, succeeds Tacitus. 

distinguished for the purity of his morals. 



HISTOEY OF ROME. 211 

A.D. 

277. Proljus defeats the Sarmatians, Goths, and Germans. 

defeat of the Poles by Prolus. 

278. Probus erects forts from the Danube to the Ehine. 

forts protect the realm. 

279. Saturninus, governor of the East, proclaimed emperor 

at Alexandria. 

forced by the popular verdict. 

280. Proculus and Eonosus head a revolt in Gaul, but are 

defeated, 
& formidahle revolt extinguished. 

281. Probus celebrates a great triumph at Eome. 

the due reward of a conqueror. 

282. Probus assassinated by his troops at Sirmium. 

VciQ fiery rage of " the ditcher s.^^ 

„ Carus, forty-first emperor, defeats the Sarmatians. 
tYLQva formidahle army is defeated. 

283. Carus marches against Persia, but is killed near Ctesi- 

phon : Carinus and Numerian succeed him. 
dies in a raging hurricane. 

284. Diocletian forty-second emperor : era of Diocletian. 

a famous era in the East. 

286. Maximian, forty-third emperor, associated with Dio- 

cletian : the period of partition begins : Dio- 
cletian takes the East, Maximian the "West, 
they divide the Roman empire. 

„ The IsTorthmen attack the empire in the West, and the 
Persians in the East, 
the frontiers ravaged by invaders. 

287. Carausius, a Eoman general, usurps the sovereignty 

in Britain. 
defies the Roman power. 

290. Carausius compels Maximian to acknowledge the inde- 
pendence of Britain. 
(Britain) free for ten years. 

292. Two emperors and two Caesars (Galerius and Constan- 
tine) govern the empire between them. 
the former a txoofold division. 



212 FACTS AND DATES, 

A.D. 

295. Alexandria in Egypt taken by Diocletian. 

Diocletian takes Alexandria. 

296. Britain recovered to Eome by Constantius. 

h&x freedom vanishes in, a moment. 

298. Diocletian at war with Persia. 
famous victories in Armenia. 

302. Tenth, general persecution. 

a general extermination decreed. 

„ Diocletian and Maximian celebrate the last triumph, 
its glory is extinguishing fast. 

305. The emperors Diocletian and Maximian resign : Con- 

stantius and Galerius succeed as forty-fourth 
and forty-fifth emjDerors. 
the Augusti are willing to leave. 

306. Death of Constantius in Britain : is succeeded by Con- 

stantine the Great, forty-sixth emperor, 
the great Western emperor. 

310. Maximian put to death by Constantine. 
the great Constantine executes him. 

„ Galerius dies of a loathsome disease. 
Galerius, base and cruel. 

312. Constantine defeats Maxentius. 

the great Constantine defeats him. 

„ Constantine becomes a convert to Christianity, 
a great cross descried by him. 

313. Edict of Milan : Christianity tolerated everywhere. 

a glorious change in its history. 

314. Licinius, emperor of the East, resigns to Constantine 

all his European possessions, 
he grants to Constantine their sovereignty. 

321. Constantine commands Sunday to be observed by all 

his subjects, 
the holy day to be observed. 

322. Constantine victorious in Dacia and Sarmatia. 

the Goths of the Danube are defeated. 

324. Licinius put to death at Thessalonica by Constantine. 
his great adversary is slain. 



HISTORY OF ROME. 213 

A.D. 

324. Constantine sole emperor in the East and West. 

a great date in sacred (history). 

„ Christianity becomes the religion of the State, 
the holy faith established. 

325. Council of Mce, the first General Council. 

they agree in defining the *' Logos." 

326. Athanasius introduces Monachism into the West. 

a great advocate of Monachism. 

330. Byzantium becomes the capital of the empire, and is 
named Constantinople. 

the glory is gone from the West. 
332. Great victories obtained over the Goths by Constantine. 

the Goths are grievously defeated. 

334. Multitudes of Sarmatians settle in lUyria and Italy, 
a great host of Sarmatians. 

337. Constantine submits to baptism by Eusebius, an Arian. 
a great historian 'performs it. 

„ Death of Constantine : Constantine 11. , Constantius 
II., and Constans,his sons, share the empire, 
a great gap is produced. 

340. Civil Avar breaks out : the eldest brother killed : Con- 
stans emperor of the West, 
a great and sanguinary war. 

348. Constantius II. defeated at Sangara by the Persians, 
a humiliation sustained by the Romans. 

350. Constans murdered: Magnentius usurps the throne. 

a gross life of wantonness. 

351. Magnentius signally defeated by Constantius at Mursa. 

a great loss in the battle. 

354. Gallus put to death by Constantius II. 
Gallus laid-hold-of and slain. 

356. Athanasius, Bishop of Alexandria, expelled from his see. 
gained his laurels at Nice. 

361. Constantius II. dies : Julian the Apostate succeeds, 
a grave misfortune to Christianity. 

„ Julian permits the Jews to rebuild the Temple, 
to annoy the Christians. 



214 FACTS AND DATES. 

A.D. 

363. Julian marclies from Antiocli against the Persians. 

the heat of midsummei^ harasses him. * 

,, Death of Julian : Jovian, fifty-first emperor, favours 
the Christians, 
his government is mild and gentle. 

364. Death of Jovian : Yalentinian becomes emperor of the 

West ; Valerius, of the East. 
the great empire is severed. 

368. The AUemanni cross the Ehine, but are defeated. 

the Germans menace Rome. 
370. Yalens concludes a peace with the Visigoths. 

the Goths peaceably withdraw. 

375. Death of Valentinian : Gratian and Valentinian 11. 

emperors of the West. 
his heirs are peaceably elected. 

376. Valens allows the Goths, who are hard pressed by the 

Huns, to settle in Thrace, 
the Goths protected by the emperor. 

378. The Goths signally defeat the Eomans at Adrianople. 

the Goths prevail over the Romans. 

379. Theodosius the Great, emperor of the East, advances 

Christianity. 
heathenism p)ersecuted in turn. 

382. Theodosius concludes a peace with the Goths. 

the Goths are restored to friendship. 

383. Maximus assumes the purple in Britain: invades GauL 

Gratian is routed in Gaul. 
„ The Huns overrun Mesopotamia, but are defeated, 
the Runs are routed by the Goths. 

387. Maximus aspires to be sole emperor of the West. 

grasps the reins of power. 

388. Theodosius defeats and slays Maximus. 

his greed is righteously revenged. 
391. Great massacre at Thessalonica, by order of Theodosius. 

a grievous event in the circus. 
., Ambrose, Archbishop of Milan, compels Theodosius to 
do penance. 
a great triumph to the Church. 



HISTORY OF ROME. 215 

A.D. 

392. Yalentinian II, slain, and the empire of the West be- 

stowed on Eugenius. 
a gross outrage by a Frank. 

393. Theodosius gives the title of Augustus to Honorius. 

Honor ius is voted ^^ Augustus." 

394. Eugenius slain : Theodosius sole emperor. 

Eugenius vanquished and slain. 

395. Death of Theodosius : the empire permanently separ- 

ated into East and West, under Arcadius and 
Honorius. 
the great Theodosius is lamented. 

„ Alaric, King of the Visigoths, overruns Thrace, Mace- 
donia, and Greece. 
Greece overrun by Alaric. 

403. Stilicho defeats Alaric at Pollentia, near Turin. 
Stilicho worsts the Goths. 

406. The Vandals, Suevi, Burgundians, and Alani invade 

Italy and Gaul, 
the Sclavonian and Wendish invasion. 

407. Death of Chrysostom, patriarch of Constantinople. 

he sinks on his loay to Pityus. 

408. Stilicho put to death by Honorius. 

Stilicho executed at Ravenna. 

409. Attains appointed emperor by Alaric and the Senate. 

the Senate welcome Attalus. 

„ The Vandals, Suevi, and Alani invade Spain, 
the Suevi and Wends overrun it. 

410. Eome sacked by the Goths for six days. 

they sack the capital of the West. 

,, Death of Alaric, who is succeeded by Adolphus. 
a king concealed in an excavation. 

412. Adolphus concludes a treaty with Honorius. 
a shameful bargain with Adolphus. 

414. Adolphus invades Spain. 

shocking barbarities and slaughter. 

418. Britain acknowledged to be independent by Rome. 
the sovereignty of Britain recognised. 



216 FACTS AND DATES. 

A.D. 

418. Kingdom of the Yisigotlis established on both sides 
of the Pyrenees. 
Icings of a conquering race. 

„ Pharamond founds the kingdom of the Franks in 
Gaul. 

their king is the celebrated Pharamond. 

423. Death of Honorius : usurpation of Johannes. 

Johannes follows Honorius. 

425. Valentinian III. proclaimed emperor of the "West. 

a king five (years) old. 

426. Illyricum, Pannonia, and J^oricum ceded to the East. 

separated finally from the empire. 

429. Genseric, King of the Vandals, invades Africa. 

king of t\i.e ferocious Vandals. 

430. Death of Augustine, Bishop of Hippo. 

the saintly Augustine expires. 

439. Conquest of Africa by the Vandals completed, 
the savage Genseric overruns it. 

443. The Huns, under Attila, cross the Danube, and lay 
waste the Poman empire. 
savage Scythian hordes. 

449. The Jutes, Angles, and Saxons arrive in Britain.* 
the Jutes and Saxons in Thanet. 

451. Battle of Chalons -sur-Marne, defeat of Attila, and 

death of Theodoric I., King of the Visigoths. 
killed while leading his cavalry. 

452. Attila invades Italy: foundation of the city of Venice- 

situated in a lagoon on the Adriatic. 

453. Death of AttHa, " the Scourge of God." 

sea^ of liquid gore. 

454. ^tius assassinated by Valentinian III. 

assassinates its last saviour. 

455. Genseric pillages Pome, but spares .the citizens. 

spares the lives of the lieges. 

457. Kingdom of Kent (first of the Saxon Heptarchy) 
founded by a tribe of Jutes under Hengist. 
a kingdom of limited proportions. 

* The true date of this event was rather A.D. 428. 



HISTOilY OF THE MIDDLE AGES. 217 

A.D. 

400. Genseric destroys the Eoman fleet at Cartliagena. 
the sliips of Majorian exterminated. 

461. Leo the Great claims to be Yicar of Christ. 
sets-up an impious claim. 

468. Euric the Yisigoth drives the Eomans out of Spain. 
Spain independent of Rome. 

475. Romulus Augustulus last Eoman emperor. 

in the series of potentates the last. 

476. Eome taken by Odoacer the Goth, and extinction of 

the Western empire, 
her stupendous power is ended. 



PERIOD II.- -HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE AGES. 

CHAP. VI. — FROM THE FALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE 
TO THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA (a.D. 476-1492). 

[The substance of this Introduction is mainly derived from the ' General 
History of the World/ by Charles Von Rotteck, Professor of History in 
the University of Freiburg. London : Longman & Co. 1842.] 

The wonderful pictures of a twilight age, the lofty figures of 
Greece and Eome, and the glimmering life-sparks of a declining 
world, have now finally disappeared ; while another race, an- 
other theatre, another tone of action and passion, appear in their 
room. Here, from the dark forests of the north, and there, 
from the solitudes of the Ai'ahian desert, nations hitherto un- 
known, or slumbering in dead repose, overflow, like huge ocean 
billows, the mighty Eoman world. The long-decayed founda- 
tion shakes, and the structure, now shattered in all its parts, 
falls with an astounding crash. What the human mind had 
created in many centuries, what the toil of many generations 
had nurtured, what lengthened experience had perfected and 
established — the monuments of the power, genius, and virtue of 



218 FACTS AND DATES. 

tlie ancient world — ^were suddenly overwhelmed in ruins. Con- 
sidering, however, its incurable internal corruption, this fate 
was unavoidable, and scarcely deserves our regret ; for all that 
was beautiful and great had long since been abandoned, and 
every germ of a nobler life had now been stifled. The nations 
of the West, now disgracefully fallen from their ancient virtue 
and splendour, crawled in the dust, despising freedom as a tale 
of the past, neither desiring nor expecting anything better than 
servitude. The race had become so incurably corrupt, that it 
is impossible to suppose that it could ever elevate itself to its 
former level. The one solitary element of hope or stability that 
remained — the preserving salt of pure Christianity — had now 
lost its savour and its energy, and had become a gross, inert 
superstition. Heaven could endure the revolting spectacle no 
longer ; for though the forbearance of God is infinite in extent, 
it is finite in duration. The day of reckoning had come, and a 
terrible doom was inevitable. As the Antediluvian world was 
destroyed by a flood of waters, so the mighty empire of Eome 
was inundated by a destructive flood of barbaric nations, that 
carried all before them. " The fountains of the great deep were 
broken up, and the windows of heaven were opened." Before 
the close of the fifth century the throne of the Caesars was pros- 
trated ; Odoacer the Goth, and Theodoric the Eastgoth, ex- 
tended their sceptres over Italy and Rome, both of which had 
already experienced repeated plundering from the Westgoths, 
Vandals, and Huns. Barbarian nations had taken possession 
of all the provinces of the Western empire ; the Vandals, of 
Africa ; the Alani, Suevi, and Westgoths, of Spain ; the last- 
mentioned, also of Southern Gaul ; the Burgundians, of the 
countries around the Saone ; the Allemanni, of the Upper Rhine ; 
the Franks, of northern and eastern Gaul ; the Jutes, Angles, and 
Saxons, of Britain ; the Rugii and Heruli, of Noricum and its 
environs ; the Goths, of the Rhsetian and Illyrian countries. The 
Eastern empire had also to see the greater part of its provinces 
desolated by the barbarians. The Goths, before proceeding 
further west, had ravaged the countries of the Danube and the 
Haemus, while the Gepidse had established themselves in Pan- 
nonia. After the Goths came the terrible Huns, whose appear- 



HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE AGES. 219 

ance in Europe had been the principal signal of these great 
movements, and who drove before them, or carried in their train, 
a concourse of tribes as far as the Po and the Loire ; and the 
Huns were followed, in turn, by the Bulgari, Avari, Ugri, Chas- 
ari, and other savage tribes. 

These tumultuary migrations continued in the sixth century, 
and did not cease in the seventh and eighth. New swarms 
succeeded, supplanted, and drove away the older, or were driven 
away by them. The pastoral nations of Asia already enumer- 
ated, then the Sclavs, variously divided and immensely ex- 
tended, and afterwards new German tribes, established them- 
selves in the Roman, or in the Old-German and Sarmatian coun- 
tries. The kingdoms of the Saxons, Frieslanders, Thuringians, 
and Bavarians arose, or were more accurately defined. The 
Longobards seized upon Upper Italy ; Wendic and Sclavonic, 
Turkish and Tartar races, wandered about, confusedly mingled 
together and mutually hostile, in the vast countries between 
the Black Sea and the Baltic. There is no revolution recorded 
in the pages of history which has proved so important and im- 
posing, whether in extent, character, or results, as this great 

NORTHERN MIGRATION OP NATIONS. 

But let us glance at that mysterious land, that great nur- 
sery of nations, whence sprang the innumerable hordes which 
have thus, from time to time, desolated the civilised countries, 
and revolutionised the world. From the Caspian Sea to the 
Hoang-ho, and from the Altai Mountains to the Himalayas, 
stretches one unbroken gigantic plateau, named High Asia, the 
most elevated and immense on the surface of the globe. In 
ancient times this great table-land was almost wholly imknown, 
and even at the present day it has been very imperfectly ex- 
plored ; but some idea of its magnitude may be formed from the 
fact that here originate nearly all the giant rivers of Asia — the 
Indus, Ganges, Brahmaputra, Yang-tse-kiang, Hoang-ho, Amour, 
Lena, Yenisei, and Obi. The natural properties of this rugged 
and inhospitable region have imperiously determined the char- 
acter and pursuits of its inhabitants. If we compare the de- 
scription which Herodotus gives of the ancient Scythians with 
that of the pastoral nations of the great desert as handed do\\Ti 



220 FACTS AND DATES. 

by the Cliiiiese annalists, or tlie testimonies of the Eoman and 
Byzantine writers concerning the great migrations of nations 
which took place in their own day with the descriptions of 
European travellers who passed through High Asia in the 
middle ages, we shall discern the most wonderful uniformity of 
condition and manners among the numberless nations of this 
boundless region — a uniformity wMch remains indelibly stamped 
on them till the present day. All the roughness which the un- 
tamed state of man, living under a northern sky, can produce, 
is and ever has been the character of the Scythian hordes. 
Strangers to agriculture, partly from the nature of their country 
and partly from disinclination, they have ever been restricted 
for food and raiment to the breeding of cattle and to the chase — 
occupations incompatible with the luxuries, or even the con- 
veniences, of civilisation. Familiar with want and hardship, 
accustomed to the slaughter of animals wild and tame, the 
northern nomad acquires a hardiness of body and mind which 
harmonises him with his climate. Hunting and travelling are 
his daily occupations, and, in fact, the sum of his life. Aban- 
doning his whole nature to savage affections, no one is so adapted 
to violence, or so disposed to war. The possession of the horse, 
which they manage with marvellous dexterity, greatly increases 
the formidable character of these warlike hordes, thus carried 
along from their impregnable fastnesses, with the speed of the 
wind, to the most distant plains of an unprepared or effeminate 
enemy. Such were the diverse and multinomial swarms of 
Scythians, Sarmatians, and Germans which, at the commence- 
ment of this era, moved along the frontiers of the Eoman empire, 
like the threatening clouds of a tempest, and by their contempo- 
raneous shock fulfilled the destiny which had long hung over 
her! 

SECT. 24. — From Romulus Augustulus to Cliarlemagne 
(A.D. 476-800). 
A.D. 

i7Q. Extinction of the Western empire by the Goths, 
the succeeding period is medieval. 

„ Odoacer founds the Gothic kingdom of Italy, 
a hing in place of an emperor. 



HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE AGES. 221 

AD. 

481. Clovis establislies the kingdom of France, 
the judicious reign of Clovis. 

486. Clovis defeats the Eomans at Soissons. 
are severely routed in the north. 

489. The Ostrogoths, under Theodoric the Great, seize Italy, 
the Ostrogoths rule in Italy. 

493. Death of St Patrick, the patron saint of Ireland, 
the saint who turned them to God. 

496. Clovis routs the Allemanni, and embraces Christianity. 
ascribes his victory to the Most-High. 

507. Clovis defeats Alaric, King of the Yisigoths, at Poitiers. 
Alaric expires at Poitiers. 

511. Death of Clovis : his kingdom divided among his sons. 
leaves his conquests to his children. 

514. Arthur, king of the Silures, leads the Britons against 
the Saxons. 
leads theva against "Cerc^ic the Saxon." 

525. Time first computed in Italy from a.d. 1 (the Chris- 
tian era) hy Dionysius Exiguus. 
the year of our Lord, according to Denys the Little. 

534. Belisarius overthrows the Yandals in Africa, 
the illustrious general of Justinian. 

553. Belisarius and ITarses recover Italy from the Ostrogoths, 
the labours of illustrious generals. 

563. St Columba, from Ireland, founds a monastery at 
lona, and converts the Scots to Christianity. 
a lonely monastery in the Hebrides. 

568. The Lombards seize a great part of Northern Italy, 
the Lombards invade the realm. 

571. Birth of Mohammed at Mecca, 
the lying prophet is born. 

582. The Saxon Heptarchy completed in England by the 
creation of Mercia into a kingdom.* 
aliens our realm divide. 

* The seven kingdoms forming the Saxon Heptarchy were as follow :— 
1. Kent, comprising the present county of Kent, foimded 457 by a tribe 



222 FACTS AND DATES. 

A.D. 

696. Augustine, witli forty monks, arrives in England, to 
convert tlie Saxons to Cliristianity. 
a large troop of mnsionaries. 

612. Mohammed pu"blislies the Koran, 
the MoTiammedan Bible is forged. 

622. Era of the Hegira, or the Prophet's flight from Mecca. 
Mohammed's famous flight. 

632. Death of Mohammed, who is succeeded in the Cahph- 
ate "by Abuhekr, his father-in-law. 

Mohammed'' s greater flight. 

634. Syria invaded hy the Saracens under Khaled. 

the Mohammedans gain Syria. 

„ Omar succeeds Abubekr in the Caliphate at Medina. 
Omar the greatest Khalif. 

637. Jerusalem taken by the Saracens : Omar builds a 
mosque on the site of the Temple. 
a mosque on the hill of Zion. 

640. The Saracens take Alexandria and burn the library. 
Omar's savage whim. 

644. Othman succeeds Omar in the Caliphate. 

Mohammed's secretary succeeds. 

655. Ali becomes Caliph of Arabia, and Moawiah, of Egypt. 
Mohammed left it to Ali. 

672. The Saracens besiege Constantinople ineffectually. 

the Mohammedans opposed effectually. 

685. The Britons, being totally vanquished by the Saxons, 
retire into Wales and Cornwall, 
the invaders rule the land. 

of Jutes under Hengist. 2. Sussex, founded 490 by a tribe of Saxons 
imder Ella, and comprising Surrey and Sussex. 3. Wessex, founded by 
a tribe of Saxons under Ida in 495, contained Hants, Wilts, Somerset^ 
Dorset, and Devon. 4. Essex, founded in 527 by a tribe of Saxons, 
included our present Essex and Middlesex. 5. East Anglia (Norfolk, 
Suffolk, Cambridge), founded in 570 by a tribe of Angles under Uffa. 6. 
NOETHUMBRiA (Northumberland, Durham, York), founded in 547 by a 
tribe of Angles under Ida. 7. Mercia (situated between Wales and the 
other kingdoms), founded in 582, and formed by different migrations 
inland of the other settlers. 



niSTORY OP THE MIDDLE AGES. 223 

A.D. 

691. Pepin, father of Charles Martel, rules France, 
a mayor of the third Clovis. 

697. The Eepublic of Venice is governed by Doges, 
the merchants of Venice in power. 

714. The Moors conquer Spain, and terminate the empire 
of the Visigoths, 
the proivess of the CalipJis in Spain. 
„ Charles Martel governs France. 

Pepin's courageous son. 

726. Leo, emperor of the East, forbids image-worship. 

zealotisly denounces the image. 

730. Leo is excommunicated by Pope Gregory II. 
Pope Gregory excommunicates him. 

735. Death of the Venerable Bede. 

primal historian of Albion. 

736. Leo destroys all the images : is opposed by the Pope. 

a pope the guardian of images. 

741. Edinburgh founded by Edwin, King of I^^Torthumbria. 
the queen of Scotia's cities. 

746. A three years' pestilence in Europe and Asia. 
a pestilence sweeps away many. 

„ The Scriptures translated into Saxon verse by 
Caedmon. 
parts of Scripture in metre. 

750. The dynasty of Abbassides begins at Damascus. 

fhe powerful line of Abbassides. 

751. Pepin begins the Carlo vingian' dynasty in France. 

"Pepin le Bref." 
763. Bagdad, founded by Almansor, becomes the capital 
of the Caliphate instead of Damascus, 
the powerful metropolis of Haroun-al-Raschid. 

768. Charlemagne ascends the throne of France. 

a powerful monarch rules it. 
774. Charlemagne overthrows the Lombard kingdom. 

the pretensions of the Pope sustained. 

786. Haroun-al-Easchid, Caliph of the Saracen empire. 

poi'trayed in the ^Arabian Nights. ' 



224 FACTS AND DATES. 

A.T). 

787. The Danes or IS'ormans first land in England. 
pirates arrive in Purheck. 

800. Cliarlemagne crowned emperor of the West, 
exalted to rule tlie Western world. 

SECT. 25.— From Cliarlemagne to the Norman Conquest 
(A.D. 800-1066). 
A.D. 

803. Death of Irene, empress of the East. 
Irene expires through grief. 

807. Haroun-al-Easchid courts the alliance of Charle- 

magne. ^ 

Arabian wisdom at its perfection. 

808. The l^ormans, under Godfrey, invade France. 

an era in Western Europe. 

814. Death of the Emperor Charlemagne, 
tlie renowned Charlemagne sleeps. 

„ The Caliph Almamon greatly encourages learning, 
a renowned Caliph of the Saracens. 

827. End of the Heptarchy, and establishment of Mon- 
archy in England under Egbert. 
roving Danes plague him. 

836. Ethelwulf, second king of England, 
he routs the Gothic invaders. 

843. The Picts and Scots united under Kenneth IT., and 
the country henceforth called Scotland, 
an era in Scottish history. 

851. The Danes, or ISTormans, invade England. 
resist the lawless bands. 

855. Tithes first granted to the priests in England. 

they receive a large allowance. 

856. Paris plundered by the ^N'orthmen — Eric, their king, 

slain. 

Eric the lawless Northman. 

858. Ethelbald, third king of England, 
he rules the land with rigour. 

860. Ethelbert, fourth king of England. 
Bagnar the Northman is wrecked. 



HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE AGES. 225 

A.D. 

861. The ISTorwegians discover Iceland. 

roving Norwegians in Iceland. 

862. John Scotus, a celebrated Irish writer, flo^irishes. 

" JErigena " of noble fame. 

„ Euric, the I^ornian, founds the Eussian monarchy, 
the Eussian monarchy founded. 

„ The Greek and Latin Churches separate. 
JRome encounters a defeat. 

863. St Giles's Church, Edinburgh, erected. 

erection of ancient (St) Giles. 

866. Ethebed, fifth king of England. 

roving Northmen multiply. 

869. Eighth General Council held at Constantinople, 
the Roman Emperor attended it. 

871. Alfred the Great, sixth king of England. 
routs the pirates in tattle. 

875. Charles the Bald crowned emperor of Germany. 
received it from the Pope for a largess. 

886. University of Oxford founded by Alfred. 
rears a renowned university. 

889. The Magyars under Arpad arrive in Hungary, 
a warlike race arrives from the Volga. 

891. Alfred institutes trial by jury, and divides England 
into counties, hundreds, and tithings. 
reform in the trial of criminals. 

898. Algebra introduced into Spain by the Saracens. 
Arabians transport it into Europe. 

901. Civil war in Erance and Germany. 
torn by warlike contests. 

„ Edward the Elder, seventh king of England. 
vanquishes Wales and Cambria. 
906. The Normans under Eollo settle in E'ormandy. 
a valiant warrior invades it. 

914. Westminster Abbey built by Ethelbert. 

a venerable abbey established. 

915. Cambridge University restored by Edward the Elder. 

for learning. 
P 



226 PACTS AND DATES. 

A.D. 

923. Tlie Moors in Spain defeated by tlie Cliristians. 
a terrible defeat in Granada. 

925. Atlielstane, eighth king of England. 

translates the divine law. 

926. Bise of the English Order of Freemasons. 

A thelstaTie its first master. 

936. The Saracen empire divided into seven kingdoms. 
terminates the grandeur of the Mussulmans. 

941. Edmund the Magnificent, ninth king of England, 
an outlaw slays him at a banquet. 

947. Edred, tenth king of England. 

a terrible sickness paralysed him. 

955. Edwig, eleventh king of England. 
vexed by a learned liege. 

959. Edgar the Peaceful, twelfth king of England, 
his territory is lined by the Thames. 

„ Edgar extirpates wolves out of England and Wales, 
the tribute is levied in vermin. 

961. Church-bells first used in England. 

TurTceteVs musical chimes. 

962. Otho I. succeeds Charlemagne as emperor of the 

West. 
Otho, a monarch oifame. 

975. Edward the Martyr, thirteenth king of England. 
treacherously poisoned by Elfrida. 

978. Ethelred the Unready, fourteenth kiug of England. 
vanquished by a powerful rival. 

981. Yladimir, first Christian monarch of Eussia. 

turned the Russians to Christ. 

982. Greenland discovered by a !N"orwegian from Iceland. 

a tempestuous region discovered. 

987. Hugh Capet founds the third dynasty in Erance. 
the third race oi princes. 

991 . Arabic numerals brought into Europe by the Saracens. 

of vast value in computation. 



HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE AGES. 227 

A.D. 

994. Sweyn, King of Denmark, sails up tlie Thames. 

Ethelred attacked by Sweyn. 
1000. Paper first made of cotton rags. 

cotton wondrously woven for writing. 
1002. The Danes cruelly massacred by Ethelred. 

he basely exterminates the warlike Danes. 
1004. Churches begin to be built in the Gothic style. 

churches executed in a wondrous style. 

1013. The Danes, under Sweyn, get possession of England. 
a cruel expiation for cunning and guilt. 

1016. Edmund Ironside, the fifteenth king of England. 

chosen by the *' Witan" to contest the monarchy. 

1017. Canute the Dane, sixteenth king of England. 

Canute a wise and crafty prince. 

1025. Musical notes invented by Guido Aretino. 
characters expressing duration or length. 

1028. Norway conquered by Canute of England. 

Canute wins a double realm. 
1036. Harold Harefoot, the seventeenth king of England. 

Canute wanted Hardicanute to be monarch. 

1039. Duncan I., ELing of Scotland, murdered by Macbeth, 

who usurps the throne, 
his cruel wife hastens the tragedy. 

1040. Hardicanute, eighteenth king of England. 

from brutal excess the king expires. 

1042. The Saxon line of kings restored : Edward the Con- 

fessor, nineteenth king. 
a ^^ confession " that yielded the saddest fruit. 

„ Decimals invented in France about this time, 
a curious way of estimating the difference. 

1043. Manco Capac founds Cuzco, the capital of the Incas. 

civilises wild and savage hordes. 

1046. Three rival popes in Eome at the same time. 
a bloody contest for the sacred mitre. 

1049. Leo IX. the first pope that maintained a standing 
army, 
the bloody wars of the Saviour'' s vicars i 



228 FACTS AND DATES. 

A.D. 

1054. The great schism between the Eastern and Western 
Churches completed, 
the Church of the West in lasting schism. 

1056. The Turks take Bagdad and overturn the empire of 

the Caliphs. 
Bagdad wrested from the line of Mohammed. 

1057. Malcolm III. (Canmore), son of Duncan, nineteenth 

king of Scotland. 
tLe crown is won at Lumphanan from Macbeth. 

1066. Harold II., the twentieth king of England. 
conquering William invades England. 

„ Battle of Hastings : William the Conqueror the 
twenty-first king, 
the battle is won by Norman invaders. 



SECT. 26. — From tlie Norman Conquest to the Accession of the 
Plantagenets — the Norman Period (1066-1154). 

A.D. 

1070. William establishes feudalism in England, 
the conqueror wickedly perfects liis extortions. 

1072. Surnames first used by the ISTorman nobility, 
the conqueror's wile to perfect the distinction. 

1079. The Court of Exchequer established in England. 

a court to expedite pecuniary trusts. 

1080. The Domesday Book begins to be compiled. 

compiled by William for regulating his extortions. 

1086. Toledo, in Spain, wrested from the Saracens, becomes 

the capital of Castile, 
the Christians at war with Arabs and Moors. 

1087. William II. (Eufus), twenty-second king of England. 

the Crusaders want to recover Palestine. 

„ War between England and France, 
he confidently expects to rout Philip. 

1093. Donald Bane usurps the Scottish throne, 
the Celts win the throne for a Highlander, 



HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE AGES. 229 

A.D. 

1094. Duncan II., natural son of Malcolm, aided by- 
William II., becomes twenty-first king of 
Scotland. 
consents to wield a vassal's sceptre. 

1096. The First Crusade begins under Peter tbe Hermit, 
the Crusaders want to vanquish "the " 



„ The first duel fought in England. 

the combat is expected to vindicate the innocent. 

„ Heraldry introduced into Europe by the Crusaders, 
the Crusaders wear visible emblems. 

1098. Edgar, twenty-second king of Scotland. 

the crown is won for him by Atheling's army. 

,, The Orkneys, Shetland, and the Hebrides subjected 
to IsTorway. 
they capture the West, with Thule and OrTcney. 

1099. Jerusalem taken by Godfrey de Bouillon : frightful 

massacre of Mussulmans and Jews, 
the Crusaders win a : 



1100. Henry I. (Beauclerc), twenty-third king of England. 

a colony of craftsmen weave in Wales. 

1107. Alexander I., brother of Edgar, twenty-third king 
of Scotland, 
they crown the brother of the expiring prince. 

1118. The Order of Knights Templars instituted, 
the crusaders begin a chivalric order. 

1123. The ninth General Council, or first Council of Lateran. 

clerical celibacy first agreed on. 

1124. David L, twenty-fourth king of Scotland. 

the Church canonised her devoted saint. 

1128. Holyrood Abbey, in Edinburgh, built by King David, 
a celebrated abbey by David erected. 

1135. Stephen (de Blois), twenty-fourth king of England. 
civil-wars cause him great alarm. 

1139. Portugal, recovered from the Moors, becomes a king- 
dom under Alphonso I. 
the Crusaders combine to qive him the throne. 



230 FACTS AND DATES. 

A.D. 

1140. The canon law introduced into England. 

the canons of councils supreme in the West 

1141. The Guelphs and GhibeUnes contend. 

curious burdens issue from a castle. 

1147. The Second Crusade under Conrad III. of Germany 
and Louis VII. of France. 
Conrad's crusade is the second to Palestine. 

„ Spanish literature begins with '' the Cid," a romance, 
the Cid commences Spanish poetry. 

1151. Gratian, a Benedictine monk, collects the canon law. 
codifies the canon law at Bologna. 

1153. Malcolm lY., grandson of David, twenty-fifth king 

of Scotland. 
converts the chiefs into loyal Highlanders. 

1154. Henry II., twenty-fifth king of England, begins the 

Plantagenet line. 
Beclcet caused him labour and sorrow. 



SECT. 27. — From the Accession of the Plantagenets to the 
End of the Crusades (1154-1291). 

A.D. 

1156. Moscow founded by Juric I., Duke of Kiev. 

builds the capital of a large empire. 

1157. Henry 11. permitted by the Pope to conquer Ireland. 

obtains a bull from a lying Pope. 

1164. Thomas-a-Becket condemned by the Council of Claren- 

don : trial by jury perfected in England. 
Beclcet condemned by an English jury. 

1165. "William I. (the Lion), brother of Malcohn, twenty-- 

sixth king of Scotland. 
confer the crown on a noble lion. 

1172. Henry II. takes possession of Ireland. 
bishops and abbots promise him fealty. 

1180. Glass windows begin to be used in England. 
bright beams to readers welcome. 

1187. Jerusalem taken from the Christians by Saladiiu 
a brave conqueror retakes Zlon. 



HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE AGES. 231 

A.D. 

1189. Richard I. (Coenr de Lion), Philip of France, and 

Frederick, begin the Third Crusade. 
the Crusade begun by Richard was the third. 

1190. The Teutonic Order of Knights instituted. 

a badge conferred for valiant exploits, 

1199. John (Lackland), twenty-seventh king of England. 

content to accept the throne of a vassal. 

1200. Riga, capital of Livonia, built. 

built on the Dilna for exporting wheat. 

1202. The Fourth Crusade sets out from Venice. . 

the Crusaders^ fourth expedition departs. 

„ Algebra first employed in Italy by Leonardo of Pisa. 

a curious device to express figures. 

1203. Pope Innocent III. establishes the Inquisition. 

a court formed to exterminate heretics. 

1204. France recovers ISTormandy, Anjou, and Maine. 

the colonial dependencies wrested from John. 

„ The Crusaders seize and plunder Constantinople, 
the Crusaders force it on their way to Asia. 

1205. First regular Parliament in England convoked. 

the barons demand an extension of liberty. 

1208. John empowers the Londoners to elect their mayor 

and aldermen, 
the citizens first exercise their right. 

1209. The Pope anathematises King John of England. 

a bloody despot excommunicated by the Vicar. 

1210. The Albigenses cruelly persecuted by the Inquisition. 

a cruel edict causes their extermination. 
„ First war between Genoa and Yenice. 
begins Mhe furious contest of years. 

„ Zenghis Khan, founder of the Mogul empire, enters 
China, and subdues five Chinese provinces. 
breaks through the formidable Chinese wall, 

1214. Birth of Roger Bacon, the English philosopher. 
Bacon the founder oi British science. 
„ Alexander II., twenty-seventh king of Scotland. 
carries on a furioics contest with John. 



232 FACTS AND DATES. 

A.D. 

1215. Twelftli General Council (fourth Council of Lateran). 

the Council determines to condemn the Albigenses. 

„ Magna Charta signed by King Jolin at Eunnymede. 
a charter defining Bntish liberty. 

1216. Henry III., twenty-eighth, king of England. 

contends with the Dauphin for the crown of England. 

1218. The Fifth Crusade, under Andrew II. of Hungary. 
the Crusaders' fifth abortive raid. 

., Zenghis Khan invades Persia. 

begins his fearful career of rapine. 

1220. Astronomy and geography introduced into England. 
at Cambridge they axe first fully expounded. 

1223. Death of Philip III. of France. 

the breadth of France was doubled by Augustus. 

1225. Louis YIII. joins a crusade against the Albigenses. 
a crusade formed to destroy the Albigenses. 

1227. Death of Zenghis Khan : succeeded by his son, Oktai. 
cease the devastations of the formidable Zenghis. 

1231. First charter granted to Cambridge University. 
Cambridge first granted a charter. 

1234. Coal first discovered in England, near !N'ewcastle. 
coal first heats our stoves. 

1236. Leaden pipes for conveying water invented. 
convey the fiuid in hollow pipes. 

„ Eussia overrun by more than a million Mongol 
Tartars under Batu Khan, 
the country devastated by hordes of Mongols. 

1239. The Tartars invade Poland and Hungary. 

the country devastated by hordes of Tartars. 

1240. Tin mines first discovered in G-ermany. 

Cornwall formerly supplied the world. 

1241. The Hanseatic League formed. 

a confederacy formed for the safety of commerce. 

1242. The Mongols invade Siberia, and make Tobolsk 

their capital. 
the Czar's dominions in Asia fiooded by them. 



HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE AGES. 233 

A.D. 

1245. Thirteenth General Council (Council of Lyons). 

condemns Frederick the Second at Lyons. 

1246. Saladin II. introduces the Mamelukes into Egypt. 

his body defended by " slaves" or Mamelukes. 

1248. Sixth Crusade under Louis IX. of France. 

the Crusaders defeated by Sultan Turau. 

1249. Alexander III., twenty-eighth king of Scotland, suc- 

ceeds his father, Alexander II. 
celebrated in ovlv first Scottish verse* 

„ The Mamelukes revolt in Egypt, and seize the throne. 
Bihar, Hlqii first Sultan, was a Turk. 

1250. Kublai Khan, a descendant of Zenghis, hecomes chief 

of the Mongols. 
a bloody despot leads them to war. 

,, Eoger Bacon invents magnifying and burning glasses. 
Bacon forms lenses for the eye. 

1253. The Arabic numerals introduced into England. 

counting by digits learned from the hand. 

1254. Alphonso the Wise publishes his astronomical tables. 

a celebrated friend of literature and science. 

1258. The Tartars seize Bagdad, and terminate the empire 
of the Caliphs, 
the Caliphate destroyed by an alien race. 

„ The King of Aragon cedes Languedoc and Provence 
to France. 
cedes to France her legitimate rights. 



* Alexander III. was long affectionately remembered in Scotland, and 
the old Chronicle of Wynton has preserved the following verses about 
him, which are extremely interesting, as beiog the most ancient specimen 
of the Scottish dialect now extant : — 

" Quhen Alexandjrr cure King was dede, 

dat Scotland led in luwe and le, 
Away wes sons of ale and brede, 

of wyne and wax, of gamyn and gle. 
Cure gold was changed into lede. 

Chryst, born into virgynyte. 
Succour Scotland and remede, 

dat stad is in perplexyte." 



234 FACTS AND DATES. 

A.D. 

1260. Kublai Khan overruns part of Cliina, and makes 
Pekin tlie capital instead of ^N'anking. 
China devastated by Mongol warriors. 
1263. Alexander III. repels an invasion of the N'orwegians, 
and compels them to resign the Hebrides. 
hravely defeats their monarch Haco. 
„ The Seljukian Turks cross the Bosphorus, and settle 
west of the Black Sea. 
lands oi foreigners and northern hordes. 
1265. The House of Commons first summoned to convene. 
the best defence of the nation's liberties. 
„ Battle of Evesham : Leicester defeated. 

the barons defeated with Montford of Leicester. 

,, Birth of Dante, the illustrious Italian poet. 
birth of Dante, memorable in literature. 

1270. The eighth or last Crusade, under Louis IX. 

the Crusaders fail in their quixotic expeditions. 

1271. Marco Polo, a Venetian, travels to the East. 

a bold adventurer proceeds to " Cathay. ^^ 

1272. Edward I., the twenty-ninth king of England. 

the Countess of Flanders quarrels with Edward. 
1274. Marco Polo arrives at the court of Kublai Khan, 
a celebrated adventurer presented to the Khan. 

„ Death of Thomas Aquinas, the famous Schoolman, 
the celebrated divine, Aquinas the Schoolman. 

1279. The whole of China subdued by Kublai Khan, who 
founds the Yuen dynasty. 
China a dependency of the powerful Tartars. 

1282. Conquest of Wales by Edward I. of England, 
the Cymri are forced to resign their freedom. 
„ The Sicilian Vespers : the Erench massacred in 
Sicily. 
a bloody deed of reckless daring. 
,, The Zuider Zee united to the North Sea. 
the briny flood rushes into Flevo. 
1286. Death of Alexander III. : Bruce and BaKol compete 
for the crown, 
they choose Edward as arbiter in the matter. 



HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE AGES. 235 

A.D. 

1291. End of the Crusades : Ptolemais, &c., surrender to 
the Sultan of Egypt, 
the Crusades are finished by the taking of Acre. 

SECT. 28. — From the End of the Crusades to the Death of 
Richard II. (A.D. 1291-1399). 

A.D. 

1294. Boniface VIII. becomes Pope of Eome. 

Boniface, the fiery Vicar of Jesus. 

1295. Marco PolO returns, and writes his ' Travels.' 

CMiia described by a traveller in the land. 

1296. Edward I. invades Scotland, and penetrates to Elgin. 

crafty Edward travels to Morayshire. 

„ Battle of Dunbar : the Scots defeated. Battle of 
Stirling : Wallace victorious. 
Baliol defeated by a valiant Englishman. 

1298. Battle of Ealkirk : Wallace defeated by Edward, 
the tattle of Falkirk a taunt and reproach. 

„ The Ottoman Empire founded in Asia by Othman. 

the bloody founder of Turkish rule. 

1300. Windmills first used in Western Europe. 
begin to grind with wind for water. 

1302. The mariner's compass introduced into Europe by 

Gioja of Amalfi. 
the compass guides through watery fields. 

1303. The Scots defeat the English near Eoslin. 

Comyn gallantly extinguishes a host. 

1304. Birth of Petrarch, the Italian poet. 

birth of a great writer of " sonnets." 

1305. Sir William Wallace beheaded at Westminster. 

our country's hero executed in London. 

1306. Eobert Bruce murders Comyn, and becomes thii'ty- 

first king of Scotland. 
" the Bruce " is guilty of wilful murder. 

1307. Edward II., thirtieth king of England. 

the accomplished Gaveston weakens his popularity. 



236 FACTS AND DATES. 

A.D. 

1307. Establishment of Swiss independence: story of 

WiUiam TeU. 
the cruel Gessler warned by a patriot. 

1308. The seat of the Popes transferred to Avignon for 

seventy years : death of Duns Scotus. 
beginning of their ignominious exile from Hame. 

1310. Ehodes taken by the Knights of St John, 
a celebrated Grecian colossus of yore. 

3 311. Gaveston, the favourite of Edward 11. , beheaded. 

the accomplished Gaveston cruelly beheaded. 

1312. Order of the Knights Templar abolished by the Pope. 

accused them of guilt of the blackest dye. 

1313. Birth of Boccaccio. 

Boccaccio, a highly celebrated Genoese. 

1314. Bruce defeats the English at Bannockburn. 

JBannockburn's glorious battle in Scotland. 

1315. Battle of Morgarten: the Swiss defeat the Austrians. 

a brave handful contending for liberty. 

1316. First exercise of the " Salic Law" in France. 

the crown to he heired by boys and men. 

1318. The Scots invade Ireland : defeated by the English. 
Bi'uce's host is beaten in Ireland. 

1320. Lace first manufactured in Flanders. 

costly gear for female wear. 

1321. Abulfeda, the Saracen prince of Hamah, finishes his 

' Arabian Geography.' 
Abulfeda of Hamah describes his country. 

1322. Walter Lollard, founder of a sect, burned for heresy 

at Cologne, 
they commit a holy father to the flames. 

„ Battle of Miihldorf, between Frederick III. of Ger- 
many and Louis Y. of Bavaria. 

the Bavarian host defeats Frederick. 

1324. Truce of 13 years between England and Scotland. 
cessation of hostilities between Edward and the Scotch. 
„ Birth of Wychfife (died 1384). 

Britain getsfii^st the Scriptures. 



HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE AGES. 237 

A.D. 

1327. Edward III., thirty-first king of England. 

begins with a general dispensation oi pardon. 

1328. Birth of Chaucer ; died 1400. 

Chaucer our great father of rhyme. 

„ Philip YI. commences the fourth dynasty in France, 
the brilliant glories of the French realm, 

1329. David II., thirty-second king of Scotland. 

beware of the guile of Edward the Third ! 

1333. Edward III. defeats the Scots at Halidon Hill. 

the carnage is great at Halidon Hill. 

1334. Edward Baliol driven from the throne of Scotland. 

BalioVs government is hateful to the Scotch. 

1344. Gold coins come into general circulation in England. 
coins of gold are used for silver. 

1346. Battle of Cressy between Edward III. and Philip. 
Cressy the glory of the Icings of England. 

„ Cannon and gunpowder first employed by the 
English in the Battle of Cressy. 
their cannon greatly assist the English. 

„ The Scots invade England : are defeated at Durham, 
a bloody havoc of the Scotch invaders. 

„ Windsor Castle rebuilt by Edward III. 
built for a home to the kings of England. 

1348. The Black Death, a terrible plague, sweeps over the 

three continents. 
a calamity from heaven smites the earth. 

„ General massacre of the Jews, as the alleged cause 
of the plague. 
a cry against the scattered remnant. 

1349. The Order of the Garter instituted by Edward III. 

a blue garter of spangled velvet, 

1353. The Turks first enter Europe, under Solyman. 
they cross the Hellespont, and land at Gallipoli. 

1356. Battle of Poitiers : great victory over the French. 
" the Black-Prince'" gains his laurels now. 



238 FACTS AND DATES. 

A.D. 

1360. Amuratli, tlie Turk, overruns Eastern Europe from 
the Danube to the Adriatic, 
a courageous general mdfches westward. 

„ Peace of Bretigni : Edward releases King John of 
France from captivity. 
crowns of gold in millions for an exile. 

1362. Law pleadings changed from Norman - French to 

English. 
clients hear their native dialect. 

„ Adrianople becomes the capital of the Turkish em- 
pire in Europe. 
begin to govern their empire horn. Adrianople. 

1363. Death of Bahol : David II. acknowledges Edward of 

England his heir, should he have no issue, 
a cause of great misery and 



1364. Charles Y. (the Wise), King of Erance. 
Charles gets Navarre from Spain. 

1367. Battle of Najera : the Black Prince restores Peter 
the Cruel to the throne of Castile, 
the crown is gained at Najera for Feter. 

1369. Third great pestilence in England. 

the cloud hovered over England thrice. 

1370. Birth of John Huss, the Bohemian Reformer. 

Mrth of a great protesting witness. 

1371. Eobert II., the thirty-third king, begins the Stuart 

dynasty in Scotland. 
Brace's heir at Perth is crowned. 

1372. The combined fleets of France and Spain defeat the 

English at Eochelle. 
a celebrated hold of the Protestants of France. 

1374. Truce of Bruges: England cedes to France nearly 
all her French possessions. 
Charles gets-bach the possessions of his sires. 

1376. Death of " the Black Prince." 

they bewail the glory and pride of England. 



HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE AGES. 239 

A.D. 

1377. Richard II., a minor, son of the Black Prince, thirty 

second king of England. 
a council governs in place of tlie prince. 

„ Pope Gregory XI. returns to Rome from Avignon. 
changes the home of the papal pontiffs. 

1378. The schism of double popes at Rome and Avignon 

now begins. 
beginning of the ugly papal rivalry. 

1380. Charles VI. (the Insane) ascends the throne of Prance. 

a cloud hovers over the royal youth. 

„ Wycliffe translates the Scriptures into English, 
the hook of God is rendered by Wycliffe. 

„ Tamerlane, descendant of Zenghis Khan, takes Herat, 
a celelrated hero in rapine and war. 

1381. Wat Tyler's insurrection in England. 

a hlacJcsmith heads the rebel band. 

1384. Tamerlane subdues Persia and High Asia. 
barbaric hordes ravage the steppes. 

1387. Tamerlane' conquers Turkestan and Siberia. 

barbaric hordes ravage the plain. 

1388. Battle of Otterburn (or '' Chevy Chase") between 

Douglas and the Percies. 
a battle of great and romantic renown. 

1389. Boniface IX. becomes pope at Rome. 

Boniface ignores his rival at Avignon. 

1390. Robert III., thirty-fourth king of Scotland. 

bands of Highlanders valiant in war. 

1396. Sultan Bajazet defeats the Christians in Bulgaria. 

Bajazet gains a victory at Nicopolis. 

1397. Union of Cahnar — ITorway, Sweden, and Denmark 

united under Margaret. 
begins to govern a vast peninsula. 

1399. Tamerlane overruns India and seizes Delhi. 
conquest of Hindostan by Timur the Tartar. 



240 FACTS AND DATES. 



SECT. 29. — From the Death of Richard II. to the Accession of 
Edward IV.— The Lancastrian Period (1399-1461). 

A.D. 

1399. Henry lY., tMrty-third king of England, begins the 

Lancastrian dynasty. 
BoKnghrohe gains the vacant throne. 

1400. Owen Glendower raises a rebellion in Wales. 

behold the standard of Owen, a Welshman ! 

1401. First persecution of the LoUards in England. 

they burn Sawtree in wanton cruelty. 

1402. Battle of Homildon Hill : the Percies defeat Douglas. 

the courageous Scotch woefully defeated. 

„ Battle of Angora, between the Osmanlees and Tartars. 
Bajazet, the Sultan, yields to his foe. 

1403. Battle of Shrewsbury : the rebellion ended. 

the tattle of Shrewsbury — Owen and Hotspur. 

1 405. Death of Tamerlane, on his way to conquer China. 

China escapes the wanton leveller. 

„ Siege of Berwick : great guns first used in England. 
cannon are used the walls to level. 

1406. James I., a captive in England, is proclaimed thirty- 

fifth king of Scotland, 
the captive king an exile in England. 

1407. John of Burgundy assassinates the Duke of Orleans. 

cruel John^s execrable perfidy ! 

1409. Council of Pisa deposes the two rival popes. 

the Church, scandalised, excommunicates the ^^ vicars." 

1411. St Andrews University (first in Scotland) founded, 
our celebrated Scottish colleges begin. 

,, Sigismund, Emperor of Germany. 
crafty Sigismund calls a Council. 

1413. Henry Y., thirty- fourth king of England : the Lol- 

lards again persecuted, 
a blacTc spot in the character of Henry. 

1414. Council of Constance (seventeenth General) con- 

demns John Huss and Jerome of Prague. 
courageous Jerome consigned to the stake. 



HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE AGES. 241 

A.D. 

1415. Battle of Agincourt : Henry totally defeats the Erench. 
Charles the Sixth the hattle loses. 

1418. The Canary Islands, discovered by a French vessel in 
1330, are colonised by the Portuguese, 
the Canaries slowly colonised by Europeans. , 

1420. Madeira discovered by the Portuguese. 
a beautiful island adorned with " wood." 

„ Treaty of Troyes between Henry Y. and Charles VI. 
of France, 
the crown and sceptre of France are won by him. 

1422. Death of Henry V. and of Charles YI. 
Charles the Sixth, or the Fatuous, dies. 

„ Henry YI. crowned King of England and France, 
a child succeeds to a double dominion. 

,, James I. of Scotland liberated by the Enghsh. 
the captive king is freed from durance. 

1424. The French and Scotch defeated at Yerneuil. 
Bedford severely defeats the Scots. 

1429. Joan of Arc raises the siege of Orleans, 
the brave Joan defeats the victors. 

1431. Joan burned as a witch by the English at Eouen. 
they burn Joan of heroic celebrity. 

„ Council of Basle (eighteenth General Council), 
the council seeks to heal the breach. 

,, The Azores discovered by Yanderberg of Bruges, 
the ''Azores" are seen with "hawks " abounding. 

1434. Cosmo di Medici, founder of the family of that 

name, rules the republic of Florence. 
a celebrated savant governs the state. 

1435. Treaty of Arras between Charles YII. and the Duke 

of Burgundy. 
Charles secures a great ally. 

„ /. Blind Harry, author of ' Sir William Wallace.' 
begins our Scottish heroic literature. 

1436. Paris retaken by the French from the English. 

Charles the Seventh gains it from the English. 
Q 



242 FACTS AND DATES. 

A.D. 

1436. Printing hy movable wooden types invented. 

the celebrated Koster oiHaerlem invented them. 

1437. James I. assassinated at Perth. : James II. succeeds 

him as thirty-sixth king of Scotland. 
basely assassinated by Graham at Perth. 

1439. " The Pragmatic Sanction :" Charles VII. summons 

a national synod at Bourges. 
Charles the Seventh and Eugenius at variance. 

1 440. Guttemherg improves printing by cutting metal types. 

looks scatter knowledge widely. 

1441. Copenhagen made the capital of Denmark, Norway, 

and Sweden. 
Copenhagen on the Sound the Scandinavian capital. 

1444. Guttemberg and Faust print the Mazarin Bible, 
the Bible spreads the knowledge of salvation. 

„ Don Pedro of Portugal proposes to send an embassy 
to " Prester John," Xing of Abyssinia, 
a Christian king of sable skin ! 

„ Great battle of Yarna between Amurath II. and Vla- 
dislaus, King of Hungary : great slaughter 
of the Christians, 
on the Black Sea the savages slaughter them. 

1446. Great inundation of the sea in HoUand : 100,000 
persons perish at Dort. 
the boisterous sea swamps the Netherlands. 
„ Frederick III. of Germany declares war against 
Switzerland, 
the Cantons of Switzerland at issue with the emperor. 

1449. Cape Yerd Islands discovered by the Portuguese. 

a curious scene, the seas are ' ' verdant ! " 

1450. Jack Cade's insurrection at Blackheath. 

a " cad" strikes the Londoners with wonder. 

„ University of Glasgow founded by Bishop Turnbull. 
a college for the spread of learning in the west. 

1453. Constantinople taken by the Turks : end of the 
Eastern Empire, 
the capital of the East lost by the Greeks. 



HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE AGES. 243 

A.D. 

1453. The Englisli lose all their possessions in France, ex- 

cept Calais. 
Calais is still left to Henry. 

1454. Venice and Genoa conclude a peace with the Turks. 

commercial states iu league with the strangers. 

1455. Battle of StAlbans, first in the "Wars of the Eoses." 

a contest severe, which lasted long. 

1458. Matthew Corvinus, King of Hungary, 
the conqueror oi Austria elected to 'rule. 

1460. Death of James 11. of Scotland : accession of James 

III., thirty-seventh king, 
the courageous king is mortally wounded. 

„ Battle of IS'orthampton ; Henry YI. taken prisoner, 
the celebrated "Mng maker" worsted him. 

„ Battle of Wakefield ; the Duke of York slain, 
in battle he is slain by Margaret at Wakefield. 

SECT. 30. — From the Accession of Edward IV. to tlie Discovery 
of America (1461-1492). 

A.D. 

1461. Edward lY., thirty-sixth king of England, begins 

the "York" dynasty. 
a courageous soldier, enterprising and bloody. 

„ Death of Charles YII. by voluntary starvation : 
Louis XI. succeeds him. 
commits suicide the unfortunate Charles. 

1462. Storming of Mentz by Adolphus : the art of print- 

ing extends to other places, 
the celebrated storming of Mentz by Adolphus. 

„ Ivan III. founds the present Eussian monarchy. 

courageous John, the northern despot. 

1465. League against Louis XI. of France, 
the barons scheme to menace Louis. 

1467. Birth of Erasmus at Eotterdam. 

the brightest ** star of the Netherlands " appears. 

1468. Orkney and Shetland ceded by Denmark to Scotland. 

brave seamen of Norwegian origin. 



244 FACTS AND DATES. 

A.D. 

1470. Edward IV. attainted, and Henry YI. restored to tlie 

tkrone : death of Thomas a Kempis. 
a couple of kings opposed in war. 

1471. Caxton introduces printing into England, and begins 

with Cicero's "De Officiis." 
Caxton succeeds in printing Cicero. 

1473. Study of the Greek language introduced into Erance. 
classical scholars appear from Greece. 

1 475. Edward lY. invades France : Michael Angelo born, 
tlie crafty king pays for it liberally. 

1478. The conspiracy of the Pazzi against the Medici at 

Florence suppressed, 
the conspirators joined by the PojJe of Home. 

1479. Eerdinand and Isabella unite the kingdoms of Ara- 

gon and Castile. 
a celebrated king and queen on tlie throne. 

„ Russia freed from the Tartar yoke by Ivan BasHo- 
witz, the first Czar, 
the Czar assumes his present title. 

1480. The Inquisition revived ia Spain by Eerdinand. 

revived in the west. 



1481. African slavery commenced by the Portuguese. 
cargoes of slaves arrive from Congo. 

„ Bajazat 11. , Emperor of the Turks. 

Bajazet the Second reigns at Constantinople. 

1483. Edward V. and Eichard III., thirty-seventh and 
thirty-eighth kings of England, 
the crovm is usurped by Richard of Gloucester. 

„ Birth of Martin Luther at Eisleben in Saxony. 
bom at Eisleben, the Reformer of Germany. 

1485. Battle of Bosworth; Richard III. is killed, 
the brave usu/rper is routed in Leicester. 

„ Henry YII. , the thirty-ninth king of England, begins 
the Tudor dynasty, and unites the houses of 
York and Lancaster. 
a better king rules the land. 



MODERN HISTORY. 245 

A.D. 

1485. Vienna and Lower Austria taken by Matthias Cor- 

vinus, King of Hungary. 
Corvinus seizes and rules the land. 

1486. The Cape of Good Hope unconsciously doubled by 

Bartholomew Diaz, a Portuguese, 
the ^^Cape of Storms " its original name. 

1487. Cavilham, a Portuguese, travels to India by Suez. 

CavilhaTYi seeks the renown of Portugal. 

„ Simnel's rebellion in Ireland. 

the obscure Simnel is routed and pardoned. 

1488. James lY. becomes thirty-eighth king of Scotland. 

an active king rules the realm. 

„ The " Great Harry," first English ship of war, built, 
they build a ship at the royal arsenal. 

,, Sea-charts first brought to England by Bartholomew 
Columbus to illustrate his brother's ideas, 
the circular shape of the earth is revealed. 

1490. Will. Grocyn, first Professor of Greek at Oxford. 
classical knowledge is taught at Oxford. 

1492. The Moors expelled from Granada. 

conquest of the Saracens by valiant Ferdinand. 



PERIOD III.— MODERN HISTORY. 

CHAP. VII. — FROM THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA TO THE 
PEACE OF WESTPHALIA (A.D. 1492-1648). 

We have at length emerged from the darkness of ancient times, 
have passed the dim twilight of the Middle Ages, and have ar- 
rived at the clear sunshine of Modern History. This last and 
greatest, though at the same time the shortest, period of human 
history, is mainly distinguished from the two preceding by the 
folio-wing marked characteristics: 1. The theatre of history, 
the field of action, has, by the discovery of a new world, become 
suddenly and vastly enlarged, embracing now, for the first time, 
all parts of the earth's surface, and all the races of our species. 



246 FACTS AND DATES. 

2. The subjects tliat occupy the historian's attention are greatly 
multiplied, history being no longer a chronicle of great battles, 
and the exploits of kings and heroes, but an expounder of the 
principles that lead to true national greatness, and of the pro- 
gress of civilisation in all lands. 3. This is pre-eminently the 
age of literature, science, and art, as well as of inventions of all 
kinds, though at first we find all these only in their germs and 
rude beginnings. 4. It is the period of legislation, administra- 
tion, and progressive reform in the methods of governing — the 
period of statistics, politics, and finances, and of social science 
generally. 5. Similarly, it is the period of widespread enlight- 
enment of the masses — of the elevation of those classes of society 
that were previously trodden down and despised. 6. It is the 
period of the establishment and maintenance of colonies, and of 
extensive and world-wide commerce. 7. Finally, it is the period 
when all things are being tested, sifted, and tried to their foun- 
dations ; when all that is false in religion, science, and philo- 
sophy, is sure to be exposed ; and when all that is true and 
genuine will be allowed to shine in its native colours. 

Modern History consists of three great periods : the first ex- 
tends from the discovery of America, and the great Eeforma- 
tion in Germany (events that were nearly contemporaneous), to 
the Peace of Westphalia ; the second, from that event to the 
French Revolution ; and the third, from the French Eevolution 
to the present time. 

The authorities most frequently consulted in this division of 
our labours have been Eotteck's 'General History of the World ;' 
Russell's ' Modern Europe ; ' Alison's ' History of Europe ; ' 
Macaulay's ' History of England ; ' Guizot's * History of Civilisa- 
tion ;' Hallam's ' Literature of Europe ; ' Haydn's ' Dictionary 
of Dates ; ' and the ' Penny Cyclopaedia.' 



SECT. 31. — From the Discovery of America to tlie Reformation 

(A.D. 1492-1517). 
A.D. 

1492. Columbus, with three Spanish vessels, sails to Sfc 
Salvador, and thus discovers a new world. 
Columbus sails on a voyage of fame. 



MODERN HISTORY. 247 

A.D. 

1492. ColumLus, on his first voyage to America, discovers 

the variation of the needle. 
Golumhus sees it vary in dip. 

„ The Jews expelled from Spain and Portugal, 
the children of Judah violently dispersed. 

1493. Pope Alexander YI. grants to Spain all lands that 

may he discovered west of the Azores, and 
to Portugal all lands east of them, 
the boundary stretches from (St) Vincent to Qraciosa. 

„ Columhus finds wild cotton in Hispaniola. 

cotton seen on trees in Hispaniola. 

1494. King's College, Aherdeen, founded hy James IV. 

the Aherdonians study theology and science. 

„ John Cahot, sent out hy Henry YII. of England, 
discovers ITewfoundland. 
the icy shores of " Vista'' are seen by him. 

1495. Columhus, on his second voyage, discovers Jamaica 

and Puerto Eico: Warheck invades England. 

Columhus sees vast islands. 

1497. Vasco de Gama, a Portuguese, douhles the Cape. 

a hold sailor visits Zanguehar. 

„ John and Sehastian Cahot plant the EngHsh flag in 
Lahrador, I^ova Scotia, and Virginia, the first 
part of the continent seen hy Europeans, 
the Cahots survey a. vast peninsula. 

1498. Columhus, on his third voyage, discovers Trinidad 

and the river Orinoco. 
Columbus sees a vast river. 

„ Death of Charles VIII. of France : Louis XII. succeeds. 

Charles is succeeded by the valiant Orleans. 

„ Savonarola hurned hy Pope Alexander VI. for preach- 
ing against the vices of the clergy, 
they hum Savonarola for testifying against Rome. 

1499. Canada discovered hy John and Sehastian Cahot. 

the Cahots seize a vast territory. 
„ Amerigo Vespucci discovers Venezuela, 
a boasting subaltern visits Venezuela. 



248 FACTS AND DATES. 

A.D. 

1499. Columbus sent to Spain in chains by Bobadejla. 

the courageous sailor a victim to avarice. 

1500. Pinzon, a Spaniard, discovers the river Amazon. 

he beholds the leviathan of the world's waters. 

1501. Cabral, a Portuguese, discovers the coast of Brazil. 

Cdbral lands on wide Brazil. 

1502. Columbus discovers Central America. 

Columbus learns the way to Darien. 

1503. The Spanish colonists compel the aborigines to 

work in the mines, 
the Caribs are lashed while working for gold. 

„ Goa Factory, in India, founded by the Portuguese. 
begin to lay the walls of Goa. 

„ Luther discovers the Yulgate in the library of Erfurth. 
a Bible in Latin, the Word of God! 

1504. The French expelled from ]N'aples, which is hence- 

foi-th under the yoke of Spain. 
continues long under the yoTce of Spain. 

1506. Death of Columbus, at Seville, in his 59th year. 

Columbus lands on a world unknown. 

„ The sugar-cane introduced from the Canaries into 
the West Indies. 
begin to elevate the West Indies. 

„ St Peter's Church at Eome begun by Bramante. 
they build a large and wondrous monument. 

5, Lisbon made the capital of Portugal by EmanueL 
beautiful Lisbon exalted by Emanuel. 

„ Birth of George Buchanan, the Scottish historian. 
born a learned writer of annals. 

1507. Almeida discovers Madagascar and Ceylon. 

the hold Almeida wins them to Portugal. 

,y Copernicus conceives the true theory of the solar 
system. 
Copernicus learns our world's position. 

1508. African slaves first imported into the Spanish colonies. 
a cru£.l law of wrong and rapine. 



MODERN HISTORY. 249 

A.D 

1508. League of Cambray, by which Venice cedes to Spain 

her Neapolitan possessions, 
the Camhray league wounds the republic. 

1509. Henry VIII. ascends the throne of England. 

hinds the Lancastrians and Yorkists to the tJirooie. 

„ Birth of John Calvin, the famous Eeformer. 
Calvin, the learned writer and theologian. 

1510. Balbao establishes the first Spanish settlement on 

the western continent (Darien). 
begins a little colony in the west. 

1511. Velasquez, a Spaniard, conquers Cuba. 

the Carihs lament the conquest of Cuba. 

1512. Ponce de Leons, a Spaniard, discovers Florida and 

the Gulf Stream. 
observes a land with beautiful "flowers." 

1513. Balbao crosses the Isthmus of Darien to the Pacific. 

Balbao lights on an ocean great. 

„ Battle of Flodden Field between English and Scots : 
James IV. slain: James V., thirty-ninth king, 
succeeds him. 
a battle long celebrated in Galloway. 

„ " The Battle of Spurs," between English and French. 
called also the Battle of Guinegate. 

1514. Juan Diaz de Solis enters the Eio de la Plata. 

Buenos lies on the banks of the estuary. 

1515. Francis I, of France defeats the Swiss at the great 

Battle of Marignan. 
a courageous leader crosses the Alps. 

1516. Death of Ferdinand of Spain, and accession of 

Charles of Germany. 
Charles lays-claim to both empires. 

„ Cardinal Wolsey becomes papal legate in England, 
a cardinal legate of boundless 



250 FACTS AND DATES. 



SECT. 32.-^From tlie Beformation in Germany to the 
Death of Luther (A.D. 1517-1546). 

A.D. 

1517. Martin Luther begins the Eeformation in Germany. 

courageous Luther Iraves the Pope. 

„ Ferdinand Cordoba, a Spaniard, sails from Cuba, 
and explores Yucatan. 
Cordoba lands on a broad peninsula. 

1518. The Mexicans teach the Spaniards cochineal-dyeing. 

the colonists learn a curious art. 

„ Barbarossa, the Algerine pirate, slain. 
Barbarossa, the lawless corsair, routed. 

„ Eeuchlin appointed Professor of Hebrew and Greek 
at Wittenberg, 
a celebrated linguist, the companion of Erasmus. 

1519. Cortez sent by Velasquez to conquer Mexico. 

Cortez lands on a civilised territory. 

„ Charles I. of Spain becomes Emperor of Germany as 
Charles Y. 
begins a long conflict with Turkey. 

„ Zwingle raises the standard of reform in Switzerland. 
courageous Ulrich, a champion of the truth. 

1520. Death of Selim, Sultan of Turkey, succeeded by 

Solyman the Magnificent : death of Raphael. 

Christendom alarmed with /ear of war. 

„ Interview between Henry YIII. and Charles V. 
Charles is allured to Dover by Wolsey. 

„ Magellan discovers the Strait bearing his name, 
he cautiously leads his fleet westward. 

1521. Magellan discovers the Philippines, where he is killed. 

the courageous leader falls in battle. 

„ Magellan's fleet discovers Borneo, Celebez, the 
Moluccas, and circumnavigates the globe, 
they curiously lose a day in their course. 

„ Adrian YI. becomes Pope of Rome. 

the cardinals elect Adrian to be their chief. 



MODERN HISTORY. 251 

A.D. 

1521. Henry VIIT. wins the title of " Defender of the 

Faith " by writing against Luther. 
a Moody libertine defends the Church. 

„ Luther outlawed at the Diet of Worms. 
courageous Luther du fearless confessor. 

„ Cortez completes the conquest of Mexico. 
conquers a large district of country. 

1522. Death of Gawin Douglas, an early Scottish poet. 

commencement of our literature by Douglas of DunJceld. 

„ Luther translates the E"ew Testament into German. 
converts the Latin into the dialect of " Fatherla7id." 

1523. Gustavus Yasa offered the throne of Sweden. 

the crown is laid at the feet of Gustavus. 

1524. Sweden and Denmark embrace the Eeformed religion. 

beginning of Lutheranism in Denmark and Sweden. 

1525. " War of the Peasants " in Germany. 

beginning of a lengthened feud with the Lutherans. 

„ Battle of Pa via between Charles V. of Germany and 
Francis I. of France. 
a contest which loses to Francis his liberty. 

„ Tyndale publishes his English ]^ew Testament, 
the British learn the divine law. 

1526. Prussia receives the Eeformed faith. 

in Berlin the Lutherans denounce the mccss. 

„ Treaty of Madrid : Francis cedes to Charles V. 
Burgundy, Naples, &c. 
Charles in league with Francis at Madrid. 

„ Battle of Mohacz between Louis of Hungary and 
Solyman the Magnificent, 
the brave Louis dies at Mohacz. 

„ Pizarro invades the empire of Peru in the reign of 
Huano Capac, its twelfth emperor. 
Capac the last of the dynasty of the Incas. 

1527. Eome taken and plundered by Charles V. of Ger- 

many : the Pope taken prisoner, 
a Bourbon leads the Father to prison. 



252 FACTS AND DATES. 

A.D. 

1528. Council of Bern : controversy l»etween tlie Catholics 

and Lutherans, 
tlie hold Lutherans defeat the Romanists. 

„ Patrick Hamilton begins the Eeformation in Scot- 
land, and is burned at St Andrews, 
his blood laid the foundation of our Reformation. 

1529. Diet of Spires against the Huguenots : the Eeform- 

ers first termed Protestants, 
the courageous Lutherans defend the truth. 

1530. Death of Cardinal Wolsey. 

the crafty legate hastily expires. 

„ League of Smalcald between the Protestant princes 
of Germany, 
a celebrated league of German worthies. 

1531. Eupture between Henry Yin. and the Pope : Henry 

becomes " Head of the Church " in England. 
acknowledged by the legislature the ^^ Head of the 
Church." 

1532. Archbishop Cranmer disapproves of Henry's marriage 

with Queen Catharine. 
Catharine loses Henry's affection. 

„ Treaty of I^uremberg : Charles Y. grants liberty of 
conscience to the Lutherans. 
Charles allows the Huguenots freedom. 

1533. Henry YIII. marries Anne Boleyn, a Protestant. 

Boleyn is elevated to the highest honour. 

1534. Lima, in Peru, founded by Pizarro. 

the building of Lima by a gold-hunting Spaniard. 

„ Cuzco, capital of the Incas, taken by Pizarro. 
Cuzco at last is gained by Spain. 

1535. Jacques Cartier, a Frenchman, explores Canada. 

the Canadian lakes at the head of (St) Lawrence. 

1536. The monasteries of England suppressed by Henry. 

confiscates the lands and goods of the monks. 

„ Henry places a copy of Coverdale's Bible in every 
church in England : Wales incorporated, 
the Bible at length given to England. 



MODERN HlSTORr. 253 

A.D. 

1536. Ann Boleyn beheaded by Henry. 

the base licentious Henry murders her. 

,, Death of Erasmus at Basle : Tyndale is burned, 
his controversy with Luther a great misfortune. 

1537. Friendly relations established between the followers 

of Luther and Zwingle. 
the boisterous Lutherans agree with Zwingle. 

„ Macao granted as a settlement to the Portuguese. 
China allows a haven to Portugal. 

1538. Treaty of Mce between Charles Y. and Francis I. 

Charles in league with his greatest rival. 

1539. Socinus begins to propagate his opinions. 

a bold and learned heretic of Italy. 

„ The bloody statute of six articles passed in England. 
bloody laws to hurt the truth. 

1540. Order of the Jesuits founded by Ignatius Loyola. 

crafty Loyola is supported by Xavier. 

1541. The Spaniards form their first settlement in Chil^. 

they begin to lay Santiago de Child. 

„ Expedition of Charles Y. against the Algerines. 
Charles loses his ships in Barbary. 

1542. The Portuguese accidentally discover Japan. 

the civilised land of Japan discovered. 

,, Ireland made a kingdom by Henry YIII. 
converts a lordship into a kingdom fair. 

„ Death of James Y. of Scotland, and accession of 
Mary Queen of Scots, fortieth sovereign. 
begins a life of shame and disaster. 

1543. Henry YIII, marries Catharine Parr, his sixth wife. 

Catharine, the last, survived her husband. 

1544. Charles Y. concludes a treaty with Francis I. 

Charles leagues with the King in Oise. 

1545. Council of Trent, the last General Council. 

Calvinism and Lutheranism judged illegal. 

1546. George Wishart suffers martyrdom at St Andrews. 

confessing his Lord, he sniffers martyrdom. 



254 FACTS AND DATES. 

A.D. 

1546. Death of Martin Luther : Card. Beatoun murdered. 

cease thy labours, star of the moriiing ! 



SECT. 33.— From the Death of Luther to the Accession of 
Queen Elizabeth (A.D. 1546-1558). 

A.D. 

1547. Death, of Henry YIII., and accession of Edward VI. 

the coun-cil elects Seymour Protector. 

„ Battle of Pinkey : Seymour defeats the Scots, 
the battle is lost by the Scots at Pinlcey. 

„ Charles V. defeats the Protestants at Muhlberg, and 
takes the Elector of Saxony prisoner, 
the bold Elector of Saxony a prisoner. 

1548. Charles Y. grants "the Interim" to the Protestants. 

the bold Elector his sanction refuses. 

1549. Insurrection in England, headed by Ket. 

the Catholic lieges join his tribunal. 

1550. The Koh-i-nor diamond discovered in Golconda. 

a brilliant luminary to lighten our Exhibition. 

1552. Treaty of Passau between Charles Y. and the Pro- 

testants. 
Charles allows the Lutherans freedom. 

1553. Michael Servetus burnt for heresy at Geneva. 

they burn a learned and eloquent heretic, 

„ Death of Edward YI. : accession of " Bloody Mary." 
cruel laws the lieges gall. 

1554. Lady Jane Grey beheaded. 

a beautiful lady led to the scaffold. 

„ Mary marries Philip of Spain, son of Charles Y. 
came to lament her alliance with a Spaniard. 

1555. Cranmer, Eidley, Latimer, Hooper, and many others, 

suffer martyrdom. 
Cranmer and Latitner leal to the Lord. 

1556. Charles Y. abdicates in favour of Ferdinand L 

Charles elects to live in a monastery. 



MODBRN HISTOEY. 256 

A.D. 

1556. Philip II. crowned King of Spain, the Netherlands, 

and the Indies, 
his cruelty leads to lasting misery. 

1557. Philip II. defeats the Prench at the decisive battle 

of St Quentin. 
he bravely leads his legions to Picardy. 

1558. Queen Mary of Scotland marries the Dauphin of 

Prance, afterwards Francis II. 
a brief OjlUance leading to ruin. 

„ Calais, our last Prench possession, lost to England. 
Calais is lost, the last remaining. 

,, Death of " Bloody Mary : " accession of Elizabeth, 
a bright luminary to lighten the realm. 

SECT. 34. — From the Accession of Queen Elizabeth to 
James I. of England (A.D. 1658-1603). 

A.D. 

1560. John Knox appointed minister of Edinburgh. 

a bold and eloquent minister of the Word. 

„ First General Assembly of the Church of Scotland, 
the Church legislates by ministers of the Word. 

„ Papal authority in Scotland abolished : Presbyte- 
rianism established, 
they abolish all mummeries in worship. 

1561. Mary Queen of Scots arrives from France. 

celebrates an illegal mass in her chapel. 
„ Knox attempts to convert the Queen. 

boldly lays down his Master's commands. 

„ Conference of Poissy between the Lutherans and 
Calvinists. 
Calvinists and Lutherans meet in conference. 

1562. Sir J. Hawkins introduces slaves into the "W. Indies. 

a captain of Elizabeth introduced them from Africa. 

1563. Battle of Dreux between the Huguenots and Eo- 

manists. 
crafty Elizabeth encourages the Huguenots. 

1564. Birth of W. Shakespeare, dramatist and tragedian. 

birth of the illustrious and immortal Shakespeare. 



256 FACTS AND DATES. 

A.D. 

1564. Birth of Galileo, the Italian astronomer, 

a bright luminary in the morning of science. 

„ Kjiox's Liturgy enjoined in the Church of Scotland, 
a curious liturgy enjoined by the Assembly. 

„ Death of John Calvin at Geneva. 

Calvin, the learned methodiser of Scripture. 

„ David Eiijzio becomes Secretary to Queen Mary, 
the bitter lot of Mary's secretary. 

1565. Mary Queen of Scots marries Darnley. 

betrothed to a licentious noble lord. 

1566. Eevolt of the Netherlands against Philip II. 

his bigotry leads to an insurrection in the Netherlands. 

„ Eizzio murdered by Darnley and others, 
the banished lords murder the musician. 

1567. Murder of Darnley by the Earl of Bothwell. 

a cruel lord murders the prince. 

„ Abdication of Mary : James YI. proclaimed king, 
they carry to Leven Mary a prisoner. 

1568. Death of Philip Melanchthon the Eeformer. 

the celebrated and learned Melanchthon rests. 

,, Duke of Alva tyrannically rules the ^Netherlands. 
cruel Alva the Netherlands rules. 

„ Battle of Langside : Mary escapes to England. . 
at the battle of Langside Mary is routed. 

1570. Terrible inundation in the Netherlands. 

countless lives perish by water. 

„ Assassination of the Earl of Murray by Hamilton of 
Bothwellhaugh. 
a conspirator levels his piece from a window. 

1571. Birth of Kepler, the celebrated German astronomer. 

what a beautiful ellipse is a planefs course / 

„ Great victory over the Turks at Lepanto by the 
combined fleets of Spain, Yenice, and Eome. 
the Crescent at last pales before the Cross. 

„ Parliament ratifies the Thirty-nine Articles. 
brief and luminous principles of Christianity, 



MODERN HISTORY. 257 

A.D. 

1572. Massacre of St Bartholomew begins at Paris. 

the cruel lust of Popery displayed. 

„ Death of John Knox, the Scottish Reformer. 

the courageous leveller of Popery dies. 
„ Camoens publishes the ' Lnsiad ' at Lisbon. 

Camoens^s Lusiad, an epic oifame. 

1573. Venice cedes Cyprus to Turkey, after which her 

power begins to decline, 
when Cyprus was lost her power was gone. 

1574. Siege of Leyden by the armies of Spain. 

the beginning of Leyden^s protracted siege. 
„ Death of Charles IX. : accession of Henry III. 
they choose to elect a Polish king. 

1575. Tasso completes his ' Gerusalemme Liberata.' 

behold the illustrious poet a lunatic ! 

1576. Death of Maximilian 11. of Germany: accession of 

Rodolphus II. 
his accession alarms the Protestants of the empire. 

1577. The " Catholic League " headed by Philip of Spain. 

the Catholic League is 'protected by Philip. 

1578. Queen Elizabeth engages to support the revolted 

provinces of the Netherlands. 
cautious Elizabeth protects the rebels. 

1579. The Republic of Holland commences by the Union 

of Utrecht, 
the celebrated League of the Provinces at Utrecht. 

1580. Portugal subdued by Philip 11. of Spain. 

brave Lusitania reduced by war. 

„ Sir Francis Drake circumnavigates the globe, 
a captain of Elizabeth rounds the luorld. 

1582. Pope Gregory XIII. reforms the Calendar, and in- 
troduces the New Style into Italy.* 
the calendar altered by retrenching 



*■ This event is one of the greatest importance in modern history, for 
by it the ever-increasing deviation of the Julian calendar from the true 
reckoning was arrested, the equinoxes and solstices brought back to the 
days m which they had taken place in a.d. 325, and every new deviation 
prevented for the longest future. 

R 



258 FACTS AND DATES. 

A.D. 

1582. The Gowrie Conspiracy : James YI. imprisoned. 
abandon Lennox and Arran, the favountes ! 

„ James YI. founds the University of Edinburgh. 

a college for learning the arts in Edinburgh. 

1584. William, Prince of Orange, assassinated at Delft. 
the chamjHon of liberty ruthlessly assassinated. 

„ Sir"W. Ealeightakes possession of Yirginiafor England, 
a colony leaves for our earliest settlement. 

1587. Mary Queen of Scots beheaded at Eotheringay Castle. 

crafty Elizabeth's remorseless policy. 

1588. Destruction of the Spanish Armada. 

blessed "be tlie Loi'd, the Armada is ruined I 

1589. Henry III. of France murdered : accession o.f 

Henry lY. (the Great), 
the country at last is restored to tranquillity. 

1590. Battle of Ivry, which ruins the CathoHc League. 

the Catholic League at Ivry exjnres. 

1591. Dublin University founded by Queen Ehzabeth. 

called by Elizabeth " Trinity College.'" 

1594. Galileo discovers the isochronism of the pendulum. 
observes that the lengths of the times are the same. 

1596. Cadiz taken by the English under Essex. 
Cadiz is levelled by the victorious English. 

1598. The Enghsh commence whale-fishing at Spitzbergen. 
for comm,on oil they voyage to Russia. 

„ Edict of N'antes, granting toleration to the Protestants 
a celebrated law of toleration ratified. 

„ Death of Philip II. of Spain. 

a cruel and lawless tyrant arrested. 
J, Earl of Tyrone's rebellion in Ireland. 

a bold liberator attempts a rebellion. 

1600. The English East India Company established. 

a company of merchants yea.rning for wealth. 

„ The Second Gowrie Conspiracy. 
a crafty manoeuvre well executed. 

1601. Earl of Essex beheaded in the Tower. 

a brave nobleman, wilful and capricious. 



MODERN HISTORY. 259 

A.D. 

1602. The Dutch seize the Portuguese Indian settlements. 

their colonial empire extended by the Dutch. 

1603. Death of Queen Elizabeth : accession of James I. 

(VI. of Scotland), 
a curious end to worldly greatness. 



SECT. 35.— From the Accession of James I. to the Accession 
of Charles I. (A.D. 1603-1625.) 

A.D. 

1604. The Hampton Court conference. 

a conference for union which widens the schism. 

,, Death of Socinus, the celebrated Unitarian, 
an able Unitarian yields his spirit. 

„ Barbadoes colonised, England's first West Indian 
colony. 
commence our Indian western settlements. 

„ Silk first manufactured in England, 
we begin to manufacture webs of silk. 

1605. The Gunpowder Plot discovered. 

a bloody method to extirpate the legislators. 

1606. Virginia begins to be colonised by Britain. 

colonists from England wander to America. 

„ The Australian continent discovered by the Dutch, 
a beautiful new world at the antipodes. 

1608. Quebec founded by the French. 

the chief emporium of a wealthy region. 

1609. Galileo invents the telescope. 

observes new worlds through his telescope. 

„ Kepler discovers his first two "laws." 

a celebrated mathematician exults in triumph. 

1610. The Hudson Sea discovered by Hudson, in search of 

a north-west passage to the Pacific, 
the captain enters a cheerless expanse. 

„ The Moors finally expelled from Spain by Philip II. 
the courageous Moors are cruelly expelled. 

1611. The present translation of the Bible completed. 

the Bible an inestimable boon to Britain. 



260 FACTS AND DATES. 

A.D. 

1611. The title of Baronet originated, and sold by James I, 

confers on Nicholas Bacon a baronetcy. 

„ Gustavus Adolphiis ascends the throne of Sweden. 
accession of a monarch celebrated for hravein/. 

1612. The Bermudas colonised by Sir George Somers. 

colonists from England cross the deep. 

„ First English factory in India established. 
British India begins with Sifactoi^. 

1613. Sir W. Ealeigh publishes his ' History of the World.' 

a celebrated nobleman comjyoses a history. 

1614. Baron Napier invents logarithms. 

a celebrated mathematician the boast of Scotland. 

1616. Death of William Shakespeare, and of Cervantes, 
the brightest name in Britain's annals. 

1618. Commencement of the Thirty Tears' War in Germany. 

begins a memorable and bloody era. 

,, The Synod of Dort begins its sittings. 

the clergy meet and condemn the Arminians. 

,, Kepler announces his third law of planetary motions. 
observes a new and curious ratio. 

1619. Batavia built and settled by the Dutch. 

Batavia their emporium of commerce and trade. 

„ Harvey discovers the circulation of the blood, 
the blood of animals circulates in their veins. 

1620. The Puritans emigrate to New England. 

the cheerful Mayflower our fathers wafted. 

5, Bacon publishes his 'Novum Organum.' 
Bacon ends his famous worTc. 

,, Battle of Prague : defeat of the Elector-Palatine, 
the brave Maximilian defeats him in war. 

„ African slaves introduced into New England, 
the cause of innumerable disasters and woes. 

1621. Death of Philip III. of Spain : accession of Philip IV. 

accession of a mild despotic bigot. 

„ Willebrod Snell discovers the refi^action of light. 
observes the angle, and discovers the cause. 



MODERN HISTORY. 261 

A.D. 

1621. ^ew York founded by Dutch colonists. 

called Amsterdam loj the Butch colonists. 

1622. Bellows for smelting employed in the Hartz mines. 

bellows employed for fanning the flame. 

1623. The Fatal Vespers in London : a Eoman Catholic 

priest killed, with one hundred of his auditors, 
the Catholics mourn the death of a host. 

SECT. 36.— From Charles I. to tlie Peace of Westphalia 
(A.D. 1625-1648). 
A.D. 

1625. Charles I. of England accedes to the throne. 

the beginning of England's fight for liberty. 

„ Hackney coaches first used in London. 
cabs and omnibuses fly through London. 

1626. Protestant league against the Emperor, Ferdinand II 

a Catholic emperor our faith endangers ! 

1628. Charles I. grants his assent to the Petition of Right. 

the Commons of England demand their rights. 

1629. The Bahamas settled by the British. 

its capital, Nassau, is famed for turtles. 

1631. Magdeburg captured by Tilly, generalissimo of the 

Catholic League. 
capture of Magdeburg, and great carnage. 

„ Battle of Leipsic : defeat of Tilly by G. Adolphus. 
his cruel antagonist by Gustavus conquered. 

1632. Gustavus Adolphus killed at the battle of Lutzen. 

the chivalrous monarch, Gustavus, dies. 

1633. Galileo obliged by the Inquisition to recant his 

astronomical tenets, 
is cited by inquisitors for horrible heresies I 

1634. France and Spain begin a twenty-five years' war. 

begin a momentous and grievous struggle. 

„ The French Academy instituted by Cardinal Richelieu, 

a congress of those most honoured in science. 

1636. Death of Santorio, inventor of the air thermometer. 

the celebrated inventor of our heat measurer. 



262 FACTS AND DATES. 

A.D. 

1638. The Solemn League and Covenant subscribed. 

the commons and nobles for God are earnest. 

„ Harvard University, tbe oldest in the United States, 
founded, 
the celelrated University of Harvard erected. 

1639. Bagdad taken from the Persians by the Turks. 

Bagdad is menaced by hordes of TurJcs. 

1640. Portugal throws off the Spanish yoke. 

Braganza independent of the Spanish yoke. 

„ The Long Parliament begins in England. 

they oblige the monarch to stop his exactions. 

1641. Charles signs the League and Covenant at Edinburgh. 

they compel the monarch to sign the covenant. 

., L?ish rebellion, and massacre of the Protestants. 

the Catholics massacre them in savage cruelty. 
„ The Earl of Strafford beheaded. 

a celebrated minister sentenced to the blocJc. 

1642. Birth of Sir Isaac ISTewton, and death of Galileo. 

the brightest names in scientific discovery. 

,, Civil war in England : battle of EdgehiU. 
begin the mighty struggle at EdgehiU. 

,, Death of Cardinal Eichelieu. 

a celebrated minister of staters demise. 

, , Tasman discoversYanUiemen's Land and l!Tew Zealand. 

a bold, navigator sent by the Dutch. 
1644. Battles of Marston Moor and Newbury. 

Cromwell massacres the 'king's soldiers. 
164.5. Archbishop Laud beheaded. 

a celebrated minister to the scaffold is led. 

„ Battle of Philiphaugh between the Covenanters and 
the Marquis of Montrose. 
cruel Montrose is surprised by Leslie. 

„ Battle of Naseby decisive against Charles. 
Cromwell at Naseby succeeds to his laurels. 

„ Battle of jN'ordlingen : Turenne defeats the Imperi- 
alists, 
by his skilful manoeuvres he slays their legions. 



MODERN HISTORY. 263 



1647. The " Society of Eriends" begins in England. 

called by their enemies the sect of the Quakers. 

1648. Peace of Westphalia: the present system of Euro- 

pean States established. 
hegin a number of States in Europe. 



CHAP. VITI. — FROM THE PEACE OF WESTPHALIA TO 
THE FRENCH REVOLUTION (A.D. 1648-1789). 

The period embraced by the last chapter was marked by a mul- 
titude of great events, the most celebrated of which were the 
discovery of a new hemisphere by Columbus, and the redis- 
covery by Luther of a grand principle in theology of perhaps 
equal importance. That period terminated with the times of 
Charles I. of England, when, according to Macaulay, the haz- 
ardous game began on which were staked the freedom and des- 
tinies of the English people — when the great statesmen of the 
land resolved to place their present and future kings in such a 
situation that they must either rule in conformity with the 
wishes of the nation, or make outrageous attacks on the most 
sacred principles of the Constitution. After a protracted con- 
test, Charles ratified, in the most solemn manner, that celebrated 
law known as the " Petition of Right," a law which forms the 
second great charter of our liberties. By ratifying that law, he 
bound himself never again to raise money without the consent 
of Parliament ; never again to imprison any person except in 
the course of law; and never again to subject his people to the 
jurisdiction of courts-martial. Within three weeks, however, 
after the signing of this solemn compact, it became evident that 
Charles had no intention of fulfilling any part of its terms. A 
violent conflict followed, resulting in the ignominious death 
of the unhappy monarch, in miseries innumerable to the 
nation during the reign of his two successors, and finally, in the 
great Revolution of 1688. 

The execution of Charles, or rather the Peace of Westphalia 
which immediately preceded it, commences the period on which 



264 FACTS AND DATES. 

we are now entering. Tliat celebrated Peace properly marks 
the advent of a new era, seeing that by it the principle of a 
" balance of power " in Europe was first recognised, the relig- 
ious and political rights of the German States established, and 
the independence of the Swiss Confederation acknowledged by 
Germany. It was signed at Miinster, in Westphalia, October 
24, 1648, the contracting powers being France, Germany, and 
Sweden. Spain was not a party to it, as she and France still 
remained at war. The balance of power — the great principle 
, established by this treaty — has ever since formed the palladium 
of the smaller States of Europe, though it was soon imperilled 
by the aspiring ambition of Louis XIV. 

It were needless to trace the many striking events which give 
character to this period, more especially as they will be found 
sufficiently indicated in the following sections. Though shorter 
in duration, it will bear favourable comparison with any previ- 
ous period. In England we have Cromwell and the Common- 
wealth, the restoration of Charles II., the atrocities that marked 
his reign, and the great revolution ; in Western Eujope we have 
the career of the grasping and arrogant Louis XIV., the Eevoca- 
tion of the Edict of Nantes, the war of the Spanish succession, 
and the capture of Gibraltar by the English ; in Northern 
Europe, Charles XII., Peter the Great, and the still greater 
Frederick of Prussia ; in politics we have the Peace of Utrecht 
and of Breda, the Treaties of Aix-la-ChapeUe and Versailles, and 
the legislative union of England and Scotland ; in war, many 
great battles, both by land and sea ; in philosophy we have 
Kant in Germany, and Locke in England ; in literature, the 
brilliant names of John Milton, John Bimyan, and John Owen ; 
and in science, Sir Isaac Newton, James Watt, and the distin- 
guished Swedish botanist, Linnseus. 

SECT. 37. — From the Peace of Westphalia to the Revolution 
in England (A.D. 1648-1688). 

A.D. 

16-19. Charles I. of England beheaded. 

Charles of England slain as a traitor. 
„ The Commonwealth begins in England. 

the Commons of England Sicear to be true. 



MODERN HISTORY. 265 

A.D. 

1649. Cromwell captures Drogheda and Wexford. 

the Catholics are massacred in the southern towns. 

1650. The Marquis of Montrose put to death at Edinburgh. 

cruel Montrose by Leslie executed. 

., Cromwell defeats the Scots at Dunbar. 
Cromwell encounters Leslie in war. 

„ Death of Descartes, mathematician and philosopher, 
a celebrated mathematician leaves the world. 

1651. Charles IT. crowned at Scone ; defeated at Worcester 

the crowned monarch loses the battle. 

„ Charles II. escapes to I^ormandy. 

the crowned monarch leaves the country. 

1652. First war between the English and Dutch. 

a bloody engagement lamented by the Butch. 

1653. The Dutch fleet destroyed by Admiral Blake. 

a bloody engagement off La Hague. 

„ Oliver Cromwell made Lord Protector. 

the Commonwealth of England elect their head. 

1654. A new Parliament is convened at Westminster. 

the Commons of England in London assemble. 

1655. The English take possession of Jamaica. 

a colony of England in a low latitude. 

1657. Admiral Blake burns a Spanish fleet at Tenerifie. 

burns their navy laden with plate. 

1658. Death of Cromwell : Eichard Cromwell Protector. 

Cromwell merits onr lasting regard. 

1659. Peace of the Pyrenees between Erance and Spain. 

conclude a matrimonial alliance by treaty. 

„ Aurung Zebe, " the Great Mogul," Emperor of Delhi. 
the chief Mogul elevated to the throns. 

1660. Charles II. of England restored to the throne. 

Charles, " the merry monarch,^' welcomed. 

„ Isaac l^ewton enters the University of Cambridge. 
Cambridge the immortal Newton welcomes. 

1661. Death of Cardinal Mazarin, minister of Louis XIY. 

Cardinal Mazarin the eminent counsellor. 



266 FACTS AND DATES. 

A.D. 

1661. Corporation and Test Act passed against the Pres- 

byterians, 
an act nefarious for its means and objects. 

,, Marquis of Argyle beheaded for treason. 

a celebrated name in the annals of the Covenanters. 

1662. Charles II. seUs Dunkirk to France for £500,000. 

diaries' s need necessitates the deed. 

„ The Eoyal Society incorporated by Charles II. 
charters an institute unrivalled in fame. 

„ French Academy of Inscriptions instituted. 

the Academy oi InscrixAions and Medals founded. 

,, Act of Uniformity ; 2000 English clergymen ejected. 
conscientious ministers imprisoned audfued. 

„ Death of Pascal, author of the ' Provincial Letters.' 
the brightest name in the annals of France. 

1663. Steam pump, for raising water, invented by the 

Marquis of Worcester. 
commencement of the mightiest invention of the age. 

1664. The Conventicle Act passed. 

a cruel inhuman measure sanctioned. 

1665. Great plague in London: 8000 persons cut off in a week. 

a contagious and mortal malady in London. 

1666. Great fire in London ; 13,000 houses consumed. 

consumes a multitude of mansions in the metropolis. 

„ Four days' conflict between the Enghsh fleet and the 
united squadrons of France and Holland, 
a bloody engagement with united navies. 

„ The 'London Gazette,' the oldest newspaper in Eng- 
land, published. 
begins our unrivalled metropolitan neivsjmpers. 

,, Battle of Pentland Hills : the Covenanters routed, 
the Covenanters mercilessly murdered in myriads. 

1667. Peace of Ereda, which confirms to England Pennsyl- 

vania, ISTew York, and I^ew Jersey. 
confirms to England New- York and Pennsylvania. 

„ Milton publishes his famous ' Paradise Lost.' 
the celebrated Milton's immortal poem. 



MODERN HISTORY. 267 

1668. Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle between France and Spain. 

a comx>act memorable in the annals of Europe. 

1669. Clarendon banished : formation of tlie " Cabal." 

a cabal of ministers noted for treachery. 

„ Newton invents the differential and integral calculus, 
the celebrated Newton's novel talisman. 

„ Great eruption of Mount Etna, which continues forty 
days. 
Calania mourns her many thousands. 

„ Candia taken by the Turks froniYenice. 
Candia included in the empire of Turkey. 

„ Phosphorus discovered by Brandt of Hamburg. 
a chemical ingredient of immense value. 

1670. The bayonet invented at Bayonne, in France. 

a Bayonnese invents a powerful weapon. 

1672. Louis XIV. conquers a great part of Holland. 

a beautiful instance of patriotic fortitude. 

„ The Mississippi discovered by Father Marquelte, a 
Frenchman, 
the basin of the Mississippi of peerless dimensions. 

1673. Death of Moli^re, the French comic poet. 

a comedian endures the penalty of hypochondria. 

„ Battle of Choczin : the Poles totally defeat the Turks. 
a battle memorable in Polish history. 

1674. Death of John Milton (born 1608). 

our choicest English poet slumbers. 

,, John Sobieski, the last independent king of Poland, 
a celebrated name 'mong Polish sovereigns. 

1675. Royal Observatory of Greenwich founded. 

we calculate the meridian of places from London. 

„ Turenne, the French general, slain at Sassbach. 
a brave marshal parts with life. 

1676. Pope Innocent XI. assumes the tiara. 

the cardinals meet and appoint Innocent. 

„ Calico-printing first practised in England, 
calico now printed in England. 



268 FACTS AND DATES. 

A.D. 

1677. Bunyan publishes liis 'Pilgrim's Progress.' 

Bunyan's immortal ' Pilgrim ' published. 

1678. Popisli plots in England instigated by Titus Gates. 

a crafty malcontent a 'pension receives. 

1679. The Habeas Corpus Act passed in England. 

a charter of immense practical value. 

,, The Long Parliament dissolved : Danby impeached, 
the Commons imprison the premier in the Tower. 

„ Battle of Drumclog : Claverhouse defeated, 
the Covenanters for once prove victorious. 

„ Battle of Bothwell Bridge : the Coyenanters defeated, 
their cruel enemies pursue them with vengeance. 

„ Peace of Mmeguen bet. France and United Provinces. 
conclude at Nimeguen a peaceful treaty. 

1680. Carolina established as a British colony. 

Carolina memorable in the recent war. 

„ The political distinction of "Whig" and "Tory" 
begins in England, 
the Conservatives nxime their rivals " Whigs." 

1681. London first Hghted with oil lamps. 

causes immense rejoicings in the capital. 

1682. Peter the Great ascends the throne of Eussia. 

the Czar who made Ev^sia formidable. 

1683. The Eye-House Plots: Lord Eussel and Algernon 

Sydney executed. 
clandestine meetings in the Bye-House held. 

„ Siege of Vienna : the Turks defeated by the Poles. 

a countless multitude routed by the Germans. 

1684. Treaty of Eatisbon : peace between Erance, Spain, 

and Germany, 
the cautious emperor restores Strasbourg. 

1685. Death of Charles II. : accession of James II. 

a Catholic monarch restrains our liberty. 

„ Battle of Sedgemoor between the Eoyalists and the 
Duke of Monmouth, 
the banmr of Monmouth, *' Eeligiaus Liberty." 



MODEEN HISTORY. 269 

A.D. 

1685. Eevocation of the Edict of Nantes by Louis XIV. 

hands of emigrants arrive in London. 

1686. League of Augsburg against France. 

a contract meant to restrain 



1687. Sir Isaac ]N'ewton completes bis 'Principia.' 

the celebrated Newton reveals his philosophy. 

SECT 38.— From the English Revolution to the Peace 
of Utrecht (1688-1713). 

A.D. 

1688. The Eevolution in England : James II. abdicates. 

benefits innumerable result from the revolution. 

„ Deatb of John Bunyan (born 1628). 

composed an immortal religious romance. 

1689. Accession of William and Mary : Toleration Act. 

the charters of England renewed on oath. 

„ Battle of Killiecrankie, and death of Claverhouse. 
a bloody malignant receives his verdict. 

5, Episcopacy abolished in Scotland, and Presbyterian- 
ism established, 
the Cwenanters now rejoice in turn. 

„ Siege of Londonderry by James II. 

the brave Ennishilliners resist the tyrant. 

1690. Battle of the Boyne : total defeat of James II. 

a bloody engagement terminates the war. 

1692. Massacre of Glencoe by order of William III. 
a bloody massacre tarnishes his fame. 

„ Battle off La Hague between Prance and the Allies, 
in a bloody engagement they vanquish the French. 

„ Battle of Steinkirk : the French defeat the Allies. 
a battle memorable among the victories of France. 

1694. Mary, Queen of England, dies. 

the career of Mary terminates by small-pox. 

„ Bank of England established, the first in the land, 
the Bank of England in Threadneedle Street. 

1695. !N"amur taken from the French by WiUiam III. 

the capture of Namur vexes Louis. 



270 FACTS Al^D DATES. 

A.D. 

1695. Dryden publishes Ms translation of YixgiL 

the celebrated yEneid of Virgil is launched. 

1696. Peter the Great takes and fortifies Azoy. 

Cossack incursions terminate now. 
„ Newcomen invents the atmospheric steam-engine. 
a curious, neiv, and valuable invention. 

1 697. Peace of Eyswick : wars of the Grand Alliance cease. 

conclude in the NetMrlands a treaty oi peace. 
„ Battle of Zenta : the Turks totally defeated. 

a bloody engagement witli the Turks at Zenta. 
,, Charles XII. ascends the throne of Sweden. 

Cliarles mounts the throne at Upsala. 

1698. Peter the Great visits England, and labours in the 

docks at Deptford. 
a celebrated monarch toils in an arsenal. 

,, The Scots attempt to found a colony at Darien. 
a bubble of emigration terminates in ruin. 

„ Secret treaty of the Hague for the partition of the 
Spanish dominions, 
the court of Madrid in a violent rage. 

1699. Peace of Carlowitz between Austria and Turkey. 

concludes a memorable treaty with Turkey. 

1700. Accession of Philip Y. of Spain : the Spanish war of 

succession, 
the accession of Philip excites a war. 

„ Charles XII. defeats the Eussians at IS'arva. 
Charles and Peter at ^uar for years. 

„ Death of Dryden, the poet. 

a British poet of excellence expires. 

1701. Charles XII. defeats the Poles near Eiga. 

the courageous Poles by a youth are beaten. 

„ Death of James II. at St Germains. 
an object of pity exp)ires abroad. 

1702. Death of William III. : accession of Queen Anne. 

the court of this queen for " wits'' \a famous. 

„ England at war with France and Spain, 
our beautiful queen at war with France. 



MODERN HISTORY. 271 

A.D. 

1703. Peter the Great founds St Petersburg. 

Czar Peter in want of a harbour. 

1704. Battle of Blenlieim : the Duke of Marlborough 

defeats the French and Bavarians. 
Britain presents the warrior with an estate. 

„ Gibraltar taken from Spain by Sir George Ruoke. 
a celebrated promontory wrested from Spain. 

„ Death of Locke, the celebrated English philosopher, 
a celebrated philosopher at Wrington sleeps. 

1706. Battle of Eamilies : Marlborough defeats the French. 

the Belgian populace witness the engagement. 

„ Birth of Benjamin Franklin at Boston. 

a celebrated patriot in the War oi Independence. 

1707. Legislative union between England and Scotland. 

a common Parliament extends our power. 

„ Charles XXL invades Poland, and places Stanislaus 
on the throne. 
Charles and Peter at war in Poland. 

„ Battle of Almanza : the Allies defeated by the French 
and Spaniards. 
Berwick in the Peninsular war prevails. 

„ Death of Aurung Zebe, " the Great Mogul." 
a celebrated prince for wealth and power. 

1708. Battle of Oudenarde : Marlborough and Eugene 

defeat the French. 
blast the Pretender's expectation of reigning. 

„ The English take Sardinia and Minorca from Spain. 
Britain prosecutes the war resolutely. 

1709. Battle of Poltowa : Charles XII. signally defeated 

by Peter the Great, 
the Czar at Poltowa wins a victory. 

„ Battle of Malplaquet : the French defeated by Marl- 
borough and Prince Eugene, 
the brave prince a wounded victor. 

1710. St Paul's Cathedral, in London, completed. 

the cathedral of (St) Paul was built by Wren. 



272 FACTS AST) DATES. 

A.D. 

1710. The Saclieverell riots in London. 

a churchmoM preaches against Bolinghroke and Oxford. 

1711. Capitulation of tlie Prntli bet. Eussia and Turkey. 

the capitulation of the Truth accomplishedhj Catharine. 

,, The ' Spectator' begins to be published in London, 
a celebrated periodical begins in the cajntal. 

1713. Peace of Utrecht: end of the war of the Spanish 
succession : ^Nova Scotia ceded to Britaia 
by France, 
a celebrated peace concluded in Holland. 



SECT. 39. — From the Peace of Utreclit to the Treaty of 
Aix-la-CliapeUe (1713-1748). 

A.D. 

1714. Death of Queen Anne : George L (Elector of 

Hanover) accedes to the throne, 
a childless queen changes the succession. 

1715. Eebellion in Scotland : battles of Sheriffmuir and 

Preston 
the champions of the Pretender beaten by the Elector. 

„ Accession of Louis XY. of France. 

called by the people " Beloved Louis."" 

1716. Prince Eugene's campaign against the Turks. 

Belgrade and Petervcardxin change masters. 

1717. The pianoforte invented by Schroder of Dresden. 

Broadv:ood^ s pianos & Collardh preferred. 

1718. Charles XIL killed at the siege of Frederickshall. 

the champion of Protestantism brave and romantic. 

1719. Death of Addison the essayist, and of Flamsteed the 

astronomer, 
our choicest prose contributor vanishes. 

„ Quadruple alliance : Britain, France, Austria, and 
Holland against Spain. 
Britain a party to a celebrated treaty. 

1720. The ISIississippi and South Sea bubbles burst. 

hubbies of peerless advantage explode. 



MODERN HISTORY. 273 

A.D. 

1720. Euins of Pompeii and Herculaneum discovered. 

the city oi PompeiV s famous excavations. 

1721. Sir Robert Walpole becomes Prime Minister. 

a celebrated politician his administration begins. 

„ Inoculation for small-pox introduced into England, 
a course practised at first on criminals. 

1722. Last execution for witchcraft in Scotland (at Dor- 

noch). 
believed to be possessed hy foul demo7is. 

„ Death of the Duke of Marlborough. 

a courageous Protestant of distinguished fame. 

1723. Death of Sir Christopher "Wren. 

his country is proud of his distinguished genius. 

1725. Death of Peter the Great : accession of Catharine. 

the Czar Peter oifame illustrious. 

1726. Great earthquake at Palermo : 6000 lives lost. 

the city ol Palermo fearfully menaced. 

1727. Death of George I.: accession of George II. 

our beloved prince dies of apoplexy. 

„ Death of Sir Isaac l!Tewton. 

a celebrated philosopher departs in peace. 

1728. Great fire in Copenhagen : 650 houses destroyed. 

a city in Zealand by fire is ravaged. 

„ Congress of Soissons. 

crafty politicians in France arrive. 

„ B^hring Strait discovered : Asia found to be separate 
from the JSTew World, 
a chasm appears dividing the Russias. 

1729. Treaty of Seville, bet. Britain, France, and Spain. 

they contract in the Peninsula o, famous treaty. 

„ The city of Baltimore, in Maryland, founded, 
on the banks of the Pafapsco they found a town. 

1730. Earthquake in China : 100,000 perish in Pekin. 

the citizens of Pekin are greatly excited. 

1731. Treaty between Britain, Spain, and Germany. 

Pi'itain, the Peninsula, and Germany concur. 
S 



274 FACTS AND DATES. 

A.D. 

1732. Birth, of George "Waslimgton, the American patriot. 
birth of a patriot to guide its destinies. 

„ Linnseus, the Swedish naturalist, sets out for Lapland 

the botanist of Upsal gathering flowers ! 

„ The Jesuits expelled from China. 

the Chinese persecute tlie holy fathers. 

„ Potatoes hegin to be cultivated in Scotland. 

they cultivate potatoes in the gardens of Edinburgh. 

1734. Commercial treaty between Britain and Eussia. 
commerce and ^jeace are helpful to states. 

1736. The Porteous Eiot in Edinburgh. 

Captain Porteous hanged by the mob. 

„ Francis, Duke of Lorraine, marries Maria Theresa, 
daughter of Charles YI. 
the beautiful Queen of Hungary is married. 

,, Death of Fahrenheit, inventor of the thermometer, 
a celebrated philosopher and heat measurer. 

„ Kouli Khan (Nadir Shah) becomes King of Persia, 
the celebrated Persian hero enthroned. 

1737. War between Germany and Turkey. 

a Christian pirince humbled by the Po^rte. 

1738. Nadir Shah subdues Afghanistan. 

the celebrated Persian hero redv^s it. 

,, The Eussians invade the Crimea. 

the Crimea penetrated by hosts oi Russians. 

„ John Wesley begins to found the sect of Methodists, 
a celebrated jrreacher heads a reform. 

1739. War between Britain and Spain : capture of Puerto 

BeUo. 
capture of Puerto by the gallant Vernon. 

„ Peace of Belgrade, humiliating to Austria. 
Belgrade passes from Germans to Turks. 

,, Nadir Shah invades India, and plunders Delhi. 
carries to Persia its hoarded treasures. 

„ Clayton produces carburetted hydrogen (coal-gas). 

ClaytovkS primitive gas evolved. 



MODERN HISTORY. 276 

A.D. 

1740. Death of Charles YI., who is succeeded by Maria 

Theresa : war of the Austrian succession, 
her accession plunges Austria in war. 

„ Frederick II. (the Great) becomes King of Prussia, 
an acute politician and sage writer. 

1741. Cartagena (S. America) bombarded by Ad. Yernon. 

bombards a princi'pal Spanish city. 

,, Linnseus founds the Academy of Sciences, 
the botanist of Upsal establisJies an academy. 

1742. Charles YII. (of Bavaria), Emperor of Germany. 

Charles is proclaimed sovereign at Frankfort. 

„ Peace of Breslau between Austria and Prussia. 
Breslaio passes from Austria to Frederick. 

„ The Grenville Administration in England begins. 
begins to be Premier a statesman of fame. 

1743. George 11. defeats the French at Dettingen. 

Britain's prestige sustained by George. 

„ France plans an invasion in favour of the Chevalier, 
a bold p)retender sanguinely hopes. 

„ Peace of Abo between Sweden and Eussia— the 
Duke of Holstein to succeed Ulrica. 
Britain promotes the succession of Holstein. 

1744. Britain declares war against France. 

Britain prepares for a sanguinary struggle. 

, , Admiral Anson completes his voyage round the world. 
Britain promotes a successful sailor. 

,, Death of Alexander Pope, the English poet(b. 1688). 
a brilliant poet and splendid scholar. 

„ Mr Pelham becomes Prime Minister of England. 
Chatham or Pitt serves as a subaltern. 

1745. The quadruple alliance between Britain, Austriaj 

Holland, and Poland. 
Britain, Poland, and Austria allied. 

„ The Pretender lands in the Highlands of Scotland. 
Cliarles the Pretender supported by Lochiel. 



276 FACTS AND DATES. 

A.D. 

1745. Battle of Prestonpans, between tlie Pretender and 

Sir John Cope, 
the chivalrous prince succeeds in Lothian. 

„ Francis I, (of Lorraine) becomes Emperor of Germany, 
they crown the petty sovereign of Lorraine. 

1746. Battle of Falkirk : the Chevalier victorious. 

the chivalrous prince by success intoxicated. 

„ Battle of CuUoden : the Pretender totally defeated 
by the Duke of Cumberland. 
Cumberland quenches the Jacobite insurrection. 

„ Dreadful earthquake in Peru — Lima destroyed, 
the coast of Peru shaken and 



„ Princeton College, l^ew Jersey, founded. 

the College of Princeton established in New-England. 

1747. Great naval victories over the French at Cape Finis- 
terre and Belleisle. 
the citizens of Paris are seized with a panic. 

„ Lords Lovat, Kilmarnock, and Balmerino beheaded, 
they behead the Pretender'' s. 



,, The indigo plant first cultivated in the United States. 
calico printing successfully prosecuted. 

1748. Death of James Thomson, the Scottish poet, 
the celebrated poet of " the Seasons " rests. 

„ Peace of Aix-la-ChapeUe between England, France, 
Spain, Austria, and Holland. 
concord among the principal states of Europe. 



SECT. 40. — From the Peace of Aix-la-CIiapelle to tlie American 
War of Independence (A.D. 1749-1774). 

A.D. 

1749. League between the Pope and the Venetians against 

the Algerines : birth of Laplace (died 1827). 
hands oi pirates are sunTc by the Venetians. 

1750. Commercial treaty between Great Britain and Spain. 

commerce and peace in lieu of war. 



MODERN HISTORY. 277 

A.D. 

1751. Arcot, in India, captured by Lord Clive. 

Clive proves himself an illustrious commander. 

1752. The New Style adopted in England. 

the calendar passes over eleven days. 

„ Franklin proves the identity of lightning and elec- 
tricity, 
the clouds are proved to be electric by Franklin. 

„ China-ware first manufactured in England. 
china produced oi elegant forms. 

1753. The British Museum established in Montagu House. 

a collection of the productions of all the glohe. 

1754. Great earthquake at Cairo. 

the colossal pyramids alone escape. 

1755. Samuel Johnson publishes his English Dictionary. 

a celebrated epoch in our living language. 

„ Great earthquakes in Portugal and South America, 
the cities of Quito and Lisbon are levelled. 

,, Britain and Prussia at war with Erance, Austria, and 
Eussia — the Seven Years' War. 
Britain and Prussia allied from interest. 

„ Minorca taken from Britain by the French. 
Byng pusillanimously loses Minorca. 

„ Calcutta captured by the l^abob of Bengal, 
the British prisoners are alive entombed. 

1757. Battle of Plassey : the IS'abob of Bengal signally de- 

feated by the British. 
Clive procures his laurels at Plassey. 

„ Damiens, a lunatic, attempts to assassinate Louis XV. 
the cruel prince a lunatic punishes. 

„ The Austrians defeated by the Prussians at Lieberk. 
beaten by the Prussians at LieberTc and Prague. 

„ The Austrians and French defeated by the Prussians 
at Rosbach. 
the courageous Prussians their laurels procure. 

1758. Cape Breton taken from the French by the British. 

a British possession by Lawrence retaken. 



278 FACTS AND DATES. 

A.D. 

1758. Eritain seizes the Frencli possessions in Senegambia. 

capture the possessions of Louis on the river. 

1759. Quebec taken from the French "by General Wolfe. 

we capture Qite5ec,but lose the victor. 

„ The French defeated by the Allied army under Prince 
Ferdinand at Minden, Westphalia, 
the courageous prince aud the allies victorious. 

,, The French fleet destroyed by Admiral Boscawen. 
Boscawen procures at Lagos a victory. 

,, Admiral Hawke defeats the French fleet near Brest, 
the British Parliament loudly triumpihs. 

1760. Canada wrested by Britain from France. 

Canada passes to new owners. 

,, Lord Clive returns to England, laden with booty. 
created a ^;eer for his Indian exploits. 

„ Death of G-eorge 11. , and accession of George III. 
accession of a prince of inflexible will. 

,, The Prussians defeat the Austrians at Torgau. 
a h'ave Prussian's noble exploit. 

1761. The first canal in Britain constructed. 

Brindley plans the Manchester canal. 

„ Pondicherry captured from the French. 

capture of Pondicherry by an English commodore. 

„ War between Britain and Spain — the Bourbon 
" Family Compact." 
a compact to promote the interests of Bourbons. 

1762. Manilla and Havana taken by the English from Spain. 

conquest of the Philippines by an English fleet. 

1763. Seven Years' War ends : peace at Paris : our national 

debt increased by £75,000,000. 
Britain dl peace with her neighbours again. 

„ Watt greatly improves Nowcomen's steam-engine, 
the ablest practical invention of the age. 

„ Hargraves invents the spinning-jenny. 

a curious application o{ machinery to hand-looms. 
„ Accession of Catharine II. to the throne of Eussia. 

a ceLelrated patroness of men oi genius. 



MODERN HISTORY. 279 

A.D. 

1764. Byron sets out on his voyage round the world. 

on the coasts of Patagonia he encounters storms. 

„ The King of Oude defeated by the English at Buxar. 
a celebrated 2>otentate of India subdued. 

„ A duty imposed on all American goods brought to 
England, 
an Act of Parliament of momentous issue. 

„ Accession of Stanislaus II., last king of Poland. 
Catharine's paramour made a sovereign. 

1765. Joseph 11. , Emperor of Germany. 

a cautious prince, moderate and liberal. 

,', The American Stamp Act : the colonies rebel, 
an Act of Parliament to mutiny leads. 

1766. The Stamp Act repealed, but the right of taxing 

maintained. 
colonial patriots murmur at the measure. 

„ Bruce begins his travels in Asia Minor, Abyssinia, &c. 
Bruce proceeds on a memorable mission. 

„ The Isle of Man purchased from the Duke of Athol. 
the British purchase Mona for money. 

1767. Wallis and Carterel's discoveries in the South Seas. 

Carterel proceeds on a mission to the Pacific. 

1768. Cook explores N"ew Holland and ITew Zealand. 

Cook proceeds on a mission of research. 

„ Eoyal Academy established by Sir Joshua Eeynolds. 
the Academy' s president an eminent artist. 

„ Corsica ceded to France by the Genoese. 

the Corsicans prefer the empire to the republic. 

1769. !N'apoleon I. bom at Ajaccio, in Corsica. 

born the prince of ambitious tyrants. 

1770. Euler publishes his Algebra at St Petersburg. 

the Academy of Petersburg published the work. 

1771. Death of Gray, author of "Elegy in a Country 

Churchyard." 
a beautiful poem perpetuaMs his celebrity. 



280 FACTS AND DATES. 

A.D. 

1772. First partition of Poland between Eussia, Prussia 

and Austria, 
tlie celebrated partition of Poland determined on. 

1773. Captain Cook sets ont on his second voyage. 

Cook proceeds to the Pacific again. 

„ Society of the Jesuits abolished by Clement XIV. 
abolished by the payal pontiffs Ganganelli. 



SECT. 41.— From the American War to the Frencli Revolution 
(A.D. 1774-1789). 

A.D. 

1774. The American War of Independence begins. 

begin their quarrel with the parent state. 

„ Warren Hastings first Governor-General of India, 
the Bntish Parliament ajjpoints him supreme . 

,, Death of Oliver Goldsmith, the distinguished Irish 
poet and naturalist. 
a celebrated poet quits the scene. 

,, Death of Louis XY.: accession of Louis XVI. 
began as a powerful and popular Icing. 

1775. Battle of Bunker's HiU, near Boston. 

colonial patriots purchase their laurels. 

„ General Washington appointed Commander-in-Chief 
of the colonial forces, 
a courageous patriot appointed their leader. 

1776. The American Declaration of Independence. 

colonial patriots publish their manifesto. 

„ General Howe takes Long Island, l!^ew York, and 
part of New Jersey. 
bombards the principal ports of the insurgents. 

,, ^NTecker becomes Director of Finance in France, 
a celebrated Protestant appointed minister. 

1777. Battle of Brandywine : capture of Philadelphia. 

the British prevail at Philadelphia in Pennsylvania. 

„ Battle of Saratoga : General Burgoyne, with all his 
army, surrenders to the colonists. 
colonial patHots prove their zeal. 



MODERN HISTORY. 281 

A.D. 

1778. France recognises the independence of the British 

colonies : Britain declares war against France. 
Britain o;pTposed by a 'powerful rival. 

„ Spain offers to mediate between Britain and the 
colonies : birth of Sir H. Davy, 
the British Parliament proudly refuses it. 

„ Death of Linnaeus, the eminent Swedish botanist, 
the botanist of Upsal quietly rests. 

1779. Spain declares war against Britain, and, along with 

France, besieges Gibraltar. 
Britain opposed by a powerful trio. 

„ Captain Cook, on his third voyage, is killed at 
Hawaii, in the Sandwich Islands, 
the captain perishes in the perilous voyage. 

1780. Sir G-. Eodney defeats the Spanish fleet off Cape St 

Yincent. 
Britain is proud of Rodney, her warrior. 

„ Charleston, South Carolina, surrenders to the British. 

the colonial p)atriot army worsted. 

,, Lord George Gordon Eiots in London. 
a crowd of Protestant rioters executed. 

1781. CornwaUis defeats the colonial army at Guildford. 

the colonial patriot army beaten. 

„ CornwaUis surrenders to the united American and 
French army at Yorktown. 
the cowardly peer retires from the contest. 

„ !N'ecker is succeeded by Calonne as Finance Minister, 
the celebrated Protestant resigns his charge. 

„ Sir W. Herschell discovers the planet Uranus, 
the beautiful planet Uranus observed. 

„ Immanuel Kant publishes his ' Critic of Pure Eeason.' 
the ' Critic of Pure Reason ' composed. 

1782. Elliot gallantly defends Gibraltar against tlie 

powerful armaments of France and Spain, 
the British persistently resist their efforts. 

„ Eodney defeats the French fleet off Dominica. 
created a peer for routing the French. 



282 FACTS AND DATES. 

A.D. 

1782. Wedgewood invents tlie pyrometer for measuring 

the lieat of furnaces. 
a clay pyrometer is reduced in dimensions. 

1783. Treaty of Versailles : Britain acknowledges the inde- 

pendence of the United States, 
her colonial possessions relinquished grudgingly. 

„ William Pitt becomes Prime Minister of England, 
a celebrated Parliamentary orator at the helm. 

1784. Peace concluded between Great Britain and Holland. 

they cede their possessions in the remote seas. 

„ Peace between the English andTippoo Sahib in India. 
conclude a peace with Rajah Sahib. 

„ First aerial voyage in England by Vincent Leonardi. 
his balloon appears as it rises in the sky. 

„ Mail-coaches supersede post-horses in England, 
a BHstol patriot reforms the system. 

1785. The Queen of France loses her popularity: "the 

diamond necklace." 
the accomplished queen ruined by Lamoite. 

1786. Warren Hastings impeached in Parliament. 

a bold Parliamentary orator impeaches him. 

, , Lord Cornwallis appointed Governor-General of India. 
Cornwallis appointed to rule in India. 

,, Death of Frederick the Great : accession of Frederick- 
William to the throne of Prussia. 
a capricious potentate ruined by indolence. 

„ Commercial treaty between England and France. 
ciymmerce appeases the rivalry of nations. 

1787. The colony of New South Wales established. 

our convicts proceed to a remote penitentiary. 

„ Wilberforce and Clarkson denounce slavery. 

the British Parliament roused by their pleadings. 

„ The Assembly of ISTotables meets at Versailles. 
Colonne proposes to restore the equipoise. 

1 788. Brienne retires, and Necker is recalled by Louis. 

the Catholic prelate relieved of the reins. 



MODERN HISTORY. 283 

A.D. 

1788. Death of Prince Charles Edward at Eome. 
the chivalrous Pretender retires to his rest. 

,, The Quakers of Philadelphia emancipate their slaves. 
conscientious Quakers restore them their rights. 



CHAP. IX. — FROM THE FEENCH REVOLUTION TO THE 
PRESENT TIME (A.D. 1789-1869). 

It would he' difficult to find in any age or country an event of a 
purely secular nature that can vie in importance with the French 
Eevolution. We have now in these pages surveyed several 
thousand leading events — events belonging to all countries of the 
globe, and to the seven millenniums that have elapsed since 
human history began ; but, laying aside the Universal Deluge, 
the Call of Abraham, and the Birth of Christ (all of which par- 
take of the supernaturaT), we have nowhere discovered an event 
which, in the interests that were at stake, the passions brought 
into play, or the magnitude of the results, can fairly compare 
with this tremendous revolution. The mighty empires of an- 
cient times were founded or overthrown with much noise and 
bloodshed, but, generally speaking, each of them left the world 
and the human race very much as it found them. Originating 
in the avarice or ambition of the individual actors, they were 
carried into effect by mere physical force, and not by intellect, 
reason, or justice. Or if, in later ages, we detect intellectual 
and moral ideas at work — as in the achievements of Mohammed, 
Hildebrand, and the Crusaders — rve see them assuming the de- 
generate forms of fanaticism and superstition. Nowhere did the 
conquerors make an indelible impression on the race, or ameli- 
orate the condition of society. Some great inventions and dis- 
coveries — as the arts of writing and of printing, the variation of 
the needle, and the law of gravitation — have, indeed, produced 
mighty and manifold changes, but in every instance these 
changes have been silent, slow, and gradual ; whereas the great 



284 FACTS AND DATES. 

revolution wliich. ushered in tlie present age, and which has given 
tone and character to all its main events, burst on the world 
with all the suddenness of a volcano, shaking to its foundations 
the country in which it occurred, and darkening the heavens of 
all civilised lands. 

SECT. 42. — From the Meeting of the States-General to the 
Death of Louis XVI. (A.D. 1789-1793). 

A.D. 

1789. The States-General convoked to meet at Versailles. 

a celebrated quarrel which ruins thrones. 

„ The States-General assume the title of " the !N'ational 
Assembly. " 
an Abbe ^proposes to repair to Tennis-Court. 

„ TheBastile broken open, and the Governor massacred. 
begins th.e popular " reign of terror." 

,, The princes and chief nobility leave France. 
Conde and the princes retire voluntarily. 

„ The I^ational Assembly adopts the declaration of 
" the Eights of Man." 
the culminating point of the era of tumult. 

„ Washington becomes first President of the U. States. 
a celebrated patriot raised to authority. 

„ The Federal Constitution accepted by all the States, 
the coloured people remain in vassalage. 

1790. France divided by the JSTational Assembly into 

eighty-five departments. 
change is paramount every where. 

„ Louis swears fidelity to the new Constitution, 
the common people in thousands witness it. 

,, Titles of nobility and monastic establishments 
abolished in France, 
the convents pulled down and titles exscinded. 

„ The Il^ational Guard (of 300,000 citizens) instituted, 
the citizens of Paris trained to war. 

„ Death of George Howard and of Benjamin Franklim 
celebrated for philanthropy m their various walks. 



MODERN HISTORY. 285 

A.D. 

1791. Mirabeau becomes President of the National Assembly. 

becomes their President at a trying crisis. 

„ The King and royal family escape from Paris, but 
are captured at Yarenne. 
the citizens of Paris in the Tuileries confine them. 

,, Eiots in Birmingham : Dr Priestley's house destroyed. 
chastise Priestley the atheistical chemist ! 

„ Death of John Wesley, the founder of Methodism, 
an able and zealous teacher of Christianity, 

,, Galvani discovers electro-magnetism. 

a curious 'play at telegraphic communication. 

1792. Death of Leopold II. : accession of Francis II. 

accedes to power during a violent ferment. 

„ The Allied army (Prussian, Austrian, and Dutch) 
cross the French frontiers, 
they came to quell the tumult in France. 

„ The Tuileries attacked: the Swiss Guard massacred. 

the beautiful queen in violent dismay. 

., The Allied army defeated by Dumouriez. 
boldly punishes the violators of the frontier. 

,5 The !N"ational Convention (Robespierre, Murat, and 
Danton) constituted. 
accession to power of violent demagogues. 

,, Louis deposed by the I^ational Convention : France 
declared a Eepublic. 
the blood of the prince vociferously demanded. 

„ France offers support to all nations desiring liberty, 
a call to the peoples to overthrow despotism. 

1793. Louis condemned to death by the Convention. 

consign their prince a victim to the guillotine. 



SECT. 43.— From tlie Death of Louis XVI. to tlie Election of 
Napoleon as First Consul (A.D. 1793-1799). 

A.D. 

1793. France declares war against Britain and Holland, 
they begin the quarrel by attacking Holland. 



286 FACTS AND DATES. 

A.D. 

1 793. The Englisli and Dutcli fleets defeated by the French 
off Cape St Vincent, 
they legin the quarrel by tarnishing our glory. 

„ The Queen condemned to death by the Convention, 
the beautiful queen a victim to the 



„ Napoleon Euonaparte first distinguishes himself at 
the siege of Toulon. 
begins to a^^pear the terror of the age. 

1794. Howe defeats the French fleet off Ushant. 

a British "peer victorious at sea. 

„ Eobespierre and twenty of his partisans guillotined. 

the cruel paragon of tyranny suffers. 

„ Battle of AVarsaw : destruction of Polish independ- 
ence, 
the courageous Poles vanquished by Suwarrow. 

„ Death of Edward Gibbon, author of ' History of De- 
cline and Fall of the Eoman Empire.' 

brilliantly portrays its various stages. 

1795. The French overrun Holland : the Stadtholder escapes. 

brave Pichegru victorious in the Low -Countries. 

„ Mungo Park sets out on his first African expedition, 
the celebrated Parh travels to Ludamar. 

,, Cape Colony and Ceylon taken by the English, 
their colonial possessions are taken by Elphinstone. 

„ Maynooth College, Ireland, founded and endowed. 

Oatholic priests vociferate for liberty ! 

„ Peace concluded at Basle between France and Prussia. 
corccludes with Prussia a treaty of alliance. 

„ The French EoyaHsts rebel against the Convention : 
are suppressed by I^Tapoleon Buonaparte. 
Buonaparte proves a victorious leader. 

„ Final partition of Poland between Eussia, Austria, 
and Prussia, 
the courageous Poles outlive their liberty. 

1796. N"apoleon commences his Itahan campaign. 

Buonaparte proves victorious at Montenotte, 



MODERN HISTORY. 287 

A.D. 

1796. Napoleon defeats the Austrians at Lodi. 

the bridge is passed by the victorious Napoleon. 

„ Death of Eobert Burns, the national poet of Scotland. 

his beautiful poems his truest monument. 

„ Treaty of Ildefonso between France and Spain, 
they conclude a peace vexatious to England. 

1797. Admiral Jervis defeats the French and Spanish fleets 

off Cape St Yincent. 
Britain's prestige vindicated in Portugal. 

„ Commercial panic in England : the Bank of England 
stops payment. 
hanh paper in temporary payment. 

„ Mutiny of the English fleets at Spithead and the Nore. 
the British Parliainent in terrible panic. 

„ Death of Edmund Burke, statesman and orator, 
the British Parliament's truest pride. 

„ Great naval victory by Admiral Duncan over the 
Dutch off Camperdown. 
Britain is 'proud of her valiant peer. 

,, Peace of Campo Eormio between France and Austria : 
the latter cedes the Low Countries and the 
Ionian Islands to France. 
Buonaparte's perfidy to Venice appears. 

„ Napoleon returns from Italy to Paris. 

Buonaparte proclaimed the victorious ** Pacificator." 

1798. Napoleon suppresses the Papal Government, and 

imprisons the Pope, 
the Catholic pontiff vacates Rome. 

„ Napoleon embarks for Egypt, and takes Alexandria. 
Buonaparte proceeds from Toulon with an army. 

J, Battle of the Pyramids : Buonaparte defeats Murad 
Bey, and enters Cairo. 
battle of the Pyramids, a terrible rout / 

„ Battle of the Nile : Nelson totally defeats the French. 
Buonaparte paralysed by a tremendous reverse. 

„ Eebellion in Ireland under Lord Fitzgerald. 
Catholics and Protestants in treasonable revolt. 



288 FACTS AND DATES. 

A.D. 

1799. Bass and Flinders prove Tasmania an island. 
boldly pass between Victoria and Tasmania. 

,. Seringapatam taken by Sir David Baird : Tippoo 
SaMb killed. 
Baird prevails over the valiant Tippoo. 

„ Siege of Acre : Napoleon defeated by Sir S. Smith. 
checks the p)^"ogress of the triumphant victor. 

„ Death, of George Washington, first President of the 
United States, 
they bury the President at Vernon, Virginia. 

„ JSTapoleon, in Paris, is proclaimed " First Consul." 
Buonaparte placed at the top of the tree. 



SECT. 44.— From the Election of the First Consul to the 
Battle of AusterUtz (A.D. 1799-1805). 

A.D. 

1800. The jSTabob of Surat resigns his government to the 

British. 

British rule extending ividely. 

,, Napoleon crosses the Alps into Italy with an army 
of 50,000 men. 
his chariot rides on the wings of the wind ! 

,, Battle of Marengo : Napoleon defeats the Austrians. 
Buonaparte's rule is widely extended. 

,, Battle of Hohenlinden : the Austrians signally de- 
feated by the French, 
the brave republicans win in the war. 

„ Death of William Cowper, poet, author of ' The Task.' 
Cowper at rest, and weary of the world. 

„ Seat of Grovernment of United States changed from 
Philadelphia to Washington, 
the capital removed wisely to Washington. 

1801. Legislative Union of Great Britain and Ireland. 

Britain and Ireland are wedded in bonds. 

„ Treaty of Luneville between Germany and France, 
the course of the Rhine, her western boundary. 



MODERN HISTORY. 289 

A.D. 

1801. Pitt resigns the premiership : accession of Addington. 

a hrief rest in an extraordinary career. 
„ Abercromby defeats the French at Alexandria, 
the hold Republicans expelled the country. 

,, Paul I. assassinated : accession of Alexander I. 

the Gzar of Russia expires in hlood. 
„ First regular census of the United Kingdom taken : 
population, 15,942,646. 

begin to recTcon by exact census. 

,, Nelson destroys the Danish fleet at Copenhagen. 

" Britannia rules the waves ^' bravely / 
„ Convention between England and Eussia — Alex- 
ander withdraws from the IN^orthern League. 

the Czar resolves to withdraw from the Confederacy. 

„ The Surrey tram-railway, the first in Britain. 
cars run from Wandsworth to Croydon. 

,, Ceres, the first of the minor planets, discovered by 
Piazzi at Palermo. 
Bode's rule is wonderfully confirmed. 

1802. Peace of Amiens between Britain, Prance, and Spain. 

Britain rests in her war with France. 

,, Napoleon elected First Consul for life, 
the Oorsican rules by the will of France. 

„ Cape Colony restored to the Dutch by England. 
Britain restores the extremity of Africa. 

„ Ohio enters the American Union as the 1 7th State 
the colossal Republic extends her domain. 

1803. Tasmania established as a penal colony. 

convicted rogues exported to Hobart-Town. 

„ Louisiana purchased from France by the States. 
cotton is raised and exported hence. 

5, Britain renews the war with France. 
Britain rene%vs the war in haste. 

,, The French overrun Hanover. 

Buonaparte resumes the ^var in Hanover. 

„ Delhi retaken by General Lake from the Mahrattas. 
Britain resists the warlike Bolcar. 
T 



290 FACTS AND DATES. 

A.D. 

1804. Mungo Park sets out on Ms 2d voyage of discovery. 

bravely returns to explore the Joliha. 

f, Duke d'Enghien murdered by order of Napoleon. 
Buonaparte rues his wrath and jealousy. 

„ ISTapoleon crowned "Emperor of the French.." 
Buonaparte reigns in the West supreme. 

„ Pitt reappointed Prime Minister of England. 
called to reoccupy his wonted station. 

„ Spain declares war against England. 
Britain resumes the war with Spain. 

1805. Third coalition against France, of England, Piussia, 

Austria, and Sweden. 
Britain and Russia in tcilling alliance. 

„ !N"apoleon, at Milan, is proclaimed " King of Italy." 
the crown of iron is wrested from Lombardy. 

„ I^Tapoleon prepares an armament to invade England, 
he comes to ravage our western land. 

,, Battle of Trafalgar: Nelson destroys the French and 
Spanish fleets, hut is mortally wounded. 
^^ Britannia rules the waves" alone. 

„ Battle of Austerlitz — the AlHes signally defeated. 
Buonaparte regains his tvonted laurels. 



SECT. 45.— From the Battle of AusterUtz to Napoleon's 
Retreat from Moscow (A.D. 1805-1812). 

A.D. 

1806. Cape Colony seized by the Enghsh from the Dutch. 
Baird restores our wonted mastery. 

,, Death of Pitt, and of his rival, C. J. Fox. 
the British realm in weeds of mourning. 

„ Napoleon makes his brothers, Joseph and Louis, 
kings of Naples and Holland respectively, 
the brothers reign by the will of Napoleon. 

„ The " Confederation of the Rhine " formed, ^\dth 
Napoleon as Protector, 
the Confederation of the Mine his willing instrumenL 



MODERN HISTORY. 291 

A.D. 

1 806. Sir J. Stuart defeats the French at Maida, in Calabria. 

our chivalrous regiments worst him at Maida. 

„ The King of Prussia declares war against I^apoleon. 

a celebrated ruler at war with Napoleon. 
„ Battle of Jena : the power of Prussia annihilated. 

blood and ruin in the wake of Napoleon. 

„ l!^apoleon issues his famous Berlin Decrees. 

Buonaparte's revenge for the exploits of our navij. 

1807. Battle of Eylau : Napoleon defeats the Eussian army. 

Buonaparte routs them at Eylau, in Prussia. 

„ Treaty of Tilsit between France, Russia, and Prussia. 
compels them to ratify his worst proceedings. 

„ Conspiracy of the Prince of Asturias against tlie 
King of Spain, 
the Corsican resorts to extreme perfidy. 

„ Copenhagen bombarded, and the Danish fleet seized 
by the British under Cathcart and Gambier. 
Cathcart receives his wages from Parliament. 

„ Treaty of Fontainebleau for the partition of Portugal 
between France and Spain. 
Braganza is ruined by a wily opponent. 

„ The royal family of Portugal escapes to Brazil, 
the brave regent an exile from Portugal. 

1808. The French, under Murat, enter Madrid. 

Buonaparte resolves to extend his rule. 

„ Treaty of Bayonne : Charles IV. cedes to N^apoleon 
Spain and the colonies. 
Buonaparte's rapacity excites a revolt. 

„ The Spanish patriots solicit aid from Britain. 
Britain resolves on an expedition of resistance. 

,, Wellington lands at Mondego Bay to resist IS'apoleon. 
courageous Arthur Wellesley arrives. 

„ Battle of Vimiera : Wellington defeats the French, 
the British army wholly routs them. 

„ Convention of Cintra : the French army allowed to 
retire safely to France, 
the brave Arthur Wellesley resigns. 



292 FACTS AND DATES. 

A.D. 

1809. Battleof Coruna : Sir Jolm Moore defeats tlie French, 
but is killed in tlie honr of victory. 
Coruna reminds us of Wolfe's verses. 

,5 Battles of Eatisbon, Abensbnrg, and Eckniiilil : 

Il^apoleon defeats the Austrians. 

Buonaparte rectives a wound in the victory. 

„ Battle of Wagram : the Austrians totally defeated. 
routs them at Wagram, near Vienna. 



,, Battle of Talavera : Wellington routs the French. 
completely routed by Wellington at Talavera. 

„ Collingwood defeats the French fleet in the Medi- 
terranean. 
Britannia rules the waves victoriously. 

1810. jSTapoleon having deposed Josephine, marries Maria 

Louisa of Austria. 
Buonaparte resorts to a base expedient. 

„ Louis Buonaparte abdicates the throne of Holland, 
which is now incorporated with France, 
a h^ief reign of care and wretchedness. 

,, The French defeated by "Wellington at Basaco. 
Buonaparte's army beaten by Wellington. 

,, JN'apoleon burns all British merchandise in France. 
Buonaparte resolves to hum our exports. 

„ Mauritius captured from the French by General 
Abercromby. 
a colony rich in cotton and wheat. 

1811. Eegency of the Prince of Wales (George TV.) com- 

mences. 
a careless heir his country's care. 

„ General Graham defeats the French at Barossa. 
compelled to retire from the bloody conflict. 

„ Maria Louisa delivered of a son — styled " King of 
Eome." 
Buonaparte's heir born to care. 

5j Battle of Albuera : the French totally defeated, 
an achievement remarkable for British courage. 



MODERN HISTORY. 293 

A. D. 

1811. Serious riots in ISTottingham : the weavers resist the 

introduction of machinery. 
lands of rioters convulse the country. 

1812. Ciudad Eodrigo stormed and taken by the British. 

Ciudad Eodrigo captured by the Duke. 

„ Capture of Badajos hy the Duke of Wellington. 
capture of a renowned border fortress. 

„ The United States declare war against Great Britain. 
our cousins resent the blockade of France. 

„ Napoleon invades Eussia with a force of 498,000 men. 
Buonaparte rushes on his coming destiny. 

„ Battle of Salamanca : Madrid taken by Wellington, 
the conqueror receives a badge of distinction. 

., Battle of Borodino : fearful carnage on either side. 
both armies at Borodino decimated. 

„ The Americans invade Canada, but, after several 
sanguinary battles, are compelled to surrender, 
the British army beats them at Detroit. 

„ Moscow burned by the Eussian authorities : 11,000 
houses consumed, 
a conflagration ruinous to Buonaparte's destiny. 

SECT. 46.— From Napoleon's Retreat from Moscow to the 
Battle of Waterloo (A.D. 1812-1815). 

A.D. 

1812. Battle of the Berezina : Napoleon loses 20,000 men. 

Buonaparte^ s retreat is covered with disaster. 

,, ISTapoleon deserts his army, and returns to Paris. 
Buonaparte reaches his capital in disguise. 

1813. Concordat of Fontainebleau between Napoleon and 

the Pope. 
Buonaparte^ s ruse with his Catholic Holiness. 

„ Sixth coalition against France — England, Eussia, 
Prussia, Austria, and Sweden, 
the countries of Europe combine against him. 

„ Napoleon quits Paris for the seat of war in Germany. 
Buonaparte renews the campaign in Germany. 



294 FACTS AND DATES. 

A.D. 

1813. Battles of Lutzen, Bautzen, Wurtzchen : Napoleon 

defeats the AUies. 
Buonaparte redeems his character as a general. 

„ Battle of Yitoria : Wellington defeats the French, 
a battle ruinous to Buonaparte^ s hopes. 

„ Battle of the Pyrenees : "Wellington defeats Soult. 
is completely routed by the British general. 

„ Wellington and the Peninsular army enter France, 
the Bidassoa is reached by our hrave hero. 

,, Battle of Leipsic : !N"apoleon defeated hy the Allies. 
Buonaparte's ruinous campaign in Germany. 

„ Revolution in Holland : the Prince of Orange re- 
sumes his crown, 
a bloodless revolution breaks-out in Holland. 

„ The Allied army crosses the Rhine, and invades 
France, 
they cross the Rhine, a countless host. 

1814. Treaty of Kiel between Britain, Sweden, and Den- 

mark : Denmark cedes ISTorway to Sweden, 
and receives hack her colonies, 
the colonies restored by the brave Swedes. 

„ Surrender of Paris to the Allied army. 

Buonaparte ruined, his capital surrenders ! 

„ Battle of Toulouse : Marshal Soult defeated hy Wel- 
lington. 
completely rejndses the courageous Soidt. 

„ ISTapoleon abdicates, but retains the title of Emperor. 
Buonaparte resigns his crown and kingdom. 

„ ilTapoleon transported to Elba in the British frigate 
" Undaunted." 
Buonaparte retires to a cheerless solitude. 

„ Louis XYIIL enters Paris as King of the French, 
the Bourbons regain their crowns and sceptres. 

V Peace of Paris : France restored to her original limits. 
Christendom resounds with boundless joy. 



MODERN HISTORY. 295 

A.D, 

1814. The Sovereigns of Russia and Prussia visit England. 

Britain resounds with a cry oi jubilee. 

„ Washington, capital of the United States, captured, 
and the capitol burned, 
the British reduce the capitol to ashes. 

„ General Ross defeats the Americans at Baltimore. 

courageous Ross in battle is killed. 
„ Congress of -Vienna : the Allies ratify the Treaty of 
Paris. 

the bounds of Eiiropean countries settled. 

„ Peace of Ghent between Britain and the U. States. 
concord restored between Britain and the States. 

1815. Battle of l!^ew Orleans: the British defeated by 

General Jackson, 
the British repulsed with considerable loss. 
„ N'apoleon escapes from Elba, and arrives at Cannes 
with 1000 men. 
Buonaparte returns, to the consternation of all. 
,, Louis XYIII. escapes from Paris : Napoleon re- 
sumes the crown.- 
Buonaparte returns, to the confusion of Louis, 

„ Battles of Ligny and Quartrebras. 

Blucher is routed in the battle of Ligny. 

„ Battle of Waterloo : Napoleon totally defeated by 
Wellington and Blucher. 
Buonaparte is ruined by the combined Allies. 

SECT. 47. — From tlie Battle of Waterloo to tlie Accession 
of George IV. (A.D. 1815-1820). 

A.D. 

1815. The Alhed army again returns to Paris, 
the capital re-entered by the brave A Hies. 
„ Napoleon surrenders to Captain Maitland of the 
" Bellerophon." 
he claims at Rochefort British leniency. 
„ The Holy Alliance between Russia, Prussia, and 
Austria, 
the Czar originates a curious alliance. 



296 FACTS AND DATES. 

A.D. 

1815. l^apoleon arrives at St Helena. 

Buonaparte removed to a cheerless isle. 

„ Second Peace of Paris between France and the Allies. 
compelled to restore the contents of the Louvre. 

„ Murat, ex-king of JS^aples, and Marshal Ney, shot, 
a base recompense to brave leaders. 

1816. Marriage of Princess Charlotte of Wales to Leopold 

of Saxe-Cohurg, afterwards King of Belgium. 
betrothes the heir of the crown of England. 

,, The Argentine Confederation shakes off the Spanish 
yoke, 
the colonists resolve to become independent. 

„ Algiers bombarded by a British fleet, and slavery 
abolished in Algeria. 
Britain restores the captives magnanimously. 

,, The Elgin Marbles purchased by Parhament. 
celebrated records in the British Museum. 

1817. Death of Princess Charlotte of Saxe-Coburg. 

Britain regrets the beloved princess. 

„ Marquis of Hastings overthrows the Mahratta and 
Pindaree power in India, 
a British ruler conquers the Pindarees. 

1818. Marriage of the Duke of Clarence (William TV.), 

and of the Duke of Kent (father of Queen 
Victoria), 
the citizens rejoice, and the bells ring. 

„ Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle decrees the removal 
from France of the Army of Occupation, 
the British return, with the consent of Richelieu. 
„ Battle of Maypu ; Chile becomes independent of 
Spain, 
the Chilians raise their colony to a republic. 

„ Velocipedes first introduced into England from 
Germany. 
bicycles run on our common roads. 

„ Death of Queen Charlotte, wife of George III. 
ChoMotte rests from the co.res of royalty. 



MODERN HISTORY. 297 

1819. Birtli of QueenYictoria, daughter of theDuke of Kent. 
Britain rejoices at tlie birth of Victoria. 

First passage of the Atlantic hy steam from New 
York to Liverpool, 
a celebrated era in commerce and trade. 

„ Monster Eeform Meeting in Manchester; many 
persons killed, 
a cry to reform the constituency in towns. 

„ Death of Marshal Blucher of Prussia, 
a cross of iron his badge of triumiJh. 



SECT. 48.— From the Accession of George IV. to the Accession 
of WiUiam IV. (A.D. 1820-1830). 

1820. Death of George III., and accession of George lY. 

continued to reign fifty-nine years. 

„ Eevolution in Spain against Ferdinand YII. 
the Bourbons repress freedom oi worship. 

Duke de Berri assassinated in France hy Louvel. 
the Bourbons' reign in France is execrated. 
„ The Cato conspiracy, and attempt to murder the 
British Cabinet, 
the conspirators arrested and duly executed. 

„ Kevolutions in Naples and Piedmont suppressed by 
Austria, 
where Bourbons reign freedom expires. 

„ The trial of Queen Caroline commences. 

the citizens are roiLsed to fearful excitement. 

1821. Florida ceded by Spain to the United States. 

the colossal republic Florida acquires. 

„ Battle of Carobobo : New Granada, Ecuador, and 
Yenezuela shake off the Spanish yoke, 
the " Columbian Republic "formed by Bolivar. 

,, The Greek Eevolutionary War commences. 
a cry for refuge from despotic cruelty. 

„ Death of Napoleon Buonaparte at St Helena. 
Buonaparte released from his dreary capitivity 1 



298 FACTS AND DATES. 

A,D, 

1821. Coronation of George lY. : Queen Caroline vamly 

attempts to gain admission into West- 
minster Abbey. 
Caroline refused admission to tlie ceremony. 

„ Funeral of Queen Caroline : great riot in London, 
the citizens resent the despot's conduct. 

1822. The Greeks declare their independence of Turkey. 

a cry resounds oi freedom from despotism. 

„ Mexico becomes independent of Spain : Augustine I. 
elected Emperor, 
the colony rebels, and demands to be free. 

„ Brazil becomes independent of Portugal : Don Pedro 
elected Emperor. 
Brazil rejects the domination of a despot. 

„ Death of Lord Castlereagh : Canning becomes 
Foreign Secretary. 
a celebrated orator directs our affairs. 

1823. The French invade Spain to support Ferdinand YII. 

the Cortes resists the despot's government. 

,, Free Trade commences in England. 

our commerce rendered free by Hushisson. 

,., The Spanish Constitution abolished, and absolutism 
restored, 
the Bourhon''s rule is despotic and grievous. 

„ Belzoni, the famous Egyptian traveller, dies. 
Belzoni renowned for discoveries in Egypt. 

1824. ISTew London Bridge founded. 

constructed by Eennie, a famous Scotchman. 

„ Death of Lord Byron at Mesolonghi. 

Byron rests on a. foreign shore. 

,, Burmese war : Rangoon captured by the British. 
they capture Bangoon, on a delta situated. 

„ Battle of Ayacucho : Peru and Bolivia become inde- 
pendent of Spain. 
Bolivar rids them of the domination of Spain. 

1825. The Great Erie Canal, 370 miles long, opened. 

the canal of Erie oi formidable length. 



MODERN HISTORY. 299 

A.D. 

1825. Great Britain acknowledges the independence of the 

South American republics. 
Britain recognises the friends of liberty. 

„ First steam voyage from England to India, 
a celebrated era dawns on the land. 

„ Algiers nearly destroyed by an earthquake, and 
Blida ruined, 
a celebrated earthquake devastates Algeria. 

„ Death of Alexander I. of Eussia, and accession of 
Nicholas I. 
the champion of order and defender of legitimacy. 

„ The Egyptian army, under Ibrahim Pacha, lands in 
the Morea. 
a celebrated ruler devastates the land. 

„ John Quincy Adams becomes President of the United 
States. 
cradled in revolution, 2i friend of liberty. 

„ Commercial panic in England : seventy banking 
establishments fail, 
a commercial reaction frightens the land. 

1826. Eevolt of Bhurtpur, and its capture by the British. 

Bhurtpur revolts from the dominion of England. 

„ The great Suspension Bridge over the Menai Strait 
constructed by Telford, 
a bridge of iiwi by a, famous engineer. 

„ Peace with Burmah : several provinces ceded to 
England, 
they cede Aracan to i\\Q dominion oi England. 

„ Eevolt of the Janissaries at Constantinople : 15,000 
of them slain. 
abolition of the order, by firman of Mahmoud. 

„ Mesolonghi besieged and taken by the Turks, 
they bravely resist the despot at Mesolonghi. 

,, Eussia declares war against Persia, and defeats the 
Shah in several battles. 
she cedes Erivan to the dominion of Nicholas. 



300 FACTS AND DATES. 

A.D. 

1826. Treaty of Akerman : Turkey cedes to Eussia freedom 

of the Black Sea. 
cedes to Russia freedom oi navigation. 

1827. Treaty of London between England, France, and 

Russia, for the independence of Greece. 
Britain, Russia, and France are parties to it. 

„ Death of Canning : Lord Goderich, Prime IMinister. 
Canning, the orator, dies in peace. 

„ Battle of JSTavarino : the Turkish fleet destroyed by 
the allied squadrons of England, France, and 
Eussia. 
Codrington ruins the fleet of the oppressor. 

1828. Duke of Wellington becomes Premier, and Sir E. 

Peel Home Secretary, 
the Conservatives rule the affairs of the realm. 

,, Eussia declares war against Turkey for declining to 
acknowledge the independence of Greece, 
the Czar of Russia defends their rights. 

„ Corporation and Test Acts repealed in England. 
acts repealed in favour of Romanists. 

„ London University opened. 
Bell reads the first oration. 

„ The Turkish army evacuates the Morea, 
Ibrahim's army forced to retire. 

1829. Civil war threatened in Ireland : Catholic Emanci- 

pation Act passed, 
the Catholics relieved, and danger averted. 

„ Capture of Adrianople by the Eussians. 

they capture a renowned fortress in Turkey. 

„ Treaty of Adrianople : Turkey concedes the inde- 
pendence of Greece, and grants to Eussia 
freedom of traf&c. 
they cede to Russia freedom of traffic. 

,, The colony of Western Australia established, 
the colony receives the desperately vicious. 

„ York Minster set on fire by an insane person. 
consumes the roof of 2i famous temple. 



MODERN HISTORY. 301 



SECT. 49. — From tlie Accession of William IV. to tlie Accession 
of Victoria (A.D. 1830-1837). 

A.D. 

1830. Deatli of George lY., and accession of William lY. 

confer the rein^ of government on William. 

„ Algiers taken by the French, and Algeria erected 
into a French province. 
a city renowned for ages won by them. 

,, The '' Three Days' Eevolution" in Paris : Charles X. 
expelled, 
the Bourbon's rule goads them to excesses. 

„ Louis Philippe, Duke of Orleans, crowned King of 
the French, 
they crown Orleans of heroic exploits. 

,, Belgium asserts its independence of Holland. 
Belgium revolts from the dominion of William. 

„ Opening of the Manchester and Liverpool Eailway, 
the first great railway in Britain. 
begins an era in the history of the world. 

„ Revolution in Warsaw against Russia. 

they begin a revolution in the government of Warsaw. 

1831. Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg chosen King of 

the Belgians, 
the Belgians request him to govern their country. 

,, Russia suppresses the insurrection in Warsaw, 
the Czar of Russia governs them cruelly. 

,, New Granada, Ecuador, and Yenezuela become sep- 
arate states, 
the Columbian Republic is hastily broken. 

„ The great cholera of 1832 makes its first appearance 
in Sunderland, 
the cruel ravages of the great cholera. 

„ The "British Association for the Advancement of 
Science" (instituted by Sir D. Brewster j 
holds its inaugural meeting at York. 
Brewster arrives with Herschel and Babbage. 



302 FACTS AND DATES. 

A.D. 

1832. Poland becomes an integral part of Russia. 

the Czar of Russia governs it despotically. 

„ Tlie cholera appears in Paris : 1000 deaths the first 
week, 
the cholera rages grievously in France. 

„ The Eeform Bill passed by the English Parliament, 
a bill to repress the government of the few. 

„ Otho of Bavaria elected King of Greece, 
a Bourbon rules in Greece despotically. 

„ Death of Sir Walter Scott (born 1771). 
cease thy romance, genius oi fiction ! 

,, Death of Goethe, the great German poet (born 1 749). 
the cliief romance of Goethe is " Faust." 

1833. The Zollverein, or Germanic Customs League, formed. 

a common rate on goods in Germany. 

„ Death of Ferdinand YII. of Spain : Isabella succeeds 
under a regency, 
the Bourbon's rule a humiliating history. 

„ The English Factory Act, limiting the hours of 
labour, passed, 
an Act to restrain the greed of gain. 

1834. Slaveryabolishedinthe British colonies: £20,000,000 

paid by Parliament to the slave- owners, 
a bright era in the history of slavery. 

„ The Poor Law Amendment Bill passed. 

the benevolent restrained from giving spontaneously I 

„ British Houses of Parliament destroyed by fire, 
a conflagration ruins the home of our Senate. 

„ The Chinese Government interdict the opium trade. 
Christians reproved by heathens for smuggling ! 

„ Death of S. T. Coleridge, poet, philosopher, and 
theologian (born 1772). 
Coleridge rests in his grave, slumbering. 

1835. Death of Francis I. of Austria : accession of Fer- 

dinand I. 

begins to rule his Oerman lieges. 



MODERN HISTORY. 303 

A.D. 

1835. Fieschi, inventor of the "infernal machine," attempts 

to assassinate Louis Philippe, 
a Corsican robber hazards his life. 

„ Municipal Corporation Eeform Bill passed, 
the citizens rejoice at greater liberty. 

„ Great fire at ]t^ew York : 20,000,000 dollars' worth 
of property destroyed, 
the citizens rush in great alarm. 

1836. The colony of South Australia settled by the British. 

a colony rich in agriculture and mines. 

„ Lord Auckland becomes Governor-General of India, 
a celebrated earl governs India. 

„ The Spanish Constitution of 1812 accepted by the 
Queen Regent, 
the constitution revived agreed to at Madrid. 

„ The Portuguese Constitution of 1820 accepted by 
Donna Maria, 
the Constitution revived agreed to by Maria. 

„ ' San Sebastian stormed by the British : the Carlists 
repulsed, 
the Carlists repulsed by a gallant Englishman. 

„ A balloon, with three persons, ascends from London, 
and arrives at Weilburg in ^N'assau. 
a celebrated aeronaut to Germany navigates. 

1837. Yan Buren becomes President of the United States. 

Buren rules, their eighth President. 

„ The U. States recognise the independence of Texas, 
the colossal republic grasping at power. 

„ The Emperor of China allows a British commissioner 
to reside at Canton, 
the celestial ruler grants h.i% permission. 

,, Death of "William lY., and accession of Queen 
Yictoria, whom God preserve ! 
begin to reign, our gracious Queen I 



304 FACTS AND DATES. 



SECT. 50, — From tlie Accession of Queen Victoria to the 
Repeal of tlie Com Laws (A.D. 1837-1846). 

A.D. 

1837. The Duke of Cumbeiiand becomes King of Hanover, 

and abrogates tbe old Constitution. 
constitutional rule in Hanover paramount. 

„ Eebellion in Montreal. 

the Canadian rebellion is headed by Papineau. 

1838. Death of Talleyrand, the eminent French diplomatist. 

a Irilliant but erring genius at rest. 

,, Slavery abolished by the Anglo-Indian Government, 
the bondmen released by the Governor s orders. 

„ Treaty of commerce between England and Turkey. 
commercial regulations by Government ratified. 

„ Battle of Prescott : the Canadian rebellion repressed. 
the Canadian rebels are grievously routed. 

,, Great famine in the North- west Provinces of India. 
the crops of rice on the Ganges are ruined. 

1839. Aden, in Arabia, captured by the English. 

we capture in Arabia a haven for our troops. 

„ The Governor of Canton seizes aU the opium belong- 
ing to the British. 
Chinese regulations grossly outraged. 

„ The Affghan war: a British force occupies Candahar. 
the British arms at Ghuznee victorious. 

,, Abdul Medjid becomes Sultan of Turkey. 
Abdul reigns over a gigantic territornf. 

„ The United States Bank, and many others, suspend 
payment : gold first discovered in Australia. 

the colossal republic is greatly troubled. 

1840. j^ew Zealand established as a British colony. 

coal, iron, silver, and wool. 

5, The Emperor of China prohibits all trade and inter- 
course with England for ever. 
commercial relations suspended for aye I 



MODEBN HISTORY. 305 

A.D. 

1840. The penny-postage system introduced by Mr Eow- 
land Hill. 
cTieap rates a successful 



„ Marriage of Queen Victoria with Prince Albert of 
Saxe-Coburg. 
a cousin of the reigning Sovereign weds her. 

„ Thiers and Guizot become successively Ministers of 
Foreign Affairs in France. 
celebrated orators and statesmen exalted. 

,, Edward Oxford attempts to assassinate the Queen. 
beware of the ruthless assassin, Oxford. 

„ The remains of ISTapoleon Buonaparte are removed 
from St Helena to Paris, 
his bones return, amid jubilant exclamations. 

1841. Canton taken by the British, and ransomed by the 

Emperor. 
Canton ransomed by the Sovereign of Gliina. 

„ Amoy taken by the British. 

a British royal squadron captures it. 

„ Sir Eobert Peel becomes Prime Minister, 
a Conservative Reformer steers our course. 

„ Birth of Albert Edward, Prince of Wales. 
hirth of an heir, to the joy of the country ! 

„ Dispute with the United States regarding the brig 
"Creole.", 
a brig arrives with slaves at the Bahamas. 

„ Insurrection at Cabool against the English. 
Burnes is ruthlessly assassinated at Cabool. 

1842. The British evacuate Cabool under a convention, but 

are treacherously attacked by the Affghans. 
a British army savagely destroyed. 

„ Sir E. Peel's Bill, imposing an income tax, passed, 
an " Act to repeal sundry duties I " 

„ General Sale defeats Akhbar Khan at Jelallabad. 
the British army the Khan defeats. 
U 



306 FACTS AND DATES. 

A.D. 

1842. Tlie Asliburton Treaty, defining the boundary "be- 

tween the British dominions and the United 
States, ratified, 
the hoimdaries of realms scientifically determined. 

„ Treaty of ISTankin between China and Great Britain. 
consuls to reside at Shanghae and Foo-Choo. 

„ The Affghan war concluded : the British evacuate 
Affghanistan. 
the British retire from Akhhar's dominions. 

1843. The Disruption of the Church of Scotland, and 

formation of the Free Church, 
a celebrated era in Scottish history. 

„ Battle of Meanee : Scinde annexed to British India, 
the British arms successful at Hyderabad. 

,, The Mahratta war in India : Gwalior invaded by 
the British, 
the British army successful in Gwalior. 

1844. Daniel O'Connell found guilty of sedition, and 

imprisoned. 
O'Connell arraigned for seditious speeches. 

,, Hayti (St Domingo) becomes an independent re- 
public. 
Britain recognises the struggling state. 

,, Sir Eobert Peel's Bank Charter Act passed, 
a certain ratio between issue and specie. 

1845. Texas annexed to the U. States : war with Mexico. 

the colossal republic succeeds to a legacy. 

,, Sir J. Frankhn sets out on his third Arctic expedition, 
in the cheerless regions of snow he lies. 

„ Great meeting of the Anti-Corn-Law League in 
Manchester. 
Corn-Law Reformers sup])ort the League. 

1846. Battle of Sobraon : Lord Gough signally defeats the 

Sikhs : the planet Neptune discovered, 
the British army slays a myriad. 



MODERN HISTORY. 307 

A.D. 

1846. Great railway panic in England. 

a consequence of the railway speculation mania. 

,, Pope Pius IX. raised to the pontifical chair, 
a cardinal raised to supreme eminence. 

„ Famine in Ireland, caused by the failure of the 
potato crop : Treaty of Washington. 
crowds of Irishmen sinTc or emirp-ate. 



SECT. 51.— From the Repeal of the Corn Laws to the Accession of 
Louis Napoleon as Emperor of the French (A.D. 1846-1852). 

A.D. 

1846. The Corn Laws repealed, and Free Trade established, 
the Corn-Laws repealed, to the Jo?/ of the nation. 

„ Sir Eobert Peel resigns the Premiership, 
the Conservative ranks sink to a minority. 

„ Austria absorbs the republic of Cracow, 
the Cracow republic to Austria annexed. 

184:7. Death of Dr Thomas Chalmers (born 1780). 

the brilliant ornament of Scottish Presbyterianism. 

„ Death of Mendelssohn, the celebrated composer. 
composed oratorios of singular pathos. 

1848. Charles Albert grants his subjects a liberal Consti- 
tution, 
his country regenerated by salutary reforms. 

,, Louis Philippe prohibits a Eeform banquet in Paris. 
begins a revolution which swept over Europe. 

„ Eevolution in Vienna : Ferdinand grants a liberal 
Constitution. 
concedes Reform, and saves the realm. 

„ Insurrection at Berlin against the Government, 
the cry for Reform spread's through Europe. 

„ Lombardy and Venice revolt against Austria. 
courageous reformers sigh for a republic. 

„ The Provisional Government of France abolishes 
slavery. 
an act to remove a spot from the realm. 



308 FACTS AND DATES. 

A.D. 

1848. Upper California ceded to the United States by 

Mexico, and gold discovered therein, 
the colossal republic seeks to " organise " it. 

„ Eebellion in Ireland : the Habeas Cor pits Act sus- 
pended. 
O'Brien raises the signal of revolt. 

„ Pope Pius IX. quits Rome in disguise, and flees to 
Gseta. 
*' Chrisfs representative'^ escapes from Rome. 

„ Louis l^Tapoleon elected President of the French 
Republic. 
chief of the republic, but a hing in reality. 

„ Ferdinand I. of Austria abdicates in favour of his 
nephew, Francis Joseph. 
crown the heir of the Austrian realm. 

1849. The Constituent Assembly at Eome divests the Pope 

of his temporal power, and proclaims a Re- 
public. 
bold reformers shake his throne. 

„ The Pope implores the aid of the Roman Catholic 
powers of Europe against his own subjects. 
accuses them of rebelling against Jesus' Vicar. 

„ Lord Gough totally defeats the Sikhs at Gujerat. 
the British arms are signally victorious, 

„ The Punjab annexed to British India. 

the conquered region is subject to Victoria. 

„ Battle of Novara : the Austrians defeat the Sar- 
dinians. 
brave Radetsky the Sardinians vanquishes. 

„ Charles Albert abdicates in favour of his son, Victor 
Emanuel. 
Charles resigns the sceptre to Victor. 

„ Rome surrenders to a French army, after a siege of 
thirty days, 
the city of Home is stormed by the Vicar. 

The temporal authority of the Pope re-established. 
a Catholic army sustains his throne. 



MODERN HISTORY. 309 

A.l>. 

1849. Peace between Sardinia and Austria. 

concord resumed 'tween Joseph and Victor. 

„ Battle of Temeswar : the Hungarian army surrenders 
to the Russians, 
the courageous Russians storm Temeswar. 

1850. Rebellion in China begins in the province Kwang-si. 

the Chinese rebellion a lengthened war. 



„ Death of the poet Wordsworth (born 1770). 

in Cumberland rests the illustrious Wordsworth. 

„ Death of Sir Robert Peel. 

Conservative, Radical, Liberal, and Whig I 

„ Roman Catholic hierarchy attempted to be estab- 
lished in England, 
the country roused from its lethargy of years. 

„ Fugitive Slave Bill passed by the American Congress, 
the colossal republic legalises wicJcedness. 

„ Death of Louis Philippe, ex-king of the French, in 
England. 
Claremont receives the last of the exile. 

1851. Census of the United Kingdom : pop. 27,724,849. 

the census of Ireland alarms the country. 

„ Opening of the Great Exhibition in Hyde Park. 

a celebrated rendezvous for all countries. 

,, Telegraphic communication first established between 
France and England. 
communications received by electric cable. 

,, The '' Coup d'Etat : " Paris in a state of siege. 
a Buonaparte ruins the liberties of his country. 

„ Census of the United States : pop. 23,191,876. 
the census returns are lower than Britain. 

1852. The motto, " Liberie, Fraternite, Egalite," abolished 

in France. 

bury the remains of your lost freedom ! 
„ Death of Thomas Moore, the poet. 

the bard of Ireland) s lamented death. 
„ Second Burmese war : Rangoon taken by the British. 

Britain receives a large dependency. 



310 FACTS AND DATES. 

A.D. 

1852. Death of tlie Duke of Wellington. 

the celebrated Irishman's lamented decease. 

„ Louis il^apoleon elected Emj^eror of France, 
the citizens rush to elect a des230t ! 



SECT. 52. — From the Accession of Louis Napoleon to tlie Seces- 
sion of the Confederate States of America (A.D. 1852-1861). 

A.D. 

18.53. The Czar issaes a manifesto against Turkey, 
the Czar oi Russia alarms the Governments. 

„ A Russian army enters the Danubian Principalities, 
the Czars army is led by GortschaJcoff. 

„ A Congress of the Great Powers assembles at Vienna. 
commissioners rush to allay a hurricane ! 

,, Turkey formally declares war against Eussia. 
the Crescent is raised with loud huzzas! 

,, The Russians destroy the entire Tiu'kish fleet at 
Sinope. 
Constantinople raises a lamentable howl. 

1854. The Allied fleet enters the Black Sea. 
Abdid requests the Allies' assistance. 

The Queen reviews the Baltic fleet at S^Dithead. 
calmly revieivs her leviathan ships. 

England and France declare war against Russia. 
they beard the roaring lion of Scythia. 

The Crystal Palace opened at Sydenham. 
crowds resort from London to Kent. 

Bomarsund surrenders to Sir Charles ISTapier. 
completely reduces the Aaland Isles. 

Battle of the Alma : the Russians defeated, 
the courageous Raglan leads our soldiers. 

Prince Menschikoff sinks the Russian fleet in the 
harbour of Sebastopol. 
a cra.fty Russian lessens our success. 

Battle of Balaclava. 

a chivalrous earl his laurels secures. 



MODERN HISTORY. 311 

A.l>. 

1854. Battle of Inkormann : the Eussians severely defeated. 

a battle renowned for the legions of slain. 

1855. Death of the Emperor Nicholas : accession of Alex- 

ander II. 
the Czar resigns his lease of life. 

„ Industrial Exhibition opened at Paris, 
a collection of the riches of all lands. 

„ Kertch and Yenikaleh taken by the Allies. 
both are reduced by the illustrious Lyons. 

„ Death of Lord Raglan. 

courageous Raglan lamented lies ! 

„ Fall of Sebastopol : the French capture the MalakhoiF. 
the courageous Eussians leave in alarr)i. 

1856. Oude annexed to British India : Hugh Miller dies. 

the British resolve at last to annex it. 

„ Birth of the Prince Imperial of France. 
birth of an heir to Louis Napoleon ! 

„ Treaty of Paris : peace ratified between Russia, 
Turkey, Great Britain, France, and Sardinia. 
they contrive by articles to limit his empire. 

1857. The Indian rebellion begins at Meerut : the sepoys 

shoot their officers, and massacre all Europeans, 
the obvious result of our lax policy. 

„ First news of the mutiny reaches England, 
the British read an alarming page. 

„ The mutineers seize Delhi, and proclaim as king a 

descendant of the Great Mogul, 

chief of the religion of ^^ Allah ^^ proclaimed. 

„ Cawnpore surrenders to l!^ana Sahib, who cruelly 
butchers the garrison and other Europeans, 
a cruel rebel's lawless proceedings. 

„ General Havelock defeats I^^ana Sahib, and retakes 
Cawnpore. 
Cawnpore restored to loyalty and peace. 

„ Delhi recaptured by General Wilson : the king taken 
prisoner, 
the chiefs of the rebels are led to prison. 



312 FACTS AND DATES. 

A.D. 

1857. Tlie Britisli Presidency of Lucknow relieved by Sir 

Colin Campbell, 
the CamptelV s arrive, list to tlie pibroch/ 

1858. Marriage of the Princess Eoyalof England to Prince 

Frederick William of Prussia. 
betrothed to the heir of an illustrious realm. 

„ Orsini attempts to assassinate the Prench Emperor. 
crafty Orsini's lawless revenge. 

„ Sir Colin CampbeU finally captures Lucknow, and 
suppresses the Indian rebellion, 
the bloody rebellion at last repressed. 

„ Atlantic Telegraph, from Valencia to ISTewfoundland, 
completed : Speke discovers Lake Victoria. 

the cable rests on an elevated ridge. 

,, Treaty of commerce bet. Japan and Britain ratified. 

a British earl, with his largess, received. 

,, India henceforth directly ruled by the Queen. 

begins to reign over a loyal region. 

1859. The Punjab and JSTorth-West Provinces erected into 

Presidencies : Livingstone discovers L. Nyassa. 
basins of rivers of largest type. 

„ An Austrian army crosses the Ticino, and invades 
Piedmont, 
they cy^oss the iiver that limits their territory. 

„ Prance declares war against Austria. 
Buonaparte resolves to liberate Italy. 

„ The Erench defeat the Austrians at Magenta, 
the courageous armies of Louis and Victor. 

„ Lombardy annexed to the kingdom of Sardinia, 
a beautiful region 'mong the lakes of Italy, 

„ Battle of Solferino ; total defeat of the Austrians. 
carries renoivn to Louis and Victor. 

„ Treaty of Villafranca between Prance and Austria, 
their battles residt in a lasting treaty. 

., Peace of Zurich bet. France, Austria, and Sardinia, 
they confirm the articles of the late treaty. 



MODERN HISTORY. 313 

A.D. 

1859. Death of Lord Macaulay, the English historian. 

the brilliant ornament of literature vanishes. 

1860. Treaty of commerce "bet. France and Great Britain. 

our commerce receives a mighty extension. 

„ Tuscany, Parma, and Modena annexed to Sardinia ; 
and Savoy and Nice ceded hy Sardinia to 
France. 
both are regarded as the Emperor's wages. 

„ Garibaldi arrives at Marsala, in Sicily, and captures 
Palermo, 
a chivalrous reformer lands in the west. 

„ Second Chinese war. 

the Chinese repulsed by our men of war. 

„ Francis II. flees from Naples : Garibaldi enters, 
the chivalrous reformer's unparalleled exploits ! 

„ Pekin invested by the Allied troops, 
the celestial regions menaced by war. 

„ Abraham Lincoln elected President of the United 

States, 
a critical era in the annals of the West. 

„ South Carolina secedes from the United States, 
the citizens rush in intense excitement. 



SECT. 53.- From tlie American Secession to the Present Time 

(A.D. 1861-1869). 
A.D. 

1861. Seven Southern States secede from the Union. 
boldly resolve to maintain the conflict. 

„ The seceding States elect Jeff. Davis, President, 
the city of Richmond their new capital. 

,, The Emperor of Russia emancipates the serfs. 
the Czar resolves to emancipate the bondmen. 

„ Fort Sumpter, Charleston, taken by the Secessionists. 
beginning of an era of mourning and bloodshed. 

„ President Lincoln proclaims the blockade of the 
Southern ports. 
a blockade to repress Northern commerce. 



314 FACTS AND DATES. 

A.D. 

1861. Death, of Count Cavour, the Sardinian Prime 

Minister. 
Cavour, the arm oi Emanuel, broken/ 

,, Britain, France, and Spain sign a convention against 
Mexico, 
the contractors resolve to menace theu* coasts. 

„ Mason and Slidell ^dolently taken from the English 
mail-steamer, " Trent," and carried to Boston. 
the British are '^ riled" hy the Americans' conduct 

,; Death, of Prince Albert. 

the country regards it as a national calaviity. 

1862. Engagement between the " Merrimac " and ''Moni- 

tor." 
a Confederate ram amazes the Federals. 

„ The Prench army defeats the Mexicans at Coimbres. 
the battle rages between the Mexicans and French. 

„ Great distress in the manufacturing districts. 
caused by the raw material failincj. 

„ Second International Exhibition opened in London, 
the catalogue arranged under many divisions. 

„ The " Alabama," a Confederate cruiser, is built in 
England, and stealthily leaves for the Azores, 
a Confederate rover from England departs. 

„ The U.S. Senate decrees the total abolition of 
slavery. 

a celebrated era in American freedom. 
„ Otho I. abdicates the throne of Greece. 

the Bavarian retires immensely disgusted. 

1863. The Prince of Wales marries the Princess Alexandra. 

the British realm unanimously agree. 
„ Greece elects Prince William of Denmark to be king. 

a boy received as monarch of Greece. 
„ Maximilian of Austria elected sovereign of Mexico. 

they choose the Archdulce Maximilian of Germany. 
„ AjriYal of Grant and Speke from the head-waters of 
the I^ile. 

a celebrated ero. in the annals oi geography. 



MODERN HISTORY. 315 

A.D. 

1863. Battle of Gettysburg — a three days' conflict. 

the Confederates retire with unquenched hopes. 

„ Death of Frederick VII. of Denmark : accession of 
Christian IX. 
Christian rejected as monarch of Holstein. 

„ First Fenian convention held at Chicago. 
blustering Irishmen menace Great- Britain. 

„ Terrible conflagration in a church at Santiago-de- 
Chili : death of Thackeray (born 1811). 
the Chilian Republic immersed in grief. 

1864. The Ionian Islands finally ceded to Greece. 

Britain resolves on a magnanimous sacrifice. 

„ The " Alabama " captured and sunk by the Federals. 
clamorous rejoicings in the Northern States. 

„ Fall of Savannah : end of Sherman's expedition. 
a celebrated raid ends at Savannah. 

1865. Death of Richard Cobden, and of Isaac Taylor. 

a celebrated reformer mourned by all. 

„ Capture of Richmond : end of the American rebellion, 
a bloody rebellion ended at last. 

„ President Lincoln assassinated by Wilkes Booth, 
a cause of regret to the nation at large. 

„ The cattle plague commences in England. 

beginning of rinderpest iu the markets of London. 

„ Death of Lord Palmerston. 

a brilliant orator by England lamented. 

„ Insurrection in Jamaica suppressed by Governor 
Eyre. 
boldly repressed it by martial law. 

,5 Steevens, the notorious Fenian, escapes from prison, 
a cunning rebel manages to elude us. 

,, Death of Leopold I., King of the Belgians, 
the Belgian realm mourns for Leopold. 

1866. The Queen thanks Mr Peabody, an American mei- 

chant, for his extraordinary liberality. 
Britain remembers his unjjaralleled munificence. 



316 FACTS AND DATES. 

A.D. 

1866. The Prussian army enters Holstein. 

a bloody rupture menaces tlie North. 

„ Battle of Sadowa : the Prussians signally defeat the 
Austrians. 
Bismark routs his enemy with needle-guns. 

„ Battles of Kissengen and Gerscheim : the Bavarians 
defeated, 
the Bavarians routed in many engagements. 

„ Peace between Prussia and Austria : Prussia to 
annex Hanover, JS'assau, Electoral Hesse, 
&c. ; Austria to be excluded from the Ger- 
man Confederation, 
Bismark rapaciously annexes Nassau. 

1867. The " iL^orth-German Confederation " meets at Berlin. 

Bismark reigns in the new Parliament. 

„ The Emperor Maximilian routed and executed. 

they betray the royal Maximilian at Querefaro. 
„ ]N"ew Eeform Bill receives the royal sanction. 

confers on the ratepayers unwonted power. 
„ An Enghsh expedition leaves Bombay for Abyssinia. 

comes to rescue unfortunate prisoners. 
„ Eussian America transferred to the United States. 

acquires Russian America by -purchase. 
.; Five Eenian prisoners sentenced to death at Man- 
chester. 

a hand of 7'ebels at Manchester punished. 

1868. The remains of Maximilian arrive at Trieste. 

the body of the royal Ilaximilian arrives. 
„ Death of Charles Kean, the celebrated actor. 

an actor of real merit arrested. 
„ Death of Sir David Brewster. 

celebrated for his researches in nature and art. 
„ President Johnson impeached by the American 
Congress. 

Congress resolves to impeach the ruler. 
„ Eesignation of Lord Derby : Mr Disraeli, Prime 
Minister. 

a brilliant orator meekly retires. 



MODEEN HISTOKY. 317 

A.D. 

1868. i^ttemDt to assassinate the Duke of Edmbm^gh at 
Sydney. 
a coward's revolver aimed at royalty. 

> Mr Gladstone moves resolutions to disestablisli the 
Irish Church. 
begins to redress a manifest wrong. 

„ Magdala captured by Sir Eobert ]S"apier : Theodore 
slain, and the captives rescued, 
the captives recovered, Magdala reduced. 

„ Revolution in Spain : flight of Queen Isabella, and 
the formation of a Provisional Government, 
the Bourbons ruin the morals of the realm / 

„ Death of Prof. Schonbein of Baden, the discoverer 
of ozone, and inventor of gun-cotton, 
a chemist, remarkable for invention, rests. 

„ Eeverdy Johnson, United States ambassador, arrives 
in England with full powers to settle the 
" Alabama claims." 
the bargain, ratified by their minister, they reject ! 

„ General Grant elected President of the United States. 
bravely rules a united realm. 

„ The Disraeli Ministry resign : the Gladstone Min- 
istry succeed. 
a bold reformer our nation rules. 

1869. The Postmaster-General authorised by Parliament 
to acquire and maintain the various lines of 
electric telegraph, 
a cheaper rate for messages by telegraph. 

,, Insurrection in Cuba against the Provisional Gov- 
ernment of Spain, 
the Cuban rebellion mars their ti'iumph. 

,, The Irish Church disestablished and disendowed, 
the Churches in Ireland now ou their trial. 

„ The Suez Canal, uniting the Mediterranean and 
Eed Seas, opened, 
a canal and railway minimise the time. 



318 FACTS AND DATES. 



A.D. 



1869. Death of Lamartiue, Feb. 28 (b. 1792). 

,, Gen. Grant becomes President of United States, Marcli 4. 

5 , Hudson's Bay Company' s Territory ceded to the Crown, April 9. 

„ Death of Earl Derby, Oct. 23 (b. 1799). 

,, The Union Pacific Railway completed. 

1870. Death of Charles Dickens, June 9 (b. 1812). 

,, Abdication of Isabella II. of Spain, and Spanish Crown offered to 
Prince Leopold of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, July 4. 

,, Infallibility of the Pope voted by the Vatican Council, July 18. 

,, France declares war against Prussia, July 19. 

,, The Irish Land Act passed, Aug. 1. 

,, Saarbriick attacked by the French, Aug. 2. 

, , French defeated at Worth and Speichern, Aug. 6. 

,, Elementary Education Act (England and Wales) passed, Aug. 9. 

,, Battle of Sedan, surrender of Napoleon to the King of Prussia, 
and capitulation of French army, Sept. 2. 

,, French Republic proclaimed, Sept. 4. 

,, Italian troops enter Papal territory, Sept. 17. 

,, Paris invested by the Germans, Sept. 19. 

,, Rome occupied by Italian troops, Sept. 20. 

,, Capitulation of Strassburg, Sept. 28. 

„ Rome and the Papal States united to the kingdom of Italy, Oct. 9. 

„ Fall of Metz, Oct. 28. 

,, Communist insurrection at Paris, Oct. 31. 

,, Duke of Aosta elected King of Spain, Nov. 16. 

,. Mont Cenis tunnel completed. 

1871. King William of Prussia proclaimed Emperor of Germany. 
,, Capitulation of Paris, Jan. 28. 

,, Census of the United Kingdom, pop. 31,817,108. 

,, The Commune proclaimed at Paris, March 28. 

,, Capture of Herat by Yakoob Khan, son of Shere Ali, May 6. 

,, Treaty of Washington ratified, May 8. 

,, Treaty of peace between France and Germany, May 10. 

„ Trial of the Tichborne case, begins May 11, ends March 6, 1872. 

,, Death of Sir John Herschel, May 11 (b. 1792). 

,, The Tuileries, Louvre, &c., burnt by Communists, May 24. 

„ Seat of Italian Government transierred to Rome, July 1. 

„ Purchase system in British army abolished, July 20. 

,, M. Thiers appointed President of the French Republic, Aug. 31. 

„ Slave Emancipation Bill (Brazil) passed, Sept. 27. 

,, Chicago reduced to ashes, Oct. 8. 

,, Alabama Arbitration Commission meets at Geneva, Dec. 18. 

,, British Columbia incorporated with Dominion of Canada. 

1872. Assassination of Lord Mayo in the Andaman Islands, Feb. 8. 
„ Lord Northbrook Viceroy of India, Feb. 22, 

„ Death of Giuseppe Maz/ini, March 10 (b. 1805). 

,, Dutch possessions on the Gold Coast transferred to Britain, April 6. 

„ Carlist insurrection m Spain, April 22. 

„ Death of President Juarez, Jialy 18 (b. 1809). 

,, The Ballot Act passed by English Parliament, July 18. 

„ Japanese Embassy arrives in England, Aug. 17. 

„ Belfast riots terminate, Aug. 22. 



MODERN HISTORY. 319 

1872. Death of Dr Merle d'Aubigne, Oct. 19 (b. 1794). 

,, Public gaming-tables, Baden-Baden, closed, Oct. 31. 

,, Commercial treaty between France and England, Nov. 5, 

1873. Death of Napoleon III. at Chiselhurst, Jan. 9. 

, , Abdication of King Amadeus, and Spain declared a republic. 

,, Gen. Grant President of United States (second term), March 4. 

,, International Exhibition at Vienna opened, May 1. 

,, Death of Livingstone near L. Bemba, Central Africa, May 4. 

„ Death of John Stuart Mill, May 8. 

,, Marshal MacMahon President of the French Eepublic, May 24. 

,, Khiva taken by the Russians, June 10. 

,, The Ashantees defeated by the English at Elmina, June 13. 

,, Visit of the Shah of Persia to England, June 18. 

,, Communist rising in Spain, July 10. 

, , Payment of Alabama Indemnity by England, Sept. 9, 

,, Trial of Marshal Bazaine begins, Oct. 6. 

,, Dutch expedition lands at Atchin, Nov. 28. 

,, Deathof Agassiz, Dec. 15(b. 1807). 

1874. Capture of Coomassie by Sir G. Wolseley, Feb. 4. 
, , Death of Strauss, Feb. 8 (b. 1808). 

,, Gladstone Ministry resigns, Disraeli Premier, Feb. 17. 
,, Visit of Czar of Russia to England, May 13. 
,, Death of Guizot, Sept. 12 (b. 1787). 
,, Cession of Fiji Islands to England, Sept. 30. 
,, Prince Alphonso proclaimed King of Spain, Dec. 3. 
,, Death of Tischendorf, Dec. 7 (b. 1815). 
,, Transit of Venus, Dec. 9. 
.1875. Mr Gladstone retires from leadership of Liberal party, Jan. 15. 
,, Marquis of Hartington selected leader of Liberal party, Feb. 3. 
,, Death of Sir Charles Lyell, geologist, Feb. 22, 
,, Archbishop Manning elected Cardinal, March 15. 
,, The Guicowar of Baroda deposed, April 23. 
, , Prussian monasteries and convents suppressed, April 30. 
,, Great earthquakes in New Granada, May 18. 
,, The Arctic Expedition (" Alert " and "Discovery ") sails, May 29. 
,, Death of Professor Ewald, critic and oriental scholar (b. 1803). 
,, Great floods at Toulouse and Buda, June 24. 
,, Francis Joseph proclaimed Emperor of Austria, June 29. 
,, Outbreak of an insurrection in Herzegovina, Aug. 3. 
,, Unseaworthy Ships Bill passed in the House of Commons, Aug. 6. 
,, Dispute between Britain and Portugal relative to Delagoa Bay 

decided against Britain by Marshal MacMahon, Aug. 21. 
,, Collision bet. " Iron Duke " and "Vanguard " off Wicklow, Sept. 2, 
,, Explosion of dynamite at Bremerhafen, many killed, Dec. 2. 
1876. Lord Northbrook resigns the Governor-Generalship of India. 
,, The term "reverend," as applied to Nonconformist ministers, 

legalised by Privy Council, Jan. 21. 
,, Arrival of Lord Lytton, Viceroy of India, at Calcutta, April 12. 

Queen Victoria proclaimed Empress of India, April 28. 
,, Opening of Centennial Exhibition at Philadelphia, May 10. 
, , Prince of Wales returns to England from his Eastern tour, May 11. 



320 FACTS AND DATES. 

A.D. 

1876. England refuses to concur in a joint Note of the Great Powers to 

the Porte, May 22'. 

,, Several English ironclads sent to Besika Bay, May 24. 

„ Murad Efifendi becomes Sultan of Turkey, May 30. 

,, Great outrages in Bulgaria by Turkish troops, June 23. 

,, Turkish frontier crossed by the troops of Servia and Montenegro. 

,, Engagement between Turkish and Servian troops at Senitza, July 6. 

,, Colorado admitted as a State into the American Union, Aug. 2. 

,, Mr Disraeli created Earl of Beaconsfield, Aug. 12. 

,, Prince Consort's Memorial inaugurated in Edinburgh, Aug. 16. 

,, Congress of Socialists at Goth a, Aug. 21. 

,, Murad V. deposed, Abdul Hamid proclaimed Sultan of Turkey. 

,, Arctic Expedition returns to Portsmouth, Nov, 2. 

, , Death of Cardinal Antonelli, Nov. 6. 

, , Sir Bartle Frere appointed Governor of Cape Colony, Nov. 29. 

,, Preliminary meeting of the Plenipotentiaries at Constantinople. 

1877. Outbreak of the Indian famine, Jan. 13. 

,, Turkey rejects the joint proposals of the Powers, Jan. 18. 

,, Peace Protocol between Servia and Turkey signed, March 1. 

, , Mr Hayes becomes President of United States, March 4. 

,, Khedive presents Cleopatra's Needle to the British Government. 

,, The Transvaal annexed to the British Empire, April 12. 

,, Eussia declares war against Turkey, April 24. 

,, The Russians cross the Danube at Sistova, June 27. 

,, Advanced-guard of the Ptussian army crosses the Balkans. 

,, Stanley at Nyangwe begins to sail down the Congo, Aug. 1. 

,, Prof. Hall of Washington discovers the satellites of Mars. 

,, Storming of Kars by the Russians, 11,000 prisoners captured. 

,, Capture of Plevna ; 30,000 Turks taken prisoners. 

1878. Death of Victor Emmanuel, accession of Prince Humbert, Jan. 9. 
„ Capture of Turkish army in Shipka Pass by the Russians, Jan. 9. 
,, Oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen first liquefied. 

,, The Telephone exhibited to the Queen by Prof. Bell, Jan. 14. 

, , New CafFre War breaks out on the frontier of Cape Colony, Jan. 15. 

,, Death of Pope Pius IX., and accession of Leo XIII., Feb. 7. 

, , Treaty of Peace between Russia and Turkey signed at San Stefano, 

March 3. 

,, Wreck of H.M.S. Eurydice, off Ventnor, 350 lives lost, March 24. 

„ Opening of the Paris Exhibition, May 1. 

,, Newfoundland enters the Canadian Confederation, May 13. 

,, Death of Lord John Russell, May 30. 

„ Attempt on the life of the German Emperor at Berlin, June 2. 

,, Congress on the Eastern Question meets at Berlin, June 15. 

,, Anglo-Turkish Convention, Britain assumes the Protectorate of 

Asia Minor, and acquires Cyprus. 

,, Marquis of Lome appointed Governor-General of Canada, July 29. 

„ City of Glasgow Bank failure, liabilities £12,000,000, Oct. 1. 

,, M. RapieflF's electric light exhibited in the ' Times' office, Nov. 13. 

,, England declares war against Afghanistan, and British troops 

cross the frontier, Nov. 21. 



INDEX, 



Aaron, 73 
Abbassides, 223 
Abdon, 75 
Abednego, 85, 162 
Abensburg, 292 
Aberoromby, 289, 

292 
Aberdeen Univ., 247 
Abijah, 81 
Abimelech, 75 
Abiram, 73 
Abo. 275 
Abraham, 71, 72, 90, 

91, 92, 139, 140 
Abrutum, 209 
Absalom, 77 
Abubekr, 222 
Abulfeda, 236 
Abydos, 137, 139 
Abyssinia, 46, 242, 

316 
Academic Sch., 182 
Academy, Fr , 261 
Academy of Inscrip- 
tions, 266 
Aeade ray, Royal, 27 9 
Accad, 154 
Achsean League, 182 
Achseans, 170, 183, 

195 
Achaia, 183, 195 
Aches, 137, 156 
Achilles, 170 
Achish, 76 
Achoris, 149 
Achthoes, 67, 139 
Acid, sulphuric, 21, 

23 
Aconcagua, 51 
Acre, 235, 288 
Acron, 187 
Acts, 103 
Adam, 69, 70, 137 
Adams, J. Q., 299 
Addington, 289 
Addison, 272 
Aden, 65, 304 
Adolphns, 215, 243 
Adolphus, Gust., 

260, 261 
Adrian, 205, 206 
Adrian, Pope, 250 
Adrianople, 214,238, 

300 



JEg^, 179 
^Egatian Isles, 194 
^gis, 180 
^gospotami, 176 
jEmilianus, 209 
^milius, 194 
^neas, 170, 180 
iEqui, 190 
iErial voyage, 282 
^schines, 178 
^schylus, 174 
^tolian League, 

181, 182, 183, 195 
^tolian war, 195 
Afghan war, 304, 

3U5, 306 
Afghanistan, 43, 44 
Africa, 38, 46, 47, 

57, 193, 195, 199, 

206, 216, 221 
Africanus (Scipio), 

151, 195 
Agag, 76 

Agamemnon, 170 
Agassiz, 32 
Agesilaus, 166, 177, 

178 
Agincourt, 241 
Agis, 176, 182 
Agrarian laws, 190 
Agricola, 204, 205 
Agrigentum, 187, 

193 
Agrippa, 103 
Agrippina, 203 
Agua, Mt., 49 
Ahab, 78, 81 
Ahalah, 190 
Ahasuerus, 86, 165 
Ahaz, 83 
Ahaziah, 79, 82 
Ahijah, 78 
Aix - la - Chapelle, 

267, 276, 296 
Ajaccio, 279 
Akerman, 300 
Alabama, 314, 315 
Alabama claims, 317 
Alani, 210, 215, 218 
Alaric, 117, 215, 221 
Alaska, 47, 48 
AlbaLonga, 186, 188 
Albans, St, 243 
Albert, 305, 314 



Albert, Charles, 307 
Albigenses, 110,231, 

232 
Albinus, 103 
Albuera, 292 
Alcibiades, 175, 176 
Alcohol, 22 
Alderman, 231 
Alexander Balas, 

151 
Alexander (Gt.), 87, 

149, 178, 179, ISO 
Alexander I. (Rus.), 

289, 299 
Alexander I. (Scot. ), 

229 
Alexander II. (Egy.) 

151, 152 
AlexanderII.(Rus.), 

311 
AlexanderII.(Scot.), 

231, 233 
Alexander III. 

(Scot.), 233, 234 
Alexander VI., 247 
Alexandra, 314 
Alexandria, 12, 87, 

114, 115, 117, 149, 

150, 152, 179, 181, 
199, 204, 208, 209, 
211, 212, 213, 287, 
289 

Alfred (Gt.), 225 
Algebra, 225, 231, 

279 
Algeria, 46, 47, 296, 

301 
Algerines, 253, 276 
Algiers, 296, 299, 301 
Ali, 222 
Alleghanies, 48 
AUemanni, 209, 214, 

218, 221 
Alma, 310 
Almamon, 224 
Almanza, 271 
Almansor, 223 
Almeida, 55, 248 
Alphonso, 229, 233 
Alps, 187, 200 
Altinum, 206 
Alva, Duke of, 256 
Alyattes, 163 
Amalek, 76 



Amalfi, 235 
Amasis, 148 
Amaziah, 82 
Amazon, 51, 55, 248 
Ambrose, 109, 117, 

214 
Amenemes, 139,140, 

156 
Amenephthes, 143 
Amenophis, 142, 145 
America, 55, 246, 

247, 248 
America, Central, 

48, 55, 248 
America, N., 38, 47, 

48,49 
America, S. , 38, 49, 

50, 51, 56 
American Indians, 

35 
American secession, 

313 
American war, 280 
Amerigo Vespucci 

247 
Amiens, 289 
Ammonites, 75 
Amon, 84 
Amorites, 142 
Amos, 79 
Amosis, 142 
Amour, 45 
Amoy, 305 
Amphictions, 179 
Amphipolis, 175, 

176, 178 
Amuntimgeus, 140 
Amurath, 238, 242 
Amyrtgeus, 148, 166 
Ananias, 100 
Anaxagoras, 4 
Ancus Martius, 188 
Andes, 51 
Andrew II., 232 
Andrews, St, 240, 

252, 253 
Angles, 216, 218 
Anglesea, 204 
Angora, 240 
Anicetus, 112 
Animal worship, 137 
Animals, 32, 33 
Anjou, 231 
Anna, 88 



322 



INDEX. 



Anne, Queen, 270, 

272 
Anson, 57, 275 
Autalcidas, 149,166, 

177 
Ante - Nicene Fa- 
thers, 106 
Anthropomorphites 

117 
Antichrist, 97 
Antigonus, 87, 149, 

150, 181 
Antimony, 16, 13,19 
Antioeh, 101, 102, 

116, 181, 208, 214 
Antiochus Epiph., 

87, 151 
Antiochus (Great), 

88, 150, 195, 198 
Antiochus III., 183 
Antipas, Herod, 89, 

98, 202 
Antipater, 88, 149, 
. 180, 181 
Antisana, 50 
Antoninus Pius, 206 
Antony, 152, 199 
Aphophis, 67, lil 
Aphrodite, 179 
Apis, 137 

Apollinaristic con- 
troversy, 116 
ApoUonius, 182 
Apologies, 112, 113 
Aquae Sexti«, 197 
Aquileia, ltj9 
Aquinas, Th., 234 
Arabia, 43, 44, 222 
Arabian dyn., 145, 

157 
Arabian Nights, 223 
Arabic Geog., 236 
Arabic numerals, 

226, 233 
Aragon, 233, 244 
Ararat, 44 
Aratus, 182 
Arbaces, 163 
Arbela, 167, 179 
Arc, Joan of, 241 
Arcadius, 215 
Archelaus, 89, 97 
Archimedes, 182,194 
Archons, 170, 171 
Arcott, 277 
Arcturus, 13 
Aretino, 227 
Argentine Confed. , 

50, 296 
Arginusse, 176 
Argonautic exped., 

145, 170 
Argos, 169, 171, 182 
Argyle, Marq., 266 
Arian controversy, 

109. 115 



Aristarchns, 4 1 

Aristides, 173, 174 
Aristobulus, 88 
Aristogeiton, 172 
Aristomenes, 171 
Aristotle, 178 
Arius, 116 
Arjish, 44 
Ark, 70, 76, 77 
Armada, 258 
Armais, 142 
Armenia, 212 
Armenians, 205 
Arminians, 260 
Arnobius, 108, 115 
Arpad, 225 
Arphaxad, 71 
Arran, 258 
Arras, 241 
Arrhidseus, 180 
Arrian, 112 
Arsenic, 16, 18, 19 
Arses, 167 
Artaphernes, 165, 

173 
Artaxerxes, 86, 148, 

149, 166, 208 
Articles, XXXIX., 

256 
Artillery, 26 
Arundel Marbles, 

144, 157, 169, 178 
Arvad, 140, 142 
Aryans, 137, 156,163 
Asa, 78, 81 
Ascanius, 186 
Ascension, the, 99 
Aschled, 206 
Asculum, 193 
Ashburton, 306 
Ashdod, 147, 159 
Asia, 33, 43, 44, 4-5, 

57 
Asia Minor, 101,103, 

181, 196 
Asia, Upper, 181 
Asnappcr, 160 
Assembly, General, 

255 
Asses, 141, 142 
Asshur-akh-iddina, 

160 
Asshur - bani - pal, 

158, 160 
Asshur-dani-pal,158 
Asshur-emit-ili, 160 
Association, Brit. , 

301 
Assyria, 80, 146, 157 
Astronomy, 1, 183, 

232, 233 
Asturias, 291 
Astyages, 162, 164 
Athaliah, 82 
Athanasius, 108, 116, 

213 



Athelstane, 226 
Athenagoras, 107 
Athens, 102, 107, 

144, 169, 177, 180, 

181 
Athol, 279 
Athotes, 137 
Atlantic, 297 
Attains, 196, 215 
Attica, 144 
AttUa, 118, 216 
Auckland, 303 
Augsburg, 269 
Augustine, 109, 117, 

216, 222, 298 
Augustulus, 217 
Augustus, 88, 97, 

152, 210, 212 
Auletes (Ptol.), 152 
Aurelian, 114. 210 
Aurelius Anton., 206 
Aureolus, 210 
Austerlitz, 290 
Australasia, 52 
Australia, 38, 52, 53, 

57, 259, 279 
Australian Alps, 53 
Austria, 39, 40, 245, 

307, 316 
Austrian sue., 275 
Austrians, 236, 308, 

312 
Avignon, 236, 239 
Ayacucho, 298 
Azores. 54, 241, 247, 

314 ' 
Azov, 270 

Baal, 78 
Baasha, 78, 81 
Babel, 71, 154 
Babylon, 85, 86, 136, 

149, 156, 161, 162, 

167, 179 
Babylonia, 157, 164 
Bacon, Francis, 260 
Bacon, Roger, 231, 

233 
Bactria, 180 
Badajos, 293 
Baden, 39 
Bagdad, 223, 228, 

262 
Bagoas, 167 
Bahamas, 261 
Baird, 288 
Bajazet, 239, 240 
Bajazet II., 244 
Balaam, 74 
Balaclava, 310 
Baladan, 83 
Balak, 74 
Balbao, 56, 249 
Balbinus, 209 
Baliol, 234, 237, 238 
Balloon, 282, 303 



Balmerino, 276 
Baltic, 310 
Baltimore, 273, 295 
Bane, Donald, 228 
Bank Charter Act, 

306 
Bank of England, 

269, 287 
Bank, U. S., 304 
Bannockburn, 236 
Baptism, 113 
Baptist (John), 89 

98, 200 
Barak, 75 
Barbadoes, 2j 
Barbarossa, 250 
Bardesanes, 112 
Barium, 18 
Barnabas, 101 
Baronet, 260 
Barossa, 292 
Bartholomew Diaz 

245 
Bartholomew, St., 

257 
Basil, 108 
Basilides, 112 
BasUowitz, 244 
Basle, 110, 253, 286 
Bass, 288 
Bastile, 284 
Batavia, 57, 260 
Bats, 33 
Batu Khan, 232 
Batuta, John, 54 
Bautzen, 294 
Bavaria, 39 
Bavarians, 316 
Bayonet, 267, 291 
Bayonne, 267, 291 
Beauclerc, 229 
Becket, 230 
Bede, Yen., 223 
Behring, Str.,57,273 
Belesys, 161 
Belgians, 315 
Belgium, 301 
Belgrade, 274 
Belibus, 160 
Belisarius, 221 
Belleisle, 276 
Bellenden Ker, 53 
Bellerophon, 295 
Bellows, 261 
BeUs, 226 

Beloochistan, 43, 44 
Belshazzar, 86, 162, 

164 
Belus, 167 
Belzoni, 298 
Bene ven turn, 193 
Bengal, 277 
Benhadad II., 78. 

158 
Benhadad III., 79. 

81 



INDEX. 



323 



Benjamin, 74 

Ben Nevis, 41 

Berenice, 152 

Berezina, 293 

Berlin, 12, 291, 307, 
316 

Bermudas, 260 

Bern, Council of, 
252 

Bernice,103 

Berosus, 87, 137, 
155, 156, 167 

Berri, Duke de. 297 

Berwiclc, 240, 271 

Beryllium, 18 

Bessel, 5, 12 

Bestia, 196 

Bethlehem, 92 

Bhurtpur, 299 

Bible, 242, 252, 259 

Biela's comet, 11 

Birds, 32, 33 

Birmingham, 285 

Bismark, 316 

Bismuth, 16, 19, 20 

Bithynia, 208 

Black Death, 237 

Blackheath, 242 

Black Prince, 237, 
238 

Black Sea, 234, 300, 
310 

Blake, 265 

Blanc, Mt., 41 
Blenheim, 271 
Blida, 299 
Blind Harry, 241 
Blockade, 313 
Blois, Stephen de, 

229 
Blood, circ. of, 260 
Bloody Mary, 254, 

255 
Bloody statute, 253 
Blucher, 295, 297 
BlueMts.,53 
Boadieea, 203 
Bobadella, 248 
Boccaccio, 236 
Bochus, 137 
Boeotia, 174, 175 
Boian Gauls, 194 
Boleyn, Anne, 252, 

253 
Bolivar, 297, 298 
Bolivia, 50, 51, 298 
Bologna, 230 
Bolor Tagh, 44 
Bomarsund, 310 
Bombay, 316 
Boniface VIII., 235 
Bonosus, 211 
Booth, Wilkes, 315 
Borneo, 56, 250 
Borodino, 293 
Boron, 16, 19, 21 



Boscawa, 278 

Boston, 314 

Botany, 27 

Bothwelhaugh, 256 

Bothwell, 256 

Bothwell Bridge, 
268 

Bouillon, 229 

Bourbons, 278, 297 

Boyne, 269 

Brahmapootra, 45 

Brahmins, 35 

Bramante, 248 

Brandt, 267 

Brandy, 21 

Brassidas, 176 

Brazil, 50, 55, 248, 298 

Breda, 266 

Brennus, 182, 199 

Brest, 278 

Bretigni, Peace of, 
238 

Breton, Cape, 277 

Brewster, 316 

Brienne, 282 

Britain, 118,198,202, 
203, 204, 215, 216, 
275, 285, 305, 312, 
313, 314 

British empire, 39, 
40 

British Isles, 38, 40 

British Museum, 
277 

Britons, 192, 203, 
221, 222 

Bromine, 19, 21 

Brorsen's comet, 11 

Bruce, 234, 235, 236, 
279 

Bruges, 238 

Brutus, 189, 199 

Bryant, 53 

Bubastis, 137, 146 
Buchanan, George, 

268 
Buddhists, 35 
Bug, 42 
Bulgaria, 239 
Bunker's Hill, 280 
Bunyan, 268, 269 
Buren, Van, 303 
Burgoyne, 280 
Burgundians, 215 
Burgundy, 240, 241 , 

251 
Burke, 287 
Burmah, 299 
Burmese war, 298, 

309 
Burns, 287 
Busaco, 292 
Butschetje, 41 
BjTon, Lord, 298 
Byzantium, 171, 173, 
179, 207, 213 I 



Cabal, 267 
Cabool, 305 
Cabots, 55, 247 
Cabral, 55, 248 
Cabs, 261 
Cade, Jack, 217 
Cadiz, 258 
Cadmium, 18 
Cadmus, 169 
Csedmon, 223 
Cseuina, 187 
Csesar, C, 201 
Csesar, Jul., 152. 

197, 198, 199 
Csesar, Luc, 201 
Csesars, 211 
Caesarea, 89,103,104, 

114, 20O, 204 
Csesium, 18 
Caiaphas, 98, 99 
Caille, De la, 5, 8 
Cainan, 64, 70 
Cairo, 277, 287 
Calah, 71, 154 
Calais, 243, 255 
Calania, -267 
Calcium, 16, 19 
Calculus, 267 
Calcutta, 277 
Caledonians, 207 
Calendar, 199 
Calico-printing, 267 
California, 308' 
Caligula, 100. 202 
Caliphs, 222, 223, 

228, 233 
Callistus, 113 
Calniar, Union of, 

239 
Calonne, 271 
Calvin, 249, 256 
Calvinism, 109, 110, 

255 
Cambodia, 45 

Cambray, 249 

Cambria, 225 

Cambridge Univer- 
sity, 225, 232 

Camliyses, 148, 164 

Camillus, 191 

Camoens, 257 

Campbell, Colin, 312 

Camperdown, 287 

Campo Formio, 287 

Cana, 98 

Canaan, 67, 74, 144, 
169 

Canada, 47, 48, 55, 
56, 247, 252, 278, 
293 

Canadian rebellion, 
304, 305 

Canals, 147,278,317 

Canary Isles, 54, 241, 
248 

Candahar, 304 



Candla, 267 
Canmore, Mai, 228 
Cannae, 194 
Cannes, 295 
Canning, 298, 300 
Cannon, 237, 240 
Canon law, 230 
Canton, 240, 303, 305 
Canute, 227 
Capac, H., 251 
Capac, M., 227 
Cape of Good Hope, 

54, 55, 245, 247 
Cape Verd Islands, 

54, 242 
Capella, 13 
Capet, H., 226 
Capitolina, JElia, 

112, 206 
Capitoline Hill, 189 
Cappadocia, 157 
Capreae, 202 
Captivity, 61, 80, 83, 

85 
Capua, 194 
Caracalla, 113, 208 
Caractacus, 203 
Carausius, 211 
Carbon, 16, 19, 21 
Carboniferous syst. , 

29, 34 
Carchemish, 161 
Card. Beatoun, 254 
Caribs, 248, 249 
Carlists, 303 
Carlowitz, 270 
Carobobo, 297 
Carolina, 268, 313 
Caroline, Queen, 

297, 298 
Carlovingian dyn., 

223 
Carmel, 78 
Cartagena, 275 
Carterel, 57, 279 
Carthage, 82, 88,107, 
108, 113, 146, 170, 
171, 182, 187, 194, 
195, 209 
Carthagena, 217 
Carthaginians, 189, 

193 
Cartier, Jacq., 56, 

252 
Carus, 211 
Caspian, 81, 163 
Cassander, 181 
Cassiodorus, 109 
Cassius, 190, 199 
Castile, 228, 238. 244 
Castlereagh, 298 
Cataline, 198 
Catechist, 113 
Catharine, 252, 253, 

273, 278 
Cathay, 136, 23* 



324 



INDEX. 



Cathcart, 291 
Catholic League, 

257, 258, 261 
Catholics, 36, 252 
Cato, 195, 199 
Cato Conspir., 297 
Cattle Plague, 315 
Catolus, 194, 197 
Caucasian race, 35 
Caudine Forks, 192 
Cavilhani, 55, 245 
Cavour, Ct., 314 
Cawnpore, 311 
Caxton, 244 
Cechous, 137, 156 
Celebez, 56, 250 
Celsus, 112, 206 
Celtiberi, 196 
Celts, 36, 16S, 196 
Censors, 99, 190, 191 
Census, 289 
Centauri, alpha, 12, 
. 13 

Ceraunus,Ptol., 182 
Cerdic, Sax., 221 
Ceres, 289 
Cerium, 18 
Cerinthus, 111 
Ceylon, 55, 248, 286 
Chseronea, 175, 179 
Chalcedon, 109, 118 
Chaldsea, 137, 145 
Chaldseandyn., 156, 

161 
Chalmers, Th., 307 
Chalons, 210, 216 
Charlemagne, 223, 

224, 226 
Charles I. (Eng.), 

261, 262, 264 
Charles I. (Sp.), 250 
Charles (Bald), 225 
Charles (Germ), 249 
Charles II. (Eng.), 

265, 266, 268 
Charles V., 238, 252, 

253, 254 
Charles VI., 239, 

241, 275 
Charles VII., 275 
Charles IX., 257 
Charles X., 301 
Charles Edward, 283 
Charles Martel, 223 
Charleston, 281, 313 
Charlotte, 296 
Charta, Magna, 232 
Charts, sea, 245 
Chaucer, 237 
Chebar, 85, 161 
Chedorlaomer, 72 
Chemical equiv., 19 
Chemistry, 13 
Cheops, 138 
Chephrenes, 138 
Chevalier, 275, 276 



Chevy Chase, 239 
Chicago, 315 
Cfiile, 50, 51, 56, 

253, 296 
Chimborazo, 51 
China, 43, 44. 54, 

136, 231, 234, 240, 

273, 302, 303, 304 
China-ware, 277 
Chlorine, 18, 19, 21 
Chlorus, Const., 115 
Choczin, 267 
Cholera, 301, 302 
Christ, 89, 97. 99 
Christian IX. , 315 
Christianity, 115, 

213, 221 
Christians, 36, 101, 

226, 230, 242 
Chromium, 18 
Chronicles, 86 
Chronology, 58, 64, 

89, 92, 139 
Chrvsostom, 108, 

117 
Church of England, 

106 
Church of Scot., 256 
Church bells, 226 
Church, Irish, 317 
Churches, 114 
Churches, Greek 

and Lat., 225 
Churches, Gothic, 

227 
Cicero, 196, 198, 

199, 244 
Cid, 230 
Cilicia, 102 
Cimbri, 196, 197 
Cimon, 174 
Cincinnatus, 190 
Cinna, 197 
Cintra Convention, 

291 
Circulation of blood, 

260 
Ciudad Rodrigo, 293 
Civil war, 225, 262 
Clarence, 296 
Clarendon, 230, 267 
Clarkson, 282 
Claudius, 101, 193, 

202, 203, 210 
Claverhouse, 268, 

269 
Clayton, 274 
Cleander, 207 
Cleisthenes, 173 
Clement, 107, 111 
Cleomenes III., 182 
Cleon, 176 
Cleopatra, 151, 152, 

199 ; Needle, 320 
Clinton, 66 
Clive, 277, 278 



Clovis, 221 
Clusium, 189 
Clyde, 206 
Cnidus, 166, 177 
Coaches, hackney, 

261 
Coal, 232 
Coal-gas, 274 
Coal-measures, 29,34 
Cobalt, 16, 18 
Cobden, 315 
Cochineal dyeing, 

250 
Codomannus, Dar., 

167, 179 
Codrington, 300 
CodruR, 170 
Ccele-Syria, 149 
Coepia, 196 
Coeur de Lion, 231 
Coilus, 192 
Coimbres, 314 
Coins, 171, 237 
Colchester, 203 
Colchis, 145, 170 
Cold, 21 
Coleridge, 302 
Colladon, 24 
Collatinus, 189 
Collingwood, 292 
Cologne, 236 
Colonisation,Egypt, 

and Canaan, 136 
Colonists, 160 
Colony, C, 286, 289, 

290 
Colorado, 49 
Colossians(Ep.),103 
Columba, St, 221 
Columbia, 49, 297, 

301 
Columbus, Barth., 

245 
Columbus, Christ., 

55, 246, 247, 248 
Column of Trajan, 

205 
Comets, 10 
Commerce, treaty 

of, 313 
Commodus, 207 
Commons, House 

of, 234 
Commonwealth, 264 
Compass, mariner's, 

54, 235 
Communion, 99 
Comyn, 235 
Concordat, Fon- 

tainebleau, 29S 
Confederates, 314 
Confederation, N. 

Ger., 316 
Conflagration, 315 
Confusion of 

tongues, 136 



Congo, 244 
Congress, 179, 310 
Coniah, 85, 161 
Conon, 177 
Conqueror (Willm.), 

228 
Conquest, Norman, 

228 
Conrad IIL, 230 
Conservatives, 268 
Conspiracy, Go wrie, 

258 
Constance, 110 
Constans, 213 
Constantine, 115, 

116, 211, 212, 

213 
Constantinople,109, 

110, 116, 213, 215, 

222, 231, 242, 299 
Constantius, Cses., 

212, 213 
Continents, 37, 38 
Conventicle Act, 

266 
Convention, 289,314 
Cook, 57 
Cook, Mt., 54 
Cope, 276 
Copenhagen, 242, 

273, 289, 291 
Copernicus, 248 
Coponius, 97 
Copper, 16, 19, 21, 

23 
Coptos, 139 
Corcyra, 175 
Cordoba, Ferd., 250 
Corinth, 102, 104, 

166, 170, 175, 177, 

183, 195 
Corinthians(Epist.), 

102 
Coriolanus, 189 
Corn-laws, 307 
Cornelius, 100 
Cornwall, 222, 232 
Cornwallis, 281,282 
Corona(oration), 1 80 
Coronea, 166, 177 
Corporation Act, 

266, 300, 303 
Corsica, 194, 279 
Cortez, 250, 251 
Coruna, 292 
Corupedion, 182 
Corvin, Math., 243, 

245 
Cosmo di Medici, 

241 
Cossus, Cor., 190 
Cotopaxi, 51 
Cotys, 195 
Councils, 109, 110 
Counties, 225 
Coup d'Etat, 309 



INDEX. 



325 



Covenanters, 2C2, 

266, 268 
Coverdale's Bible, 

252 
Cowper, Wra., 288 
Cracow, 307 
Cradle Mt. , 54 
Cranraer, 252, 254 
Crannon, 180 
Crassias, 88, 197,198 
Creation, 69 
Cremera, 190 
Creole, 305 
Cressy, 237 
Cretaceous syst. , 29, 

34 
Crete, 104 
Crimea, 274 
Crocodilopolis, 139, 

141 
Croesus, 172 
Cromwell, 262, 265 
Croton, 188 
Crucifixion, 99 
Crusaders, 229, 231 
Crusades, 229, 230, 

231, 232, 233,234, 

235 
Cryptogamia, 28 
Crystal Palace, 310 
Ctesiphon, 207, 211 
Cuba, 55, 56, 249, 

250, 317 
CuUoden, 276 
Cunise, 187, 189 
Cumberland, Dulie 

of, 276, 304 
Cunaxa, 86, 166 
Cuninghame, 63 
Curiatii, 188 
Curius, 193 
Cartius, 191 
Cush, 154 
Cushites, 140, 145 
Cuzco, 227, 252 
Cyaxares, 86, 161, 

163 
Cygnus, 12, 13 
Cylo, 172 
Cymri, 234 
Cynoscephalse, 183 
Cynossema, 176 
Cyprian, 108, 114 
Cyprus,101,151,152, 

159, 174, 205, 257 
Cyrene, 148, 152, 

162, 178, 2U5 
Cyril, 108, 109, 117 
Cyrus (Eld.), 85, 86, 

148, 162, 164, 188 
Cyrus (Younger) , 86, 

166 
Cyzicus, 176 
Czar, 244. 310 

Dacia, 205, 210, 212 



Daeians, 200 
Dabnatia, 199, 201 
Damascus, 83, 100, 

223 
Damiens, 277 
Danby, 268 
Danes, 224, 227 
Daniel, 85, 86, 161 
Danish America, 47 
Dante, 234 
Danton, 285 
Danube,42,200, 211, 

216 
Danubian Princip. , 

310 
Dapsang peak, 45 
Darien, 56, 249, 270 
Darius Codoman- 

nus, 167, 179, 180 
Darius Hystaspes, 

86, 148, 165 
Darius(Mede),86,164 
Darius Nothas. 166 
Darnley, 256 
Dathan, 73 
David, 76, 77 
David I., 229 
David II., 237, 238 
Davidson, 25 
Davis, Jef., 313 
Davy, Sir H., 281 
Deacons, 100 
Deborah, 75 
Decemvirs, 190 
Decimals, 227 
Decius, 114, 192, 

193, 209 
Defender of the 

Faith, 251 
Deioces, 163 
Delagoa Bay, 54 
Delambre, 5 
Delamy, 3 
Delft, 258 
Delhi, 239, 274, 289, 

311 
Delium, 175 
Delta, 142, 144, 145 
Deluge, 61, 65, 70, 

136, 169 
Demetrius, 181, 182 
Democracy, 173, 181 
Demosthenes, 178, 

179, 180 
Denmark, 39, 40, 

227, 239, 242, 243, 

251, 314, 315 
Deptford, 270 
Deputations, 85 
Derby, 316 
Dercyllidas, 177 
Descartes, 265 
Dettingen, 275 
Deucalion, 169 
Detonian system, 

29, 34 



i Diamond (Koh - i - 

nor), 254 
Diamond necklace, 

282 
Diaz, Bartholomew, 

245 
Diaz, Juan de Solis, 

56, 249 
Dictator, 191 
Didius, Julianus, 

207 
Dido, 82 
Didymium, 18 
Differential calcu- 
lus, 267 
Diocletian, 114, 115, 

211, 212 
Diodorus, 152, 198 
Dionvsius, 107, 114, 

176, 191, 200 
Dionysius Exiguus, 

97, 221 
Dispersion, 71, 136 
Disputation, 101 
Disraeli, 316, 317 
Disruption, 306 
Distress, 314 
Dnieper, 42 
Doges, 223 
Dominica, 281 
Domitian, 105, 205 
Don, 43 

Donati's comet, 11 
Donatist, 115 
Don Pedro, 242 
Doomsday, 228 
Dorians, 170 
Dort, 242, 260 
Douglas, 239, 240 
Douglas, Gawin, 251 
Douro, 42 
Dover, 250 
Draco, 171 
Drake, Sir Francis, 

257 
Drepanura, 193 
Drogheda, 265 
Drumclog, 268 
Drusilla, 102 
Drusus, 20i», 202 
Dryden, 270 
Dublin, 206, 258 
Duels, 229 
Dumouriez, 285 
Diina, 231 
Dunbar, 235 
Duncan, Admiral, 

287 
Duncan I., 227, 228 
Duncan II., 229 
Dunkeld, 251 
Dunkirk, 266 
Durham, 237 
Dutch, 57, 259, 260, 

265, 287, 290 
Dvviua, 42 



Dyads, 15, 16, 17 

Earthquake, 88, 
277 

Earth's surface, 22 

Easter, 112 

East India Co., 258 

Ebenezer, 76 

Eboracum, 208 

Ebro, 42 

Ecbatana, 163, 180 

Eckmuhl, 292 

Eclipse, 190 

Ecuador, 50, 297, 
301 

Eden, the, 206 

Edgar the Peace- 
ful, 226 

Edgar (Scotland), 
229 

Edgehill, 262 

Edicts, 113, 212, 258 

Edinburgh, 24, 223, 
255, 258 

Edinburgh, Duke 
of, 317 

Edmund Ironside, 
227 

Edmund (Magnifi- 
cent), 226 

Edom, 82, 83 

Edred, 226 

Edward(Confessor), 
227 

Edward (Elder), 225 

Edward (Martyr), 
226 

Edward I., 234, 235 

Edward II., 235 

Edward HI., 237, 
238 

Edward IV., 243, 
244 

Edward V., 244 

Edward VI., 254 

Edwin 223 

Edwig, 226 

Egbert, 224 

Bglon, 74 

Egypt, 46, 72, 89, 
119, 136, 137, 152, 
157,164, 179, 181, 
197, 205, 222, 233, 
235, 287 

Ehud, 74 

Eisleben. 244 

Elagabulus, 208 

El ah, 78 

Blam, 155, 1 63 

Elba, 190, 294, 295 

Elbe, 42 

Elburz, 41, 44 

Eleazer, 73 

Elector - Palatine, 
260 

Electricity, 27, 27Sr 



INDEX. 



Electric telegraph, 
317 

Electro-magnetism, 

285 
Elementary sub- 
stances, 17, 18, 20 
Elgin, 235 
Elgin Marbles, 296 
Eli, 75 
Eliakim, 85 
Elijah, 78, 79, 82 
Elisabeth, 255, 257, 

259 
Elisha, 79 
Elkanah, 76 
EUiot, 281 
Elon, 75 

Elvira, Conn, of, 115 
Elymas, 101 
Emancipation, Act 

of, 300, 313 
Emperor, 200 
Encke, 5 
Encke's comet, 10, 

11 
Enghien, Duke d', 

290 
England, 38, 57, 

224, 227, 228, 232, 

310, 314.315,317 
England, New, 260 
English, 314, 316 
Enoch, 70 
Enos, 70 

Epaminondas, 178 
Ephesians(Ep ), 103 
Ephesus, 102, 109, 

118, 179 
Ephrfem, 108 
Ephraim, 81 
Epicurean Sell., 182 
Epicurus, 179 
Epidamnus, 175 
Epiphanes, 87, 151 
Epiphanius, 108 
Epirus, 104 
Episcopacy, 269 
Equator, 12, 51 
Erasmus, 243, 253 
Eratosthenes, 182 
Erbium, 18 
Erech, 154 
Erfurth 248 
Eric, 224 
Erie Canal, 298 
Erigena, 225 
Erivan, 299 
Eruptions, 267 
Esarhaddon, 81, 84, 

160 
Esau, 72 
Essex, 258 
Esther, 86, 165 
Ethelbald, 224 
Ethel bert, 224 
T^.taelrsd, 225 



Ethelred (Unready), 
226, 227 

Ether, 22 

Ethiopia, 35, 81,84, 
144, 145 

Ethnography, 35 

Etna, 41, 267 

Etruria,190,191,194 

Etruscans, 185, 186 
I Euclid, 182 
I Eugene, 271, 272 
i Eugenius, 215, 242 
i Euler, 279 
I Eunuch, Ethiopian, 
I 100 

Eunus, 196 
I Euphrates, 45, 147, 

153 
{ Euric, 217 
I Euripides, 174 

Europe, 36, 37, 38, 
41, 42, 263 

Euryiuedon, 166,174 

Eusebius, 108, 114, 
213 

Eutyches, 118 

Eutychian contro- 
versy, 109 

Everest, 45 

Evesham, 234 

Evil-Merodach, 162 

Exchequer, Court 
of, 228 

Exhibition, 309, 311, 
314 

Exiguus, 97, 221 
I Exodus, 73, 144 

Evlau, 291 

Evre, 315 

Ezekiel, 85. 161 

Ezra, 86, 166 

Fabii, 190 
Fabius, 194 
Factorv, 260 
Factory Act, 302 
Fahrenheit's ther- 
mometer, 21, 274 
Falerii, 191 
Falkirk, 235, 276 
Falling bodies, 26 
Family compact, 278 
Famine, 190 207, 

210, 307 
Fauna (Europe;, 33 
Faust, 242 
Faye's comet, 3, 11 
Federals, 284, 315 
Felix, 102, 103, 203 
Fenians, 315, 316 
Ferdinand I. (Aus- 
tria), 302, 307, 308 
Ferdinand II. (Ger- 
many), 261 
I Ferdinand, Prince, 
I 278 



Ferdinand II. (Sp.), 

55, 244, 249 
Ferdinand VII. 

(Spain), 297, 298, 

302 
Fergus, 192 
Fernandez Cortez, 

56 
Ferns, 28 
Festus, 103, 203 
Feudalism, 228 
Fidense, 190 
Fieschi, 303 
Finisterre, 276 
Fires, 204, 266 
Fishes, 32, 33 
Fitzgerald, 287 
Fixed stars, 11, 12 
Fizeau, 25 
Flamintnus, 183 
Flamsteed, 272 
Flanders, 234, 236 
Flavius, Vespasian, 

204 
Fleets, 290, 310 
Flinders, 288 
Flodden Field, 249 
Floras, 27, 28 
Florence, 241, 244 
Florida, 56, 249, 297 
Fluorine, IS, 19 
Fontainebleau, 291, 

293 
Forth, 206 
Forum, 191 
Fossil botany, 29, 

30 
Fossil zoology, 34 
Fotheringay Castle, 

258 
Foucault, 3, 6, 25, 

27 
Four hundred, 176 
Fugitive Slave BiU, 

309 
Fulgentins, 109 
Fusing-point of me- 
tals, 23 
France, 39, 40, 221, 
I 223, 226, 228, 284, 
I 308, 309, 310, 311, 

312, 313, 314 
Franchise, 192 
Francis I. (Austria), 

302 
Francis I. (France), 

249, 251, 253 
Francis II. (France), 

255, 285 
Francis Joseph, 308 
Francisl. (Lorraine), 

274, 276 
Francis II. (Naples), 

313 
Franklin, Ben ja min, 
I 271, 277, 284 



Franklin, Sir J., 

306 
Franks, 209, 216 
Frederick (Barba- 

rossa, Ger.), 231 
Frederick VII. (Den- 
mark), 315 
Frederick III. (Ger- 
many), 236, 242 
Frederick the Great 
(Prussia), 275, 282 
Frederick - William 
(Prussia), 282, 312 
Frederickshall, 272 
Freemasons, 226 
Freezing - point of 

liquids, 21 
Free Trade, 298, 307 
French colonists, 57 
Friends, Society of, 
263 

Gaeta, 308 
Galatian war. 195 
Galatians (Ep.), 102 
Galba, 104, 204 
Galcacus, 205 
Galerius, 115, 211 
Galilee, 89, 202 
Galileo, 4, 256, 258, 

259, 261, 262 
Gallienus, 209 
Galli Insubres, 194 
Gallio, 102 
Gallipoli, 237 
Gallus, 209, 213 
Galvani, 285 
Gama,Vasco de, 247 
Gambler, 291 
Games, 200, 203, 209 
Ganges, 45 
Garibaldi, 318 
Garonne, 42 
Garter, order of, 237 
Gases, 16, 17, 24 
Gath, 76 

Gaugamela, 167, 179 
Gaul, 198, 202, 206, 

207, 208, 211, 214, 

21.5, 216 
Gauls, 182, 188, 191, 

192, 194 
Gaveston, 235, 236 
Gaza, 109, 179 
Gazette, Loud. , 266 
General Assembly, 

255 
Geneva, 254 
Genoa, 231, 243 
Genseric, 118, 216, 

217 
Gentiles, 100 
Geographv, 37, 232, 

236 
Geological botany, 
, 29 



INDEX. 



327 



Geological zoology, 

34 
Geology, 59, 60, 61 
George I., 272, 273 
George II., 273, 275, 

278 
George III., 278, 

297 
George IV., 292, 

297, 298, 301 
German Confed., 316 
Germanicus, 201 
Germans, 208, 211, 

220 
Germany, 3, 29, 33, 

200, 206, 232, 240 
Gerscheim, 316 
Gerusalemme Lib., 

257 
Gessler, 236 
Geta, 208 
Gethsemane, 99 
Gettysburg, 315 
Ghent, 295 
Ghibelines, 230 
Gibbon, 286 
Gibraltar, 271, 281 
Gideon, 75 
Gilboa, 76 
Gilead, 80, 159 
Giles, St, 225 
Gioja, 54, 235 
Gipsies, 36, 37 
Gladstone, 317 
Glasgow Univ. , 242 
Glass, 160, 230 
Glasses, 233 
Glencoe, 269 
Glendower, 240 
Gnosticism, 112 
Goa Factory, 55, 248 
Goderich, 300 
Godfrey, 224, 229 
Goeppert, 29 
Goethe, 302 
Gold, 16, 19, 23 
Gold coins, 237 
Goldsmith, 280 
Goliath, 76 
Gomorrah, 72 
Gonzales, 54 
Good Hope C, 5,54, 

55, 245 
Gordians, 209 
Gordon riots, 281 
Goshen, 73 
Gospels, 116 
Gothic invasion, 209 
Gothic kingdoHi, 220 
Gothic style, 227 
Goths, 196, 210, 211, 

213, 214, 218,220 
Gough, Lord, 306, 
Gowrie Conspiracy, 

258 
Gozan, 81 



Gracchi, 196 
Graciosa, 247 
Graham, 242, 292 
Grampians, 205 
Granada, 245 
Granadian Confed., 

49, 50 
Grand Alliance, 270 
Granicus, 167, 179 
Granite, 26 
Grant, 314, 317 
Gratian, 214, 230 
Gratus, Val. , 98 
Gravity, 26 
Great Harry, 245 
Greece, 4, 33, 39, 

40, 167, 181, 183, 

300, 302, 314, 315 
Greek. 244, 250 
Greek Church, 26, 

225 
Greek revolution, 

297, 298 
Greenland, 47, 226 
Greenwich, 5, 6, 267 
Gregories, 105, 107, 

108, 109, 223, 239, 

2.57 
Grenville, 275 
Grey, 279 
Grocyn, 245 
Guelphs, 230 
Guiana, 50 
Guido Aretino, 227 
Guinea, 47 
Guinegate, 249 
Guizot, 305 
Gujerat, 308 
GulfStream, 56, 249 
Gun-cotton, 317 
Gunpowder, 237 
Gunpowder Plot, 

259 
Gustavus Adolph., 

261, 262 
Gustavus Vasa, 251 
Guttemberg, 242 
Gwalior, 306 
Gylippus, 176 

Habakkuk, 84 
Habeas Corp., 268, 

308 
Habor, 81 
Hackney - coaches, 

261 
Haco, 234 
Haerlem, 242 
Hague treatj--, 270 
Halah, 81 
Hales, 69 

Haliartus, 166, 177 
Halicarnassus, 148, 

200 
Halidon Hill, 237 
Halley's comet, 11 



Halys, 163 
Ham, 136, 137 
Hamah, 236 
Haman, 86, 165 
Hamilcar, 194 
Hamilton, B., 256 
Hamilton, P., 252 
Hampton Ct. Conf., 

259 
Hannibal, 194, 195 
Hanover, 289, 304, 

316 
Hanseatic League, 

232 
Hants, 203 
Haran, 72, 198 
Hardicanute, 227 
Harefoot, Har., 227 
Hargrave, 278 
Harmodius, 172 
Harold, 227, 228 
Haroun-al-Raschid, 

223, 224 
Harry, Blind, 241 
Hartz mines, 261 
Harvard Univ., 262 
Harvey, 260 
Hasdrubal, 195 
Hastings, 228 
Hastings, Marq. of, 

296 
Hastings, Warren, 

280, 282 
Havanna, 278 
Havelock, 311 
Hawke, 278 
Hawkins, 255 
Hayti, 306 
Hazael, 79, 82, 158 
Head of Church, 252 
Heathens, 35 
Heber, 71 
Hebrew, 62, 63, 250 
Hebrews (Epistle), 

103 
Hebrides, 192, 229, 

234 
Hebron, 71, 76, 91, 

136 
HegesippiTS, 107,112 
Hegira, 222 
Heights of mts., 41, 

44, 48, 50 
Helen, 170 
Heliogabalus, 113 
Heliopolis, 136, 137, 

150 
Hellenes, 145, 168, 

169 
Hellespont, 237 
Helvetii, 198 
Henderson, 5, 6 
Henfrey, 29 
Hengist, 216 
Henry of Castile, 54 
Henry I., 229 



Henry IL, 230 
Henry IIL, 232, 257 

258 
Henry IV., 240, 258 
Henry v., 240, 241 
Henry VL, 241 
Henry VIL, 55, 244 

247 
Henry VIII,249,250, 

251, 252, 253, 254 
Hephsestion, 180 
Heptarchy, 216,221, 

224 
Heracleopolis, 138 
Heraclidse, 170 
Heraldry, 229 
Herat, 239 
Herculaneum, 204, 

273 
Hermann, 201 
Hermias, 107 
Hermit, Peter, 229 
Hernandez Cordoba, 

56 
Herods, 88, 89, 98, 

101, 199, 200 
Herodotus, 4, 65, 

148, 174, 175 
Herschel, 10, 281, 

301 
Heruli, 210 
Hesiod, 171 
Hesse, Elector., 316 
Hezekiah, 83, 147, 

160 
Hiel, 78 
Hierapolis, 1G7 
Hiero, 190 
Hieroglyphic, 120, 

137 
Hilary, 108 
Hill, Row., 305 
Himalaya, 45 
Hindoo-Koosh, 44 
Hindustan, 43, 44 
Hipparchus, 172, 

173, 183 
Hippias, 172 
Hippo, 109, 117, 216 
Hippocrates, 174 
Hippolytus, 113, 1 14 
Hispaniola, 55, 247 
Historical Lib., IX 
History of Worlc, 

260 
Hittites, 142 
Hoang-ho, 45 
Hohenlinden, 288 
Holland, 242, 257, 

267, 285, 286, 290, 

292, 294, 301 
Holstein, 275, 316 
Holy Alliance, 295 
Holy rood Abbey, 

229 
Homer, 171 



328 



INDEX. 



Homildon Hill, 240 
Honorius, 215, 216 
Hood, Mt. , 49 
Hooper, 254 
Hophra, 147, 148, 

162 
Horace, 2^0 
Horatii, 188 
Hosea, 79 
Hoshea, 80 
Hotspur, 240 
Howard, 284 
Howe, 23', 2S6 
Huano Capac, 56, 

251 
Hudson Bay, 57, 259 
Huguenots, 252, 255 
Humboldt, 28 
Hungarian army, 

309 
Hungary, 225, 232, 

243 
Huns, 118, 214, 216 
Huskisson, 293 
Huss, John, 110, 238 
Hycsos, 139. 
Hydrogen, 15, 16, 

17, 18, 19 
Hyreanus, SS 
Hystaspes, Bar., 148 

Iapygians, 186 

Ibzan, 75 

Iceland, 225, 226, 

253 
Ichabod, 76 
Tconium, 101 
Idumea, 88 
Ignatius, 107, 111 
Ignatius Loyola, 253 
Ildefonso, treaty of, 

287 
Iliad, 171 
lUyria, 175, 194 
Illyricum, 201, 213, 

216 
Inaclius, 169 
Inarus, 148, 166 
Incandescence, 23 
Incas, 227, 251, 252 
Income-tax, 305 
Independence, De- 
claration of, 280 
Independence, War 

of, 280 
India, 55, 180, 184, 

200, 289, 245, 248, 

260, 299, 303, 304, 

3 8, 311, 312 
India Co., East, 258 
India, Further, 43, 

44, 45 
Indian Mutiny, 311 
Indies, West, 48, 49, 

248, 255 
Indigo, 276 



Indium, 18 
Indo-European, 184 
Indus, 45, 152, 163, 

180 
Infernal machine, 

303 
Inkermann, 301 
Innocent III., 231 
Innocent XI., 267 
Inoculation, 273 
Inquisition, 23 1,244, 

261 
Inscriptions, 266 
Insects, 28 
Insubres, Galli, 194 
Interest, 191 
Interim, 254 
Interregnum, 79, 80 
Inundation, 242 
Iodine, 18, 19 
lona, 221 
Ionia, 165, 174 
Ionian Isles, 287,315 
Iota, 13 
Ipsus, 150, 181 
Ireland, 39, 40, 221, 

230, 236, 245, 253, 

300, 307, 308 
Irenseus, 107, 113 
Irene, 224 
Iridium. IS, 19 
Irish Church. 317 
Irish Rebellion, 262, 

287 
Iron, 16, 18, 19, 21, 

23 
Ironside, Edmund, 

227 
Irrawaddy, 45 
Iryphon, 88 
Isaac, 72 
Isabella, 244, 302, 

317 
Isaiah, 83 
Iscariot, 99 
Ishmael, 72 
Israel, 84 

Issu.s, 167, 179, 207 
Isthmian Games, 

170 
Italy, 33,39,40,192, 

210,-213, 215,220, 

221 
Iva-lush, 158 
Ivan Basilowitz, 

244 
Ivan III., 243 
Ivry, battle of, 258 

Jack Cade, 247 
Jackson, 295 
Jacob, 72, 141 
Jacques Cartier, 252 
Jair, 75 

Jamaica, 247, 265, 
315 



James I., 240, 241, 

242, 259, 260 
James II., 242^ 243, 

268, 270 
James III., 243 
James IV., 245, 247, 

249 
James V. , 249, 253 
James VI., 256, 258, 

259 ' 
Janiculum, Mt. , 190 
Janissaries, 299 
Jannes, 141 
Janus, 200 
Japan, 43, 44, 56, 

253, 312 
Japheth, 70 
Jardin des Plantes, 

28 
Jared, 70 
Jason, 145, 170 
Jeezeh, 9, 136 
Jehoahaz, 79, 84 
Jehoash, 79, 82 
Jehoiakim, 85, 161 
Jehoram, 79, 81, 82 
Jehoshaphat, 81 
Jehu, 79 
JeUalabad, 305 
Jena, 291 
Jephthah, 75 
Jeremiah, 84 
Jericho, 74, 78, 99 
Jeroboam, 77, 78, 

79, 146 

Jerome, 108,110,117 

Jersey, New, 266 

Jerusalem, 77, 85, 

87,88,98,101,104, 

149, 162, 198, 199, 

204, 206, 222, 229, 

230 

Jerusalem Deliver- 
ed, 257 
Jervis, 287 
Jesuits, 253, 287 
Jesus Christ, 89, 98 
Jewish war, 204, 206 
Jews, 36, 37, 202, 

229, 237, 247 
Jezreel, 79 
Joan of Arc, 241 
Job, 72, 140 
Joel, 83 
Johannes, 216 
John, 232, 240 
John(Baptist),S9,98 
John Knox, 255, 256, 

257 
John, Prester, 242 
John, St, 100, 105 
Johnson, Reverdy, 

317 
Johnson, Sam., 277 
Jomard, 8 
Jonah, 79, 158 



Jonathan, 76, 88 
Joppa, 100 
Jordan, 74, 99 
Joseph, 72, 141 
Joseph II., 279 
Josephine, 292 
Josephus, 100 
Joshua, 74 
Josiah, 84, 147, 161 
Jotham, 83 
Jovian, 214 
Jubilee, 74, 75, 76, 

81, 82, 83, 84 
Judsea, 86, 88, 104, 

199 
Judah, 72, 81 
Judas, 87, 99 
Judges, 74 
Jugurtha, 196 
Julian, 116, 213, 214, 

216 
Julian Calendar,257 
Julianus, Did., 207 
Julius Csesar, 197 
Jupiter, 6, 9, 10, 25 
Jupiter, temple of, 

189 
Juric, 280 
Jury trial, 225, 230 
Justin Martyr, 107, 

112 
Jutes, 118, 216, 218 

Kant, 281 
Kean, 316 
Kenneth II., 224 
Kent, 216 
Kent, Duke of, 296 
Kepler, 2, 9, 45, 2.56, 

259, 260 
Kertch, 311 
Kesh, 146 
Ket, 254 
Khaled, 222 
Khan, Akhbar, 305 
Khan, Batu, 232 
Khan, Kublai, 233, 

234 
Khan, Zenghis, 231, 

232 
Kiel, 294 

Kiev, Duke of, 230 
Kileh-Shergat, 157 
Killiecrankie, 209 
Kilmarnock, 276 
King's College (Ab- 
erdeen), 247 
Kissingen, 316 
Kirjath-jearim, 77 
Knights of St John, 

236 
Knights Templars. 

229, 236 
Knights (Teu.), 231 
Knox, Jn., 255, 256, 

257 



INDEX. 



329 



Konjakofski, 41 
Korah, 73 
Koran, 222 
Kordofan, 46 
Kosciusko, Mt., 53 
Koster, 242 
Kouli Khan, 274 
Kuen-Lun, 45 

Labrador, 55 
Labynetus, 162 
Lace, 236 
Lachish, 160 
Lackland, John, 231 
Lactantius, 108 
Lade, 165, 173 
Lagos, 278 
La Hague, 265, 269 
Lake, Gen., 289 
Lamachus, 176 
Lamech, 70 
Lamian war, 180 
Lamps, oil, 268 
Lancastrian dyn., 

240, 244, ^49 
Langside, 256 
Languedoc, 233 
Lanthanum, 18 
Laplace, 276 
Lartius, Titus, 189 
Lateran, 110 
Lathner, 254 
Latin Church, 225 
Latin Ian., 184 
LatinScriptures,113 
Latin war, 191 
Laud, Archbp., 262 
Lavinium, 186 
Law of Moses, 84 
Law pleadings, 238 
Lawrence, St, 49 
Lazarus, 99 
Lead, 16, 18, 19, 23 
Leaden pipes, 223 
League and Cove- 
nant, Solemn, 262 

League, Hans., 232 

Lebanon, 44 

Leicester, 234 

Leipsic, 261, 294 

Lena, 45 

Lennox, 258 

Leo (Emperor of 
East), 223 

Leo (Great), 109, lis 

Leo IX., 227 

Leonardi, Vincent, 
2S2 

Leonardo of Pisa, 
231 

Leons, Ponce de, 
249 

Leopold I. (Bel- 
gium), 296, 301, 
315 

LeopoldII.(Ger.)285 



Lepanto, 256 

Lcpidus, 199 

Lepsius, R., 66 

Leslie, 262, 265 

Leuctra, Battle of 
177 

Leven, Loch, 256 

Levi, 73 

Leyden, 257 

Lias, 29, 84 

Licinian Rogations, 
191 

Licinius, 115, 212 

Lieberk, 277 

Light, 27, 260 

Lightning, 277 

Ligny, battle of, 
295 

Lima, 56, 252, 276 

Lincoln, 313, 315 

Lindlay, 28 

Lindsay, Mt., 53 

Linnaeus, 28, 274, 
275, 281 

Liquids, 21, 22 

Lisbon, 248 
Lithium, 18, 21 

Liturgy, -256 
Liverpool Mts., 53 
Livingstone, 312 
Livy, 200 
Lochiel, 275 
Locke, 271 
Locri, 188 
Locrian Avar, 179 
Locris, 188 
Locusts, 151 
Lodi, 287 
Logarithms, 260 
Loire, 42 
Lollards, 240 
Lollard, "Walter, 236 
Lombard kingdom, 

223 
Lombardy, 221, 307, 

312 
London, 203, 261 
London Bridge, 298 
Londoners, 231 
London (Treaty), 300 
London University, 

300 
Londonderry, 269 
Longimanus, 86, 166 
Long Island, 280 
Long Parliament, 

262, 268 
Lord's Day, 112 
Lord's Supper, 99 
Lot, 72 
Louis V. (Bavaria), 

236 
Louis VII. (France), 

230 
Louis VHI. (France), 
232 



Louis IX. (France), 

233, 234 
Louis XL (France), 

243 
Louis XIV., 265,267, 

269 
Louis XV., 272, 277, 

280 
Louis XVL, 280, 284, 

285 
Louis XVIII., 294 
Louis(Hungary),251 
Louisiana, 289 
Louvel, 297 
Lovat, 276 
Low Countries, 287 
Lucan, 203 
Luceria, 192 
Lucian, 112 
Lucilla, 207 
Lucius Tar. Pris- 

cus, 188 
L. T. Superbus, 189 
Lucretius, 198 
Lueknow, 312 
Lucullus, 197 
Luke, St, 90, 103 
Luneville, 288 
Lusiad, 257 
Luther, 4, 244, 248, 

2oO, 251, 254 
Lutheranism, 251 
Lutherans, 252, 253, 

255 
Lutzen, 261 
Lycopolis, 115 
Lycurgus, 171 
Lydia, 102, 163, 164, 

172 
Lyons, 107, 112, 206 
Lyons, Council of, 

110 
Lysias, 103 
Lysimachus, 181, 

182 
Lystra, 101, 102 

Macao, 56, 253 
Macaulay, 312 
Macbeth, 227 
Maccabees, 87 
Macedon, 86, 87 
Macedonia, 102,103, 

165, 168, 173, 178, 

181, 182, 183, 215 
Macedonian wars, 

194, 195 
Macedonius, 116 
Maehpelah, 73 
Mackenzie, 49 
Macrinus, 208 
Madagascar, 46, 47, 

248 
Madeira, 54, 241, 312 
Madrid, 251, 291, 293 
Mailius, 190 



Magdala, 317 
Magdalena, 51 
Magdeburg, 261 
Magellan, 56, 250 
Magenta, 312 
Magi, the, 62 
Magna Charta, 232 
Magna Grajcia, 185, 

188, 189 
Magnentius, 213 
Magnesium, 18, 19. 

21 
Magyars, 225 
Mahalaleel, 70 
Mahratta war, 29G, 

306 
Maida, 291 
Mail-coaches, 282 
Maine, 231 
Maitland, 295 
Malachi, 86 
Maladetta, 41 
Malakoff, 311 
Malays, 35 
Malaysia, 52, 53 
Malcolm III., 228, 

229 
Malcolm IV., 230 
Malplaquet, 271 
Malta, 103 
Mamelukes, 233 
Mamertine prison, 

104 
Mammals, 32, 33, 34 
Manasseh, 84, 160 
Manchester, 297 

306, 316 
Manco Capac, 227 
Manetho, 150, 155 
Manganese, 18, 21 
Man, Isle of, 279 
Manichseus, 114 
Manifesto, 310 
Manilla, 278 

Manlius, 191 

Mantinea, 176, 178, 
183 

Maories, 35 

Marathon, 148 

Marcellus, 100, 194 

Marcion, 112 

Marcomanni, 112, 
206 

Marco Polo, 54, 234, 
255 

Mardonius, 173 

Marengo, 288 

Margaret (Norway), 
239 

Maria, Donna, 303 

Maria Louisa, 292 

Maria Theresa, 274, 
275 

Marignan, 249 

Mariner's compass. 
235 



330 



INDEX. 



Marius, 196, 197 
Mark, St, 102 
Marlborough, 273 
Marocco, 46, 47 
Marquelte, Father, 

267 
Marriage law, 190 
Mars, 2, 5, 9, 10 
Marsala, 313 
Mars' Hill, 102 
Marsic wars, 197 
Marston Moor, 262 
Martel, Charles, 223 
Mary, 90 
Mary, Bloodj% 254, 

255 
Mary II., 269 
MaryQueen of Scots, 
253, 255, 256, 258 
Mason, 314 
Matthew Coriinus, 

243 245 
Matthew, St, 90, 102 
Mauritius, 292 
Maxentius, 212 
Maximian, 114, 115, 

211, 212 
Maximilian II. (Ger- 
many), 257 
Maximilian (Mex.), 

316 
Maximin, 208, 209 
Maximinus, 114 
Maximus, 209, 214 
Mayflower, 260 
Maynooth CoUege, 

286 
Mayor, 231 
Maypu, 296 
Mazarin Bible, 242 
Mazarin, Card., 265 
Meanee, 306 
Mecca, 221, 222 
Medals, 266 
Medes, 81 
Media, 162, 163 
Median dynasty, 

137, 156 
Medici, 244 
Medicine, father of, 

174 
Medina, 222 
Mediterranean, 317 
Medjid, Abdal, 304 
Medo - Persian em- 
pire, 85, 163, 164 
Meerut, 311 
Megalopolis, 178 
Megiddo, 84, 161 
Melanchthon, 256 
Melaneres, 141 
Melos, 176 
Memnon, 142 
Memphis, 67, 71, 

137, 142, 156 
Menahem, 80, 158 



Menai Strait, 299 
Menam, 43 
Mencheres, 138 
Mendelssohn, 307 
Mendes, 137 
Menelaus, 170 
Menes, 71, 123, 137 
Menschikoff, 310 
Menthesuphis, 139, 

156 
Mentz, 243 
Mercia, 221 
Mercury, 9, 16, 18, 

20, 21, 23, 27 
Merodach - adan - 

akhi, 158 
Merodaeh-Baladan, 

83, 159, 160 
Merrimac, 314 
Meshach, 85, 162 
Mesolonghi, 298, 299 
Mesopotamia, 72, 

74, 85. 155, 163, 

198, 209, 214 
Messene, 178 
Messenians, 183 
Messenian wars, 

171, 174 
Metals, 23 
Metaurus, 195 
Metellus, 193 
Methodism, 285 
Methodists, 274 
Methuselah, 70 
Mexicans, 250 
Mexico, 48, 250,298, 

306, 308, 314 
Micah, 83 
Michael Angelo, 244 

Servetus, 254 

Micronesia, 53 
Midian, 73, 75, 144 
Middle ages, his- 
tory of, 217 
Milan, 109, 115, 190 
Milan, edict of 212 
Miletius schism, 

115 
Miletus, 103, 104, 

165, 173 
Miller, Hugh, 211 
Miltiades, 173 
Milton, 266, 267 
Minden, 278 
Mines, 248 
Minor, Asia, 181 
Minorca, 271, 277 
Minucius, 190 
Mirabeau, 284 
Miriam, 73 
Mississippi, 40, 57, 

267 
Mississippi bubble, 



Mithridatic 
197, 198 



wars. 



Mizpeh, 76 
Mizraim, 71, 137, 

138 
Mizraites, 71 
Mnemon, Artaxer- 

xes, 166 
Moab, 145 
Moabites, 74, 79, 

142 
Moawiah, 222 
Modem history, 245 
Moeris, 138, 140, 

141 
Moesia, 2^9 
Mogul, Great, 265, 

271, 311 
Mohaez, 251 
Mohammed, 221,222 
Mohammedans, 36, 

37 
Moldavia, 205 
Moliere, 267 
Moluccas, 250 
Molluscs, 32, 33 
Molj'bdenum, 18 
Monachism, 213 
Monads, 15, 17 
Monarchianism, 112 
Monarchy(Englaud) 

224 
Monasteries, 252, 

284 
Mondego Bay, 291 
Mongols, 35, 36 
Mongol Tartars, 232, 

233 
Monitor, the, 314 
Monmouth, Buke 

of, 268, 271 
Monophysite doet., 

118 
Monoth elites, 110 
Montagu House, 277 
Montanism, 112 
Montenotte, 286 
Montreal, 304 
Montrose, Marquis 

of, 262, 265 
Moon, 9 
Moore. 292, 3r-9 
Moors, 223, 226, 229. 

245, 259 
Morea, 299, 300 
Morgarten, 236 
Moscow, 230, 293 
Moses, 73, 74, 143, 

144, 145 



Motion of stars, 13 
Muhlberg, 254 
Miihldorf, 236 
Mummius, 183, 195 
Mummy, 146 
Murad Bey, 287 
Murat, 291, 296 
Murena. 197 



158, 



Murray, Earl of, 

256 
Mursa, 213 
Muschelkalk, 31 
Musical notes, 227 
Mussulmans, 226, 

229 
Mutineers, 311 
Mycale, 165, 173 
Mycenae, 170 
Mylae, 193 
Mytilene, 176 

Naaman, 79 
Nabonassar, 

187 
Nabonidas, 162 
Nabopolassar, 85, 

161, 163 
Naboth, 78 
Xadab, 78 
Nadir Shah, 274 
Naissus, 210 
Najera, 238 
Nana Sahib, 311 
Nanking, 234, 306 
Nantes, Edict of, 

258, 269 
Nanur, 269 
Naomi, 75 
Napier, 260, 310, 

317 
Naples, 248, 251, 

290, 297 
Napoleon Buonap., 

279, 286, 287, 288, 

290, 291, 292, 293, 

294, 295, 296, 297, 

305 
Napoleon, Louis, 

308, 310, 312 
Naphtha, 22 
Narses, 221 
Narva, 270 
Naseby, 262 
Nassau, 261 
Natal, 46 
National Assembly, 

285 
National Con., 285, 

286 
National Guard, 284 
Naulochus, 199 
Navarino, 200 
Navarre, 238 
Naxos, 174 
Nazareth, 89, 98 
Nazianzen, 108 
Nearchus, 180 
Nebuchadnezzar, 85 , 

147, 148, 161 
Necho, Ph., 84, 147, 

161 
Necker, 280, 281, 

282 
Nectanebo, 149 



INDEX. 



331 



Needle, variation 

of, 247 
Negro race, 35 
Nehemiah, 86, 166 
Nelson, 49, 287, 289, 

290 
Neo-Csesarea, 107 
Neptune, 9, 10, 26 
Neriglissar, 162 
Nero, 102, 103, 104, 

203, 204 
Nerva, 105, 205 
Nestorius, 109, 117, 

118 
Netherlands, 39, 40, 

255, 256, 257 
Neva, 42 
Nevada, 41 
Nevis, Ben, 41 
New Brunswick, 47, 

48 
Newburg, 262 
Newcastle, 232 
Newcombe, 3, 6 
Newcomen, 270, 

278 
New England, 260 
Newfoundland, 47, 

48, 247, 312 
New Granada, 297, 

301 
New Jersey, 266, 

277, 280 - 
New Orleans, 295 
New South Wales, 

52, 57, 282 

New style, 257, 277 
Newton, 262, 265, 

267, 269, 273 
Newton's comet, 11, 

26, 27 
New York, 261, 266, 

280, 303 
New Zealand, 52, 

53, 57, 262, 279, 
304 

Nev, Marshal, 296 
Nice, 109, 110, 116, 

253, 313 
Nicholas, 311 
Nicias, 176 
Nickel, 16, 18, 20, 

21 
Nicodemus, 98 
Nicolas, 299 
Nicopolis, 104, 239 
Niger, 207 
Nigritia, 46, 47 
Nile, 119, 287, 314 
Niraeguen, 268 
Nirarod, 71, 136, 156 
Nineveh. 71, 79, 84, 

147, 158, 161, 163 
Ninus, 145, 157 
Niobium, 18 
Nitrogen, 16, 18, 20 



Noah, 70, 137 
Noetus, 114 
Nola, 194, 201 
Nordlingen, 262 
Nore, 287 
Norici, 200 
Noricum, 216 
Norium, 18 
Norman Conquest, 

228 
Normandy, 225,231, 

265 
Normans, 224, 225 
Northampton, 242 
Northmen, 115,211, 

224 
Northumbria, 223 
Norway, 39,41, 227, 

229, 239, 242 
Norwegians, 225. 

234 
Notables, 282 
Notes, musical, 227 
Nothus, Dar., 166 
Notium, 176 
Nottingham, 293 
Nova Scotia, 47, 48, 

272 
Novara, 308 
Novation, 114 
Novum Organum, 

260 
Nubia, 46, 140, 144 
Numantia, 196 
Numa Pompil., 187 
Number of stars, 

11, 12 
Numerals, 226, 233 
Numerian, 211 
Nuremberg, 252 
Nyassa, Lake, 312 

Gates, T., 268 
Observatory, Green. 

267 
Oby, 45 
Occupation, Army 

of, 296 
Oceania, 38 
Ochus, 149, 166 
O'Connell, 306 
Octavius, 152, 199, 

200 
Odenathus, 210 
Oder, 42 

Odoacer, 217, 220 
CEdipus, 170 
CEnophyta, 174 



Ohio, 289 
Oise, 253 
Oktai, 232 
Old Testament, 86 
Olympia, 181 
Olympiad, First, 80. 
83,171 



Olympic Games, 

145, 169 
Olynthiac orations, 

178 
Olynthian war, 177 
Olynthus, 165, 173, 

179 
Omar, 222 
Omnibuses, 261 
Omri, 78 
On, 136 

Oolitic syst.,29, 34 
Ophir, 81 
Ophites, 112 
Opium, 304 
Orange, William of, 

258, 294 
Orchomenus, 197 
Organum, Nov., 260 
Origen, 107, 108, 

113, 117 
Orinoco, 51, 55 
Orkneys, 229, 243 
Orleans, 240, 241, 

301 
Orontes, 181 
Orsini, 312 
Orsova, 205 
Osburn, W., 66, 67, 

69, 119 
Osiris, 138 
Osmanlees, 240 
Osmium, 18 
OsorkhonL,81, 146 
Ostia, 188 
Ostrogoths, 221 
Othman, 222, 235 
Othniel, 74, 145 
Otho, 203, 204, 226, 

302, 314 
Othoes, 140 
Otterburn, 239 
Ottoman emp., 
Oude, 279, 311 
Oudenarde, 271 
Ovid, 200, 201 
Oxford, Bdwd., 305 
Oxford, 225, 245 
Oxus, 180 
Oxyartes, 180 
Oxygen, 16, 18, 20 
Ozone, 317 

Pacha Ibrah., 299 
Pacific, 56, 57 
Pacific colonies, 47 
Pacificator, 287 
Pacquigny, 244 
Padan-aram, 73 
Paganism, 117 
Palaeozoic rocks, 31 
Palermo, 273, 313 
Palestine, 71, 104, 

198, 201, 228 
Palladium, IS 
Palmerston, 315 



235 



Palmyra, 210 
Pandosia, 193 
Pangseus, 175 
Pannonia, 201, 209, 

216 
Panonnus, 193 
Papal authority, 2 55 
Paper, 227 
Papias, 107 
Papua, 52, 53 
Papuans, 35 
Paradise Lost, 266 
Paraguay, 50 
Parana, 51 
Paris, 6, 24, 170, 

224, 241, 285, 294, 

295, 296, 301, 309, 

311 
Paris, Peace of, 278 
Park, Mungo, 57, 

286, 290 
Pariiament,231,262, 

268, 317 
Parliament Houses, 

302 
Parma, 313 
Parmenio, 180 
Paropamisan Mts., 

44 
Parr, Cath., 253 
Parthians, 201, 205, 

206, 207 
Partition of emp., 

115, 181, 211, 215 
Pascal, 266 
Passau, 254 
Passover, 84, 99 
Patmos, 105 
Patrick, St, 221 
Paul, 101, 102, 104, 

114, 203, 204, 289 
Pausanias, 174 
Pavia, 251 
Pazzi, 289 
Pazzi Consp., 244 
Peabody, 315 
Pedro, Don, 242, 298 
Peel,- 300, 305, 306, 

307, 309 
Pekah, 80 
Pekahiah, 80 
Pekin, 234, 313 
Pelagian, 117, 118 
Pelagius, 109, 116 
Pelasgi, 71, 145, 156 

167, 168, 169, 185 
Peleg, 71 
Pelhani; 275 
Pelopidas, 178 
Peloponnesian war, 

170, 175, 176 
Peloponnesus, 4 
Pelops, 170 
Pendwlum, 258 
Peniel, 73 
Pennsylvania, 266 



332 



INDEX. 



Penny Post, 305 
Pentateuch, 73 
Pentecost, 99 
Pentland Hills, 26(3 
Pepin, 233 
Persea, 89 
Percles, 239, 240 
Perdiccas, 180 
Pergamos, 112 
Pericles, 174, 175 
Peripatetic Seh., 182 
Permian system, 29, 

34 
Perpema, 197 
Persecutions, 100, 

103, 105, 110, 111, 
210, 240 

Persepolis, 167, 179 
Perseus, 170, 183, 

195 
Persia, 43, 44, ISO. 

208, 211, 212, 239, 
299 

Persian in vas., 165 
Persians,81, 115,148, 

209, 210, 211 
Pertinax, 207 
Peru, 50, 56, 251, 

252, 276 
Perzoletti, 54 
Peshito, 113 
Pestilence, 206, 207, 

210, 223, 238 
Petchora, 42 
Peter, 99, 100, 101, 

104, 204 
Peter (Gruel), 238 
Peter (Great), 268. 

270, 273 
Peter (Hermit), 229 
Peter's, St (Rome), 

248 
Petition of Right, 

261 
Petrarch, 235 
Petrie, 3, 6, 7, 63, 

135 
Pharamond, 216 
Pharaoh, 84, 137 
Pharisees, 88 
Pharnabazus, 177 
Pharnaces, 199 
Pharsalia, 198 
Phidias, 174 
Phidon, 171 
Philadelphia, 280, 

288 
Philemon (Ep.), 103 
Philip (Arabian), 209 
Philip Arrhid., ISO 
Philip (Evang.), 100 
Philip (France), 228, 

231, 232, 237 
Philip (Maeed.), 86, 

178, 182, 183, 104 
Philip (Spain), 255, 



256, 257, 258, 259, 

260, 270 
Philippe, Louis. 301, 

303, 307, 309 ' 
Philiphaugh, 262 
Philippi, 102, 178 
Phmppians(Ep.),103 
Philippic orats., 179 
Philippines, 56, 250 
Philistines, 75,82,83 
Philites, 138, 150 
Philopater, 150, 183 
Philosophy, nat, 23 
Philotas, ISO 
Phinehas, 74 
Phiops, 73, 139, 141 
Phocian war, 178 
Phocis, 179, 181 
Phoebidas, 177 
Phoenicia, 87, 149, 

152 
Phoenicians, 138,174 
Phosphorus, 16, 18, 

20, 267 
Phraortes, 163 
Phutim, 137. 142 
Physcon, 151 
Pianoforte, 272 
Pichegru, 286 
Picts, 224 
Piedmont, 297, 312 
Pilate, 98, 100, 202 
Pilgrim's Progress, 

267 
Pindar, 175 
Pinkey, 254 
Pinzon, 248 
Pipes, lead, 232 
Pirates, 189, 194.198 
Pisa, 110, 231 
Pisidia, 101 
Pisistratus, 172 
Pitt, 282, -289, 290 
Pityus, 215 
Pius IX., 307,308 
Pizarro, 251, 252 
Placentia, 194 
Plague, 266, 315 
Planetary motion, 

260 
Planetoids, 9, 10 
Planets, 9, 10 
Plantagenets, 230 
Plants, 27, 28, 29 
Plassey, 277 
Plata, river, 249 
Platfea, 165. 173, 175 
Platinum, IS, 20 
Plato, 179 
Plenty, years of, 141 
Plebeian Consul, 191 
Pliny, 27,111,205 
Plutarch, 205 
Poissy, 255 
Poitiers, 108, 221, 

223, 237 



Poland, 13, 232, 267, 

286, 302 
Polaris, alpha, 13 
Poles, 211, 267, 263 
Poliorcetes, 181 
PoUentia, 215 
Polo, Marco, 234, 235 
Poltowa, 271 
Polycarp, 107, 112 
Polycrates, 172 
Polynesia, 52, 53 
Pompeii, 204, 273 
Pompey, 88.196,197, 

198 
Ponce de Leons, 249 
Poudicherry, 278 
Pontianus, 114 
Pontifex Max., 200 
Pontiffs, 187 
Pontus, 198, 199 
Poor-Law Bill, 302 
Popes, 236, 275, 287 
Pope, Alex., 275 
Popish riots, 268 
Popocatepetl, 49 
Porsena, 189 
Porteous riots, 274 
Porto Rico, 55 
Ports, 313 
Portugal, 33, 39, 40, 

229, 247, 257, 262 
Portuguese, 241,244 
Porus, 180, 200 
Potassium, 18, 20, 

21 
Potatoes, 274 
Potato famine, 307 
Potliinus, 112, 206 
Potidea, 175 
Powalky, 3, 6 
Powers, great, 316 
Praetors, 191, 192 
Pragmatic sanction, 

242 
Prague, 260 
Praxitiles, 179 
Presbyterianism, 

255 
Presbyterians, 266, 
i 269 

Prescott, 304 
President, 313, 316, 

317 
Prester John, 242 
Preston, 272 
Prestonpans, 276 
Pretender, 275, 276 
Priam, 170 
Priestly, Dr, 285 
Prince Edward Isle, 

47, 48 
Princess Royal, 312 
Princeton Coll., 276 
Principia, 269 
Printing, 242, 243 
Prisoners, 316 



Privermum, 192 
Probus, 210, 211 
Procopius, 109 
Proculus, 211 
Procurator, 97 
Prodigies, 104 
Prophet's flight, 222 
Proscriptions, 197 
Protector, Lord, 265 
Protestant League, 

261 
Protestants, 36, 37, 

252, 254, 258, 262 
Provence, 233 
Provincial Govt. , 

317 
Provincial Letters, 

266 
Prussia, 39, 40, 251, 

291, 316 
Pruth, 272 
Psammeticus, 147 
Psempses, 137 
Ptolemais, 104, 204, 

235 
Ptolemies, 4, 87,149, 

150, 151, 180, ISl, 

Puerto Bello, 274 
Puerto Rico, 247 
Pul, 80, 158, 163 
Pamp, steam. 266 
Punic wars, 88, 193, 

194, 195 
Punjaub, 308, 312 
Purbeck, 224 
Puritans, 260 
Pydna, 178, 195 
Pyramid, Gt., 3, 7, 

8, 9, 71, 136, 138 
Pyramids, battle of 

the, 287 
P3Tenees, 41, 216, 

265, 294 
Pyrometer, 282 
Pj'rrhus, 181, 182 
Pythian games, ] 72 
Pythagoras, 148,172 

QuADi, 206 
Quadruple Alliance, 

272, 275 
Quakers, 263, 283 
Quatrebras, 295 
Quebec, 57, 259, 278 
Queensland, 52, 53 
Quentin, St, 255 

Rabshakeh, 84, 160 
Racesofmen, 35, 36 
Rachel, 73 
Raglan, Lord, 311 
Ragnar, 224 
Railway, first, 201 
Railway panic, 307 
Raleigh, 57,258,260 



INDEX. 



333 



Ram ah, 76 
Rameses I. , 142 . 
Rameses II., 143 
Raiiiilies, 271 
Ranioth-Giload, 79, 

81 
Ramsay, 31 
Rangoon, 298, 309 
Raphael, 250 
Rasena, 187, 191 
Raspina, 109 
Ratisbon, 2fi8, 292 
Ravenna, 210, 215 
Rebekah, 72 
Rebellion, Indian, 

312 
Rebellion, Irish, 308 
Rebellion, Judsean, 

104 
Reformation, 250, 

252 
Reform Bill, 316 
Refraction of light, 

260 
Regillus, 189 
Regions, unexplor- 
ed, 46, 47 
Regulns, 193 
Rehoboam, 77, 81 
Rehoboth, 71, 154 
Religions, 35, 36. 37 
Rennie (C. E.), 298 
Rephia, 159 
Reptiles, 32, 33 
Republic, Italian, 

308 
Republic, Roman, 

189, 199 
Restoration, the, 

265 
Resurrection, 99 
Retreat (of 10,000), 

177 
Reuben, 72 
Reuchlin, 250 
Revelation, Book 

of, 105 
Revolution, 269 
Revolution (Com- 
ets) 11 
Revolution (Plan- 
ets), 9, 10 
Reynolds, 279 
Rezin, 80, 159 
Rhaeti, 200 
Rhaetian Alps, 187 
Rhine, 42, 201, 211, 

214 
Rhine, Confedera- 
tion of, 290 
Rhodes, 181, 201,236 
Rhodium, 16, 18 
Rhone, 42 
Richard I., 231 
Richard II., 239 
Richard III., 244 



Richelieu, Cardinal, 

261, 262 
Richmond, 313, 315 
Ridley, 254 
Riga, 231, 270 
Right, Petition of, 

261 
Rio Grande del 

Norte, 49 
River-basins, 42,45, 

49. 51 
Rizzio, 256 
Robespierre, 285, 

286 
Robert II., 238 
Robert III., 239 
Rochelle, 238 
Rodney, 281 
Rodolphus II. , 257 
Rodrigo, Ciudad, 

293 
Rogations, Licini- 

an, 191 
RogerBacon, 231,233 
Rollo, 228 
Romanists, 255 
Romans, 103, 182 
Rome, 80, 83, 103, 

117, 187, 191, 215, 

217, 256, 308 
Romulus, 80, 187 
Romulus Aug., 217 
Rooke, 271 
Rosbach, 277 
Roses, Wars of, 243 
Rosetta Stone, 150, 

183 
Roslin, 235 
Ross, Gen., 295 
Rotteck, 217 
Rotterdam, 243 
Rouen, 241 
Roxana, 180, 181 
Royal Observatory, 

24 
Royal Society, 266 
Rubicon, 198 
Rubidium, 18 
Rufinus, 109 
Runnynsede, 232 
Rupilius, 196 
Ruric, 225 
Russel, Lord, 268 
Russia, 5, 39, 41, 

226, 232, 244, 293, 

313 
Russian America 

(Alaska), 47 
Russian monarchy, 

225, 243 
Russian wars, 310 
Ruth, 75 
Ruthenium, 18 
Rutilus, 191 
RyeHousePlots,268 
Rysvfick, 270 



Sabaco, 146 
Sabellian contro- 

versj', 114 
Sacheverell riots, 

272 
Sacer, Mt., 189, 190 
Sacred War, 178 
Sadducees, 87 
Sadowa, 316 
Sahara, 46, 153 
Sais, 146, 147 
Saites, 138, 140 
Saladin, 230 
Saladinll., 233 
Salamanca, 293 
Salamis, 108, 165, 

173, 174, 181 
Sale, Gen., 305 
Salic Law, 236 
Sallust, 199 
Salvador, San, 246 
Salwen, 45 
Samaria, 78, 80, 84, 

160 
Samaria, woman of, 

98 
Samnite war, 191, 

192, 193 
Samos, 172, 175 
Samosata, Paul, 114 
Samson, 75, 76 
Samuel, 76 
Sanction, Pragma- 
tic, 242 
San Francisco, 51 
Sangara, 213 
Sanhedrim, 100 
San Salvador, 246 
Sanscrit, 168 
Santiago de Chill, 

253, 315 
Santorio, 261 
Sapphira, 100 
Saracens, 113, 222, 

223, 224, 225, 226, 

245 
Saracus, 84, 147, 160 
Sarah, 72 

Sardanapalusl., 158 
Sardanapalus II., 

160 
Sardinia, 194, 271, 

308, 309, 311 
Sardis, 172, 173, 179 
Sardo - Corsican 

Mts.,41 
Sargon, 159, 163 
Sarmatia, 211, 212, 

213, 220 
Saskatchewan, 49 
Sassbach, 267 
Saturn, 9, 10 
Saturninus, 112, 

197, 211 
Saul, 76, 100 
Savannah, 315 



Savonarola, 247 
Savoy, 313 
Sawtree, 240 
Saxons, 118, 216, 

218, 222, 227 
Saxony, 254 
Schism of Churches, 

228 
Schism of Popes, 

239 
Schonbein, 317 
Schoolman, 234 
Schools, 182 
Schroder, 272 
Science, Academy 

of, 275 
Scinde, 306 
Scipio, 151, 195, 196 
Sclavonian Inva- 
sion, 168, 215, 219 
Scotland, 28, 38, 40, 

224 
Scots, 192, 221, 224 
Scott, Sir W., 302 
Scotus, Duns, 236 
Scotus, John, 225 
Scourge of God, 216 
Scriptures, 84, 223, 

236, 239 
Scyros, 174 
Scythians, 137, 156, 

163, 180, 216, 220 
Sea charts, 245 
Sebastian, San, 303 
Sebastopol, 310, 311 
Sebennytus, 137, 

138, 140 
Secessions, 189, 190, 

313 
Secular games, 200, 

203, 209 
Sedgemoor, 268 
Seine, 42 
Sejanus, 202 
Selenium, 16, 18 
Seleucus, 149, 150, 

181, 182 
Selim, 250 
SelJLikian Turks, 234 
Sellasia, 182 
Semiramis, 158 
Semneh, 140 
Sempronian Law, 

196 
Seneca, 203 
Senegambia, 46, 47, 

278 
Sennacherib, 81,83, 

84, 147, 159 
Sentinum, 193 
Senucheres, 139 
Sephuris, 137 
Sepoys, 311 
Septuagint, 87, 15 
Serapis, 117 
Serfs, 313 



334 



INDEX. 



Seringapatam, 288 
Sermon (Lord's 1st), 

98 
Sertorius, 197 
Servetus, 254 
Servile "Wars, 196, 

197 
Servius Tullins, 188 
Sesortosis, 140 
Sesostris, 143 
Sestos, 173 
Seth, 70 

Sethos I., 142, 143 
Sethos II., 67, 144 
Seven against 

Thebes, 170 
Seventy disciiiles,99 
Seven wise men of 

Greece, 172 
Seven Years' War, 

277, 278 
Severus, Alesr., 

113, 208 
Severus, Sept., 113, 

207, 208 
Seville, 273 
Sextius, 191 
Sextus Pompey, 199 
Seymour, 254 
Shadracii, 85, 162 
Shakespeare, 255, 260 
Shallum, 80, 84 
Shalmaneser, 80, 83, 

158, 159 
Shamas, Iva, 158 
Shamgar, 75 
Sheha, Queen of, 77 
Shebek I. , 146 
ShebekII.,80, 147 
Shepherd Kings, 

139, 142, 144 
Sheriffmuir, 272 
Sherman, 315 
Sheshouk, 77, 146 
Shetland, 229, 243 
Shinar, 71 
Shishak, 77, 81, 146 
Shrewsbury, 240 
Siberia, 43, 44, 232, 

239 
Sicilian Expedition, 

176 
Sicilian Vespers, 234 
Sicily, 193, 194, 196, 

313 
Siculus, 198 
Sicyon, 182 
Sidonians, 75 
Sigismund, 240 
Sikhs, 306, 308 
Silk, 259 

Silicon, 16, 18, 20 
Silures, 203, 221 
Siluria, 29, 80, 31, 

34 
Silver. 18, 20, 23 



Silver coins, 171 
Simnel, 245 
Sinai, 73 
Sinope, 310 
Siphtha, 143 
Sinus, 12, 13 
Sirmium, 211 
Sixtus II., 114 
SkagesloestLnden, 

41 
Slavery, 302, 304, 

307, 314 
Slavery, African, 

244, 248 
Slaves, 255, 260, 283 
Slidell, 314 
Smalcald, 252 
Smallpox, 273 
Smelting, 261 
Smerdis, 164. 165 
Smith, Sir S., 288 
Smvma, 107, 112 
Smvth, 3, 7, 9 
Snell,Willebrod,260 
So, 80, 147 
Sobieski, John, 267 
Sobraon, 306 
SocialWar,178,197 
Society of Friends, 

263 
Society. Royal, 266 
Socinus, 253, 259 
Socrates, 174, 175, 

177 
Sodium, 18, 20, 21, 

23 
Sodom, 72 
Sogdiana, 180 
Soissons, 221, 273 
Solar sys., 1, 4, 248 
Solemn League and 

Govt., 262 
Solferino, 312 
Soils, Joan Diaz de, 

249 
Solomon, 77, 146 
Solon, 148, 172, 173 
Solway, 207 
Solyman. Magnifi- 
cent, 250, 251 
Soljnnites, 144, 145 
Somers, Sir Geo., 

260 
Sophocles, 174 
Soris, 137 
Soter, Ptol., 150 
Soudan, 46, 47 
Soult, 294 
Sound, 24 

South Australia, 303 
South Sea bubble, 

272 
Spain, 33, 39, 40, 56, 

104, 195, 196, 197, 

206, 215, 217, 223, 

225, 226, 247, 249, 



255, 256, 257, 259, 

290, 291, 297, 298, 

314, 317 
Spanish literature, 

230 
Spanish succession, 

270 272 
Sparta, 166, 182, 188, 

190 
Spartacus, 197 
Spartans, 195 
Specific gravity, 20 
Spectator, 272 
Speke, 314 
Sphacteria, 175 
Sphjmx, 138 
Spinning-jenny, 278 
Spires, Diet of, 252 
Spithead, 287, 310 
Spitzbergen, 253 
Spolia opima, 187, 

190, 194 
Spurs, Battle of, 

249 
St Albans, 243 
St Andrews, 252 
St Andrews Uni\'er- 

sity, 240 
St Bartholomew 

Massacre, 257 
St Columba, 221 
St Giles, 225 
St Helena, 296, 297 
St Helens, 49 
St Luke, 103 
St Mark, 102 
St Matthew, 102 
St Patrick, 221 
St Paul's Cathedral, 

271 
St Petersburg, 5,271 
St Peter's (Rome), 

248 
St Quentin, 255 
St Vincent, 247,281, 

286, 287 
States-Gen., 284 
Stamp Act, 279 
Stanislaus, 271, 279 
Stars, distance of, 

12 
Stars, motion of, 13 
Stars, number, 11 
Statute, Bloody, 

253 
Steam-engine, 270, 

278 
Steam-pump, 266 
Steam voyage, 297 
Steinkirk, 269 
Stephen, 100 
Stephen de Blois, 

229 
Stiiicho, 215 
Stoic School, 182 
Stone, 3, 6 



Strafford, Earl, 262 

Strontium, 18 

Stuart Dynasty, 238 

Stuart, Sir J., 291 

Style, new, 257 

Stylltes, Simon, 118 

Succoth, 142 

Suetonius, 203 

Suevi, 215, 218 

Suez, 245 

Suez Canal, 317 

Sugar-cane. 248 

Sulla, 197 ' 

Sulphur, 16, 18, 20, 
22 

Sultan, 233 

Sumpter, Fort, 313 

Sun, 1, 10 

Sunday obsers^ance, 
115, 212 

Superbus, 189 

Suphis, 138, 156 

Supper, Lord's, 99 

Surat, Nabob of, 
288 

Susa, 167, 179 

Susiana, 160 

Suspension Bridge, 
299 

Surnames, 228 

Surrey tram - rail- 
way, 289 

Sweden, 39, 41, 239, 
242, 251, 260 

Sweyn, 227 

Swiss, 236 

Swiss guard, 285 

Swiss independ- 
ence, 236 

Switzerland, 39, 40, 
242, 250 

Sybaris, 188 

Svdenham, 310 

Sydney, 317 

Sydney, Algernon, 
268 

Sylla, 197 

Symeon, Bp., Ill 

Syphoas, 140 

Syracuse, 176, 187, 
190, 194 

Syria. 181, 183, 195, 
198, 208, 222 

Syriac Script., 113 

Syrian dynasty, 146 

Syrians, 78, 79, 80, 
82,87 

Tachos, 149 
Tacitus, 205, 210 
Tagus, 42 
Talavera, 292 
Talleyrand, 304 
Tallow, 22 
Tamerlane, 239, 240 
Tanis, 71, 137, 146 



INDEX. 



335 



Tantalum, 18 
Tarentura, 188 
Tarpeian rock, 191 
Tarquin, 172, 18S 
Tarquinias, 189 
Tarsus, 101 
Tartars, 36, 219,232, 

233, 239, 244 
Tasman, 262 
Tasmania, 52, 53, 57, 

288, 289 
Tasso, 257 
Tatian, 107, 112 
Taylor, Isaac, 315 
Telegraph, 25, 309, 

312, 317 
Telford, 299 
TeU, Wra., 236 
Telurium, IS 
Temeswar, 309 
Temperature, mean, 

22 
Templars, Knights, 

229 
Temple, 77, 82, 84, 

85, 86, 88, 98, 99, 

103, 162, 165, 213, 

222 
Temple, Jupiter's, 

189 
Teneriffe, 265 
Terah, 71 
Terbium, 18 
Terror, reign of, 

177 
Tertiary System, 30, 

32 34 
Tertullian, 107, 113 
Tertullus, 103 
Test Act, 266, 300 
Testament, New, 251 
Testament, Old, 86 
Tetrads, 15, 16 
Tetrarch, 89 
Tetricus, 210 
Teutones, 168, 196, 

197 
Teutonic Knights, 

231 
Texas, 303, 306 
Thales, 172 
Thallium, 18 
Thames, 227 
Thanet, 118, 216 
Thapsus, 199 
Thasos, 174 
Thaumaturgus, Gre- 
gory, 107, luS 
Theban war, 170 
Thebes, 139,140,141, 

142, 151, 156, 169, 

177, 178, 179 
Themistocles, 174 
Theodore, 317 
Theodoric I., 216, 

218, 221 



Theodosius (Great), 

116, 117, 214, 215 
Theophilus, 107, 117 
Thermometer, 261 
Thermopylae, 165, 

173, 183, 195 
Theseus, 170 
Thessalonians, Ep., 

102 
Thessalonica, 212 
Thessaly, 178, 195 
Thian ShanM;ts.,45 
Thiers, 305 
Thimbron, 177 
Thirty-nineArticles, 

256 
Thirty tyrants, 210 
Thirty years' truce, 

175 
Thirty years' war, 

260 
This, 71 
Thomas a Becket, 

230 
Thomson, James, 

276 
Thomson, Sir W., 25 
Thorium, 18 
Thoth, 137 
Thouoris, 143 
Thrace, 165.168,173, 

179, 182, 214, 215 
Thrasybulus, 177 
Thucydides, 175 
Thurii, 175 
Tiber, 188 
Tiberias, 98, 202 
Tiberius (Emp.),98, 

lOO, 201, 202 
Tiberius Gracchus, 

196 
Tibni, 78 
Ticino, 312 
Ticinus, 194. 
Tierra-del-Fuego, 51 
Tiglath - Pileser I., 

146, 158, 159 
Tiglath -Pileser II., 

80, 83, 157 
Tigris, 45, 153, 155 
Tilly, 261 
Tilsit, 291 
Time (computation 

of), 221 
Timothy, 102 
Timur, 54, 239 
Tin, 18, 20, 21, 23 
Tin mines, 232 
Tippoo Sahib, 282, 

288 
Tirhakah, 84, 147, 

160 
Tirzah, 78 
Tishbite, 78 
Tissaphenies, 176, 

177 



I Titanium, 18 
Tithes, 224 
Titus, 104 
Tobolsk, 232 
Tocantius, 51 
Tolah, 75 
Toledo, 228 
Toleration Act, 269 
Tolumnius, Lars, 190 
Tomi 201 
Torgau, 278 
Tories, 268 
Torquatus, 191 
Toulon, 286, 287 
Toulouse, 294 
Trafalgar, 290 
Tragedy, 174 
Trajan, 105, 111, 205 
Tramway, 289 
Transfiguration, 99 
Trasimenes, 194 
Treaty of Troyes, 

241 
Trebia, 194 
Trent, 110, 314 
Triads, 15, 16 
Triassic System, 29, 

31,34 
Tribunes, 189, 190 
Tripoli, 46, 47 
Trinity College, 258 
Triumph, 212 
Triumvirate, 198,199 
Troas, 102 
Trojan War, 75, 145, 

186 
Troy, 170 
Truce (Eng. and 

Scot.), 236 
Truce, 30 years', 175 
Tryphsena, 152 
Tudor Dyn., 244 
Tuileries, 285 
Tulbanop, Mt., 54 
Tullus Hostilius' 

188 
Tungsten, 18 
Tunis, 46, 47 
Tupungato, 51 
Turenne, 2€2, 267 
Turin, 215 
Turkestan, 43, 44, 

239 
Turketel, 226 
Turkey, 33, 43, 237, 

256, 257, 268, 298, 

300, 310, 311 
Turks, 228, 234, 256, 

257 
Turnbull, Bishop, 

242 
Turpentine, 21 
Tuscany, 184, 313 
Tusculans, 192 
Twenty -five years' 

War, 261 



Tycho Brahe, 4 
Tyler, Wat, 239 
Tyndale, 251, 253 
Types, mov., 242 
Tyre, 75, 82, 145, 

159, 161, 162, 170, 

174, 179 
Tyrone, Earl of, 258 
Tyrrhenians, 184, 

186, 189 

Ulphilas, 116 
Ulrica, 275 
Umbri, 186, 187 
Umbrians, 192 
Uniformity, Act of, 

266 
Union, Legislative, 

271, 288 
Unitarians, 259 
United Kingdom, 

309 
United States, 6, 48, 

49, 293, 295, 298, 

308, 309, 313, 314, 

316, 317 
Upper Asia, 181 
Ur, 90, 156 
Urals, 41 
Uranium, 18 
Uranus, 9, 10, 281 
Urban I. , 113, 208 
Urich, 250 
Uruguay, 50 
Usercheres I., 137 
Ushant, 286 
Usher, 66, 67 
Utrecht, 257, 272 

Valencia, 312 
Valens, 214 
Valentine, 112 
Valentinian, 117, 

214, 215, 216 
Valerian, 114, 209 
Valerius, 214 
Valerius Corvus,191 
Valerius Gratus, 98 
Vanadium, 18 
Vandals, 118, 215, 

216, 218, 221 
Vanderberg, 241 
Van Diemen's Land, 

262 
Varenne, 285 
Variation of needle, 

247 
Varna, 242 
Varus, 201 
Vasa, Gust., 251 
Vasco de Gama, 55, 

247 
Vashti, 165 
Vega, 12 
Veil, 190, 191 
Vejentes, 190 



336 



INDEX. 



Velasquez, 55, 249, 

250 
Velocipedes, 296 
Velocities, 26 
Venetia, 206 
Venezuela, 49, 247, 

297, 301 
Venice, 216, 223,281, 

243, 249, 256, 257 
Venus, 1,3,5,6,9,10 
Verd, C, Isls., 242 
Verneuil, 241 
Vernon, 274, 275 
Verona, 197, 209 
Versailles, 282, 284 
Verse, Scottish, 233 
Vertebrata, 32, 33 
Verus, 206 
Vespasian, Flavius, 

104, 105, 204 
Vespasian, Titus, 204 
Vespers, Fatal, 261 
Vespers,Sicilian, 23 4 
Vespucci, Amerigo, 

247 
Vesuvius. Mt., 192, 

204 
Vicar of Christ, 217 
Victor Emanuel, 308 
Victoria, Queen, 297, 

303, 305, 310, 312 
Victoria, Lake, 312 
Vienna, 245, 268, 

295, 307, 310 
Vienne, 110, 112,206 
Villai'ranca, 312 
Vimiera, 291 
Vincent, St., 247 
Vindelici, 200 
Virginia, 57, 258, 259 
Virgil, 200, 270 
Viriathus, 196 
Viridomarus, 194 
Visigoths, 117, 214, 

215, 216, 217, 221, 

223 
Vista, 247 



Vistula, 42 
Vitellius, 204 
Vitoria, 294 
Vladimir, 226 
Vladislaus, 242 
Volga, 43 
Volsci, 189, 192 
Vulcan, 9 
Vulgate, 248 
Vyse, Howard, 8 

Wagram, 292 
Wakefield, 243 
Wales, 204, 222, 225, 

234, 240, 252 
Wales, Prince of, 

305, 314 
Wall, Adrian, 206 
Wall, Antonine, 200 
WaU, Severus, 207 
Wallace, 63, 69, 71, 

235, 241 
Wallachia, 205 
Wallis, 279 
Walpole, 273 
Warbeck, 247 
Warsaw, 286, 301 
Washington, G ,274, 

280, 284, 288 
Washington, U.S., 

288, 295, 307 
Water, 18, 22, 24 
Waterloo, 295 
Watt, 278 
Wax 22 
Weaiden, 29, 34 
Wedgewood, 282 
Weilburg, 303 
Wellesley, 291 
Wemngton,291,292, 

293, 294, 300, 310 
Wends, 215 
Weser, 201 
Wesley, 274, 285 
Western Emp., 220 
Western Australia, 

300 



West Indies, 248 
Westminster Ab- 
bey, 225 
Westphalia, 201, 263 
Wexford, 265 
Whale-fishing, 258 
Whigs, 268 
Wilberforce, 282 
Wild enow, 28 
WillebrodSnell,260 
William (Conqr.) 

228 
William I. (Scot.), 

230 
William II., 228, 229 
William IV., 301, 

303 
William (Den.), 314 
William (Orange), 

258, 269, 270 
Wilson, Gen., 
Windows, glass, 
Windsor Cast., 
Windmills, 235 
Winnecke, 5 
Wise men of Greece, 

172 
Wishart, G., 253 
Witan, 227 
Witchcraft, 273 
Wittenberg, 250 
Wolfe, 278 
Wolsey, 249, 252 
Wolves, 226 
Wood, 26 

Worcester, 265, 266 
Wordsworth, 309 
World, Hist. of. 

260 
Worms, Diet of, 

251 
Wren, 271, 273 
Wurtemberg, 40 
Wurtzehen, 294 
Wycliffe, 236, 239 
Wynton Chronicle, 



Xanthippus, 193 
Xavier, 253 
Xenophon, 86, 1S6, 

203 
Xerxes, 86, 148, 165, 

166 
Xoi.s, 142 
Xoites, 142 

Yenikaleh, 311 
Yenisei, 45 
York, 208 
York dynasty, 243, 

244, 249 
York-minster, 300 
York, New, 261, 266 
Yorktown, 281 
Yttrium, 18 
Yucatan, 56, 250 
Yuen dynasty, 234 

Zachariah, so 
Zama, 195 
Zanguebar, 247 
Zealand, New, 262 
Zebe, Aurung, 265 
Zechariah, 82, 83 
Zedekiah, 85 
Zenghis Khan, 231, 

232 
Zenobia, 210 
Zenta, 270 
Zephaniah, 84 
Zerah, 81 
Zero, 22 
Zerubbabel, 86 
Zidon, 75 
Zimri, 78 

Zinc, 18, 20, 21, 23 
Zirconium, 18 
Zoan, 71, 136, 146 
Zollverein, 302 
Zoology, 30 
Zorah, 146 
Zuider Zee, 234 
Zurich, 312 
Zwlngle, 250, 253 



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HOMER : THE ILIAD. By the Edi- 
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HOMER: THE ODYSSEY. By the 
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HERODOTUS. By G. C. Swayne, 

M.A. 
XENOPHON. By Sir Alexander 

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VIRGIL. By the Editor. 
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JUVENAL. By Edward Walford, 

M.A. 
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THE COMMENTARIES OF C^SAR. 

By Anthony Trollope. 
TACITUS, By W. B. Donne. 

CICERO. By the Editor. 
PLINY'S LETTERS. By the Rev. 

Alfred Church, M.A., and the Rev, 

W. J. Brodribb, M.A. 



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Educational Works. 15 

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V. GOETHE. By A. Hayward, Q.C. 



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NINTH THOUSAND, 

PHYSIOGRAPHY AND PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. 



Express Reference to the Instructions recently Issued 
BY the Science and Art Department. 

Crown 8vo, pp. 158. With Numerous Illustrations, Syllabus, and 
Examination Papers. Price Is. 6d. 

By the Rev. ALEX. MACKAY, LL.D., F.R.G.S. 



EXTRACTS FROM REVIEWS. 

''The well-known and successful writer of School Geographies steps 
into the gap thus made, with his accurate knowledge, comprehensive 
grasp of facts, and power of preparing his information for tolerably easy 
assimilation in the minds of beginners, and produces a book which is 
a sort of elementary compendium of nearly all the sciences, containing 
knowledge up to the latest date. . . . Will prove a really useful text- 
hooky -r-^i^GtCtator. 

"Following the Syllabus issued by the Science and Art Department, 
the author has given, within the limits of 144 closely-printed pages, a 
succession of terse paragraphs under the subjects and headings named 
therein, and has succeeded in condensing a vast amount of information 
into this small space. The book, which is illustrated by woodcuts here 
and there, and provided with a full index, will doubtless be welcomed 
by students who are reading for examination in ' Physiography,' and 
who previously must have been obliged to glean their information from 
a large number of separate works." — The Academy. 

"The book is a capital one, brimful of information brought down to 
the latest date, written by a thoroughly competent hand, and admirably 
arranged. Teachers will do well to make a note of it." — London Ediica- 
tioncbl Times. 

"Dr Mackay has given us an excellent treatise, which Physiographers 
will do well to obtain and put into the hands of their capable pupils. 
The newer parts— the additions to the subject of Physical Geography — 
are especially valuable." — The Schoolmaster. 

" Really a capital multum in j)arvo for even advanced students." — 
The Graphic. 

" In this eighteenpenny book of 150 pages will be found the masterly, 
lucid, and concise abstracts of physical science which only come of 
thorough knowledge, vivid sympathy with the pupil, and very large 
experience in and love of simple and terse exposition. " — Baysicater 
Chronicle. 

" The result is that a volume has been produced which contains the 
maximum of information in the minimum of space." — Morning Adver- 
tiser. 

" To the students of physical science it will be valuable as a reminder 
of much which, but for such a book as this, they might be in danger of 
forgetting. Schools, and students at home, will welcome this very com- 
prehensive volume." — John Bull. 



"The plan of the volume is admirable; its style is lucid and simple, 
and the facts are marshalled in so concise and accurate a form, that no 
student will have any difficulty in mastering the author's teaching. 
The numerous illustrations and diagrams greatly elucidate the text, and 
will be found of inestimable assistance to the learner : and in fact, it is 
no exaggeration to state that Dr Mackay's manual is in every respect 
the best and cheapest book on the subject of which it treats." — Birming- 
ham Gazette. 

" This is a brief but admirably condensed manual on a subject inferior 
to none in interest. . . . We need hardly say the learned doctor has 
fulfilled his self-imposed task with great felicity— fulness, accuracy, and 
perspicuity are combined, and the result is a text-book of paramount 
excellence. ' ' — Sheffield Independent. 

" The introduction of a book of this Avide scope makes a great advance 
in elementary education, and in the volume before, us Dr Mackay deals 
with the elements of his subject in a very comprehensive way." — Liver- 
fool Albion. 

''The ' Elements of Physiography' presents a rapid and condensed, 
but still comprehensive, siirvey of the leading facts in the various 
branches of the new science." — Scotsvutn. 

"A valuable addition to the geographical text-books of the pub- 
lishers." — Edinburgh Daily Revieio. 

" ' Physiography and Physical Geography ' is one of the most compact 
handbooks to the sciences on which it treats to be foimd in the whole 
range of modern literature. . . . The volume, which is copiously 
illustrated, is one which should be in the possession of all students 
taking up the branch of Physiography — one now substituded by the 
Science and Art Department for Physical Geography." — Greenock 
Advertiser. 

"It makes one sigh to think that, when he was at school, he should 
have had to go to fifty different soui-ces for the knowledge here brought 
into one iocxxa.'" —Dundxe Evening News. 

"As a summary of information the book is certainly the most suitable 
for present wants that exists." — Ayr Observer. 

" Dr Mackay's ability as -a geographer is well laio"\vn, and in his 
present work we find the same chai'acteristics as in those that have 
preceded it. The book will, we are satisfied, meet the wants of teachers 
and scholars admirably, and the private student will find it very con- 
venient and useful." — Aberd.een Free Press. 

"The mass of information conveyed is really wonderful, and the 
author's power of condensation is such, that we think the pupil who 
carefully masters the present treatise ought not to fail at the examina- 
tion." — Irish Teachers' Journal. 

" To those who wish a general view of the subject treated of, the book 
is invaluable, and we have no doubt that it -wt-U form the text-book in 
national and other schools." — Londonderry StandMrd. 

"The book is calculated to be a valuable aid to students, and the 
explanations are rendered clearer than 'they could otherwise possibly be, 
by the introduction of numerous illustrations. The various subjects are 
treated with considerable fulness and marked ability." — Belfast Whig. 



WILLIAM BLACKWOOD AND SONS, 

EDINBURGH AND LONDON. 



OCT. 30 I90I 



Strorii^h Bound in Clo 



GEoa: 

Manual of CiK'>e.KAPiiY. 

LL.D., &c New Kdiiioii^if! 
Elements of Geogkajhv, Ly the Same, 
Intermediate GEO'.RAfuY. i;y the Same, 
Outlines of Geography. By the 'iame, 
First Steps in Geugrapuy, iiy ihe bame. Sewed, 

Or in Cloth, , ^^^^^ 
Geography of ihe Br^^^^^B|ie. By the Same, 

pir 

I'm ^;l \ I -' ' ■! I'ir. -.I' igj 

^,1 ,! i\. !;y 1 ;.:.■- Ale 
W itti nuiiicrt.'Ub llluiUJ.t 

PHYSK 

Introductory Text-1 

PHY. By David Page, 
Advanced Text-Book of 

By the Same, . 

KXAMINAIK'NS IN PHYiiir 

Same. Sewed, 



Ji.. 6d. 

6d. 
od. 
9d, 



iN'i I'oL.rrr. avY Tlx-; 

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Advamk!) '1 k.\ r-j 
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Tilt (ihOL'K 

HaNI'HOoK 

GKUGKAPirV. 



6ci. 

^: A Handj Outline ot 

Is, od. 

INATOR. By the Same. Sewed, gd, 
w G eology and Physical 

ne, . . . 7S. 6d. 



Introductory Tl 
Alexander Bi 



By 



4S. 6d. 



Manual of' 
TLxr-B<>L>K.f 

lN'IR<.n)UCT< 

Same, 
OUIHJ 
EXAMl 



^^■karUicboIson, 14s. 


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^^BoOLOGY. By the 




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6d, 


lL'Sistory : Being a Pro- 




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